Deck 6: Ethical Decision Making and Behavior

Question 1

All of the following are advantages of Kidder's ethical checkpoints EXCEPT:

A) is thorough
B) considers problem ownership
C) decisions do not always lead to action
D) encourages the search for creative solutions

Answer 1

C

Question 2

All of the following are psychological subprocesses according to James Rest, EXCEPT:

A) moral sensitivity
B) moral competence
C) moral focus
D) moral character

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following will increase your ethical sensitivity?

A) Employing euphemisms when talking about unethical behavior
B) Imagining other perspectives
C) Ignoring emotions
D) Relying on external motivation

Answer 3

B

Question 4

All of the following are steps in the Lonergan/Baird method EXCEPT:

A) be attentive
B) be intelligent
C) be encouraging
D) be responsible

Question 5

Deceiving ourselves into thinking we are acting morally when we are not is called

A) ethical reflection
B) ethical fading
C) ethical confusion
D) ethical silence

Question 6

In which stage of the four-component model, does one determine the course of action to take?

A) Moral judgment
B) Moral character
C) Moral sensitivity
D) Moral motivation

Question 7

______ refers to the ability to identify important issues, determine priorities, and sort out competing values.

A) Moral identification
B) Moral imagination
C) Moral disagreement
D) Moral competence

Question 8

Creativity is a strength of ______ decision-making format.

A) Case study method
B) SAD formula
C) Nash's 12 questions
D) Dual process approach

Question 9

______ is a psychological state or resource made up of moral ownership, moral courage, and moral efficacy.

A) Moral reasoning
B) Moral potency
C) Moral character
D) Moral landscape

Question 10

Which type of emotions encourage us to comfort and help others?

A) Other condemning
B) Other suffering
C) Self-conscious
D) Other praising

Question 11

______ refers to the recognition that even routine choices and relationships have an ethical dimension.

A) Moral identification
B) Moral imagination
C) Moral disagreement
D) Moral ambiguity

Question 12

______ refers to making an ethical issue more visible or salient.

A) Moral sensitivity
B) Moral intensity
C) Moral focus
D) Moral character

Question 13

All of the following are levels of Kohlberg's moral development EXCEPT:

A) conventional
B) postconceptual
C) preconventional
D) motivational

Question 14

Which type of thinker looks to others for guidance when deciding how to act?

A) Postconventional
B) Preconventional
C) Conventional
D) Principled

Question 15

Which decision-making format encourages leaders to determine who owns the problem?

A) Ethical checkpoints
B) SAD formula
C) Case study method
D) Nash's 12 questions

Question 16

Which of the following was identified as a weakness of the 12 questions process?

A) May not reach a conclusion
B) A short-term outlook
C) Fails to consider the perspective of other decision makers
D) Doesn't include interested parties in the process

Question 17

The ______ model highlights the role that intuition and social norms play in moral determinations.

A) social intuitionist
B) ethical checkpoint
C) 12 questions
D) dual process

Question 18

According to Mary Gentile from Giving Voice to Values, all of the following are examples of pillars that help us make ethical choices EXCEPT:

A) treat values conflicts as normal
B) play to personal strengths
C) anticipate rationalizations for unethical behavior
D) be empathetic in your decision-making

Question 19

All of the following are ethical blind spots EXCEPT:

A) overestimating our ethicality
B) in-group favoritism
C) out-group favoritism
D) judging based on outcomes, not the process

Question 20

Being driven by duty to make and act on ethical decisions largely on loyalty to the group is called

A) duty orientation
B) moral orientation
C) loyalty orientation
D) primary orientation

Question 21

______ ability generally increases with age and education.

A) Moral disagreement
B) Moral reasoning
C) Moral focus
D) Moral character

Question 22

In the ______ stage of the four-component model of ethical decision-making, the leader must put moral values above other considerations in order to follow through on ethical choices.

A) moral motivation
B) moral hypocrisy
C) moral focus
D) moral character

Question 23

Most people are at the ______ level of moral reasoning.

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) moral

Question 24

______ and ______ are other-condemning emotions.

A) Embarrassment/guilt
B) Shame/fear
C) Anger/disgust
D) Sympathy/compassion

Question 25

All of the following are part of Ethicist Rushworth Kidder's nine steps EXCEPT:

A) discuss the problem with others
B) gather the relevant facts
C) test for right versus wrong issues
D) test for right versus right values

Question 26

______ are networks of knowledge organized around life events.

A) Tolerance
B) Schemas
C) Moral thoughts
D) Ethical perspectives

Question 27

According to the Lonergan/Baird Method, Step 3 is to ______ and evaluate the options.

A) be attentive
B) be intelligent
C) be reasonable
D) be responsible

Question 28

According to the Lonergan/Baird Method, Step 1 is to ______ and consider what works and what doesn't.

A) be attentive
B) be intelligent
C) be reasonable
D) be responsible

Question 29

______ reasoning is the most advanced level of moral reasoning, according to Lawrence Kohlberg.

A) Preconventional
B) Conventional
C) Postconventional
D) Moral

Question 30

According to the Lonergan/Baird Method, Step 2 is to ______ and sort through the data.

A) be attentive
B) be intelligent
C) be reasonable
D) be responsible

Question 31

In ______, organizational members want to appear moral instead of being moral.

A) moral sensitivity
B) moral hypocrisy
C) moral focus
D) moral character

Question 32

______ and ______ are other-suffering emotions.

A) Embarrassment/guilt
B) Shame/fear
C) Anger/disgust
D) Sympathy/compassion

Question 33

Psychologists report that self-interest and _________ undermine moral motivation.

A) hypocrisy
B) ethics
C) fear
D) hate

Question 34

All of the following are examples of ethical blind spots EXCEPT:

A) overestimating our ethicality
B) out-group bias
C) forgiving our own unethical behavior
D) in-group favoritism

Question 35

Individuals with a/an ______ locus of control believe that they can determine what happens to them.

A) internal
B) external
C) open
D) closed

Question 36

Tolerating ______ and ambiguity occurs when managers disagree about values and courses of action.

A) moral disagreement
B) moral hypocrisy
C) moral focus
D) moral character

Question 37

______ and ______ are other-praising (positive) emotions.

A) Embarrassment/guilt
B) Shame/fear
C) Gratitude/awe
D) Sympathy/compassion

Question 38

______ and ______ are self-conscious emotions.

A) Embarrassment/guilt
B) Shame/fear
C) Anger/disgust
D) Sympathy/compassion

Question 39

______ recognizes the presence of an ethical issue.

A) Moral sensitivity
B) Moral hypocrisy
C) Moral focus
D) Moral character

Question 40

According to the Lonergan/Baird Method, Step 4 is to ______ and act with courage.

A) be attentive
B) be intelligent
C) be reasonable
D) be responsible

Question 41

What is meant by ethical decision-making being a dual process approach?

Question 42

According to the Foursquare Protocol Element 1, you need to dig into the facts.

Question 43

Determining the actor is one of Kidder's nine ethical checkpoints.

Question 44

Externally oriented people (externals) believe that life events are beyond their control and are the product of fate or luck instead.

Question 45

In the maintaining norms schema, people believe they have a moral obligation to maintain social order.

Question 46

List the five ethical blind spots listed in the text under Component 2.

Question 47

Developing effective communication skills is one of Kidder's nine ethical checkpoints.

Question 48

Implementation is a strength of the ethical checkpoints format.

Question 49

Choosing not to act is acting.

Question 50

Describe and briefly explain the four components of moral action.

Question 51

Rewards encourage decision makers to follow through on their ethical choices.

Question 52

One of the advantages of Nash's 12 questions is that it ignores implementation.

Question 53

One of Nash's 12 questions is, "Have you defined the problem accurately?"

Question 54

According to Rest's model, moral character implies motivation.

Question 55

Researchers in cognitive neuroscience or neuroethics are also challenging the notion that ethical thinking is devoid of emotion.

Question 56

One of the disadvantages of Kidder's model is that decision do not always lead to action.

Question 57

Sympathy and compassion are other-praising emotions.

Question 58

Anger, disgust, and contempt are other-suffering emotions.

Question 59

One of the cons of the Lonergan/Baird method is that it is not widely used.

Question 60

Those who use maintaining norms moral reasoning schema are concerned with following rules and laws and making sure that regulations apply to everyone.

Question 61

Practicing intelligent disobedience is a four-step process. Briefly describe each step.

Question 62

How can you increase your sensitivity to ethical issues?

Question 63

Why do leaders often choose the ethical course of action but then fail to follow through on their choice?

Question 64

Describe what you learned about the Foursquare protocol.

Question 65

What steps can you take to improve your ability to make and follow through on ethical choices based on material from this chapter?

Question 66

Name and describe Kohlberg's first level of moral development.

Question 67

Explain the role that perspective taking plays in the 12 questions decision-making format.

Question 68

Briefly discuss the significance of the Lonergan/Baird method.

Question 69

Discuss the six factors or elements that underlie moral reasoning according to Powers and Vogel.

Question 70

Explain the roles that emotions play in ethical decision-making and action.

Question 71

Develop your own decision-making format. Outline each step and explain why it is important.

Question 72

Describe the role of neuroscience in our understanding of emotions.

Question 73

What similarities do you note in the ethical checkpoints, 12 questions, and SAD formula? Based on these commonalties, what steps should be part of every ethical decision?