Deck 14: Rogers: Person-Centered Theory

Question 1

Rogers recommended that psychologists should investigate subjective experience when it was __________.

A) spiritual
B) value based
C) mystical
D) all of the above

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Within each person, inner experience signals what is growth-producing. Rogers called this experience __________.

A) conscience
B) self-actualization
C) incongruence
D) the organismic valuing process

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Dennis believes, wholeheartedly, that moving to Colorado is right for him, though he cannot explain why and though others disagree. The sense within him that guides him is called the __________.

A) ego
B) actualizing process
C) organismic valuing process
D) transference

Answer 3

C

Question 4

If a person is "incongruent,"

A) medical, rather than psychological, help is needed.
B) the real self and the ideal self are in conflict.
C) it is a sign of mental health.
D) psychological tests must be given orally, rather than in writing.

Question 5

"I want to be thin, but I am so chubby," says Lou. This statement illustrates __________.

A) self-actualization
B) incongruence
C) the formative process
D) empathic understanding

Question 6

When people are unhealthy, immature or criminals, Rogers blamed

A) them for a lack of will power.
B) bad genetic influences.
C) social forces.
D) their parents.

Question 7

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a fully functioning person, according to Rogers?

A) adaptation to others' expectations
B) openness to experience
C) the experience of freedom
D) creativity

Question 8

The fully functioning person, according to Rogers, experiences each moment

A) as inevitable, given the past.
B) as a fresh and new experience.
C) as a test of fundamental moral principles.
D) as less important than the future.

Question 9

Which of the following was not one of the characteristics of a fully functioning person listed by Rogers?

A) existential living
B) openness to experience
C) social interest
D) creativity

Question 10

If the ideal self and the real self do not match, Rogers said

A) they are "incongruent."
B) we should strive toward the ideal self.
C) we should try to overcome the real self.
D) a person is self-actualized.

Question 11

Rogers thought that values

A) should not be included in psychology.
B) emerge for each person from subjective experience.
C) are universal, and the same values apply to everyone.
D) of selfishness are supported by his theory.

Question 12

The best guide to healthy growth, according to Rogers, is

A) a professional psychotherapist.
B) a religious philosophy of life.
C) the organismic valuing process.
D) careful reasoning.

Question 13

Maya Angelou generally followed her own feelings, whether anger toward racial insults or discomfort about burning chemical treatment of her hair. This trust of her own feelings illustrates Rogers's
Concept of

A) the organismic valuing process.
B) conditional positive regard.
C) empathic understanding.
D) self-actualization.

Question 14

Rogers regarded the fundamental motivation to be

A) the actualizing tendency.
B) the need for security.
C) interpersonal needs.
D) sexual needs.

Question 15

"Live each moment to the fullest," is Jennifer's motto. Rogers would probably evaluate this motto as

A) a defense mechanism.
B) evidence of good emotional health.
C) evidence that she is not making appropriate plans for the future.
D) sinful.

Question 16

Carl Rogers grew up in a family that can be described as __________.

A) neglecting
B) strict
C) alcoholic
D) nonreligious

Question 17

In Rogers's theory, the ideal self

A) is the source of healthy development.
B) is the same thing as the real self.
C) should be incongruent with the real self, for optimal development.
D) interferes with self-actualization.

Question 18

Carl Rogers was proud that his students' clinical training included __________, which he innovated.

A) a training analysis
B) psychological testing
C) a supervised practicum experience
D) training in diagnosis

Question 19

Rogers described a force for growth in all organic and human life. He called this the __________.

A) formative tendency
B) anti-entropy tendency
C) actualizing tendency
D) self-actualizing tendency

Question 20

A person who uses defense mechanisms to seem better than he or she is ("Me? Angry? Never!" or "Tired? No, I always have energy to help a friend!") is losing touch with __________.

A) reality
B) friends
C) the ideal self
D) the real self

Question 21

Adolescents who are creative are likely to have had parents who

A) encouraged their children's curiosity in early life.
B) encouraged their children to control their emotions.
C) were critical of them.
D) helped their children with their work.

Question 22

Rogers criticized parents for

A) being overly permissive.
B) fighting in front of their children.
C) not loving their children enough.
D) making their love depend on their children's good behavior.

Question 23

When therapists from the majority white culture are counseling minority clients, there are often difficulties with __________, according to the text.

A) unconditional positive regard
B) congruence
C) empathic understanding
D) payment

Question 24

What does Rogers recommend that parents provide for their children?

A) conditions of worth
B) conditional positive regard
C) unconditional positive regard
D) a good education

Question 25

Which parental statement illustrates "conditional positive regard"?

A) "Finish your homework before watching TV."
B) "don't hit your sister."
C) "Be good or no one will love you."
D) "Fight your own battles."

Question 26

Which statement best describes Rogers's attitude toward psychoanalytic theory and therapy?

A) Psychoanalytic theory has made therapy highly effective through catharsis.
B) Rogers never took psychoanalytic theory seriously.
C) Psychoanalytic theory makes important insights possible for patients, whose behavior becomes more adaptive.
D) Psychoanalytic theory suggests interpretations that do not improve maladaptive behavior.

Question 27

Rogers called his therapeutic method

A) revised psychoanalysis.
B) client-centered therapy.
C) individualized therapy.
D) self-actualization therapy.

Question 28

In conditional positive regard,

A) love is given only for "good" behavior.
B) self-examination occurs only when conditions are right.
C) children are neglected.
D) the real self is trusted more than the ideal self.

Question 29

"Prizing" is another term for

A) allowing a client to determine how much therapy should cost, based on its value.
B) unconditional acceptance of the client.
C) awarding rewards (prizes) for good behavior.
D) congruence.

Question 30

If a therapist likes a client, Rogers said that

A) the therapist should examine the reasons for this.
B) this feeling may be communicated to the client.
C) it may be difficult to objectively seek insight.
D) therapy will probably not be successful.

Question 31

Rogers thought that it was most important for the therapist to know

A) what the client's early childhood had been like.
B) how a client was diagnosed.
C) the subjective experience of the client.
D) what the client was dreaming.

Question 32

Rogers's concept of congruence means that

A) the therapist is psychologically similar to the client.
B) the therapist acts as he or she genuinely feels toward the client.
C) the therapist believes that the client has been properly diagnosed.
D) the client and the therapist are well matched for one another.

Question 33

For a parent who wants to have a child who gets good grades, what is likely to be a condition of worth?

A) money rewards
B) bragging to friends about how brilliant the child is
C) doing homework
D) praise

Question 34

Rogers's concept of unconditional positive regard refers to

A) parental neglect.
B) the client's acceptance of the therapist's interpretations.
C) the therapist's acceptance and positive valuing of the client, which is not dependent on particular "good" behaviors.
D) the acceptance of their parents that clients develop during the course of therapy.

Question 35

Conditional positive regard causes a person to lose touch with the __________.

A) ideal self
B) real self
C) social self
D) all of the above

Question 36

Jeffrey has just broken a window. Which statement illustrates his parents' unconditional positive regard?

A) "You must pay for the window, however much it costs."
B) "You won't be allowed to play baseball for a week."
C) "That happened to me once, when I was a kid."
D) "I love you anyway."

Question 37

Rogers focused on __________ in therapy.

A) the client's experience
B) insight
C) diagnosis
D) transference

Question 38

Unconditional positive regard means loving someone __________.

A) because you yourself feel loved
B) regardless of that person's behavior
C) unwisely
D) without considering the consequences

Question 39

Rogers described the ideal therapist as someone whose inner experience

A) is largely transparent to the client.
B) is hidden under a professional demeanor.
C) includes only positive emotions toward the client.
D) is irrelevant to the therapeutic work.

Question 40

Which of the following is not a psychological quality required for creativity?

A) openness to experience
B) intelligence
C) an internal locus of evaluation
D) the ability to toy with elements and concepts

Question 41

As a client makes progress in therapy, what happens?

A) The client becomes increasingly objective in describing experience.
B) The client focuses increasingly on the future.
C) The client more freely experiences and expresses emotions.
D) all of the above

Question 42

As a client makes progress in therapy, what happens?

A) The client expresses more subjective experience.
B) The client focuses increasingly on the present.
C) The client more freely experiences and expresses emotions.
D) all of the above

Question 43

According to Rogers, people's fundamental motivating process is the actualizing tendency.

Question 44

Rogers has been criticized for underestimating the human capacity for

A) adaptation.
B) evil.
C) change.
D) social living.

Question 45

Which of these is not a condition for therapeutic progress, according to Rogers?

A) congruence
B) empathic understanding
C) insight
D) unconditional positive regard

Question 46

According to research on Rogerian therapy, the correlation between the real self and the ideal self

A) is not a useful measure.
B) increases after therapy.
C) decreases after therapy.
D) is unaffected by therapy.

Question 47

Rogers called his therapy groups "__________."

A) encounter groups
B) T-groups
C) sensitivity groups
D) family constellation groups

Question 48

Maya Angelou's decision to confide in a friend, rather than in a therapist whose background was quite
different from her own, illustrates the difficulty of therapists in achieving empathic understanding when clients come from different social backgrounds.

Question 49

The leader of an encounter group is called a

A) "leader."
B) "facilitator."
C) "resource person."
D) "trainer."

Question 50

A desirable outcome of psychotherapy, according to Rogers, is

A) control over feelings.
B) clear ideas about right and wrong.
C) more thought about the future.
D) the experience of having choices.

Question 51

Applied to business organizations, Rogers's theory suggests that

A) supervisors should receive therapy.
B) workers should share in the power and decision-making of their companies.
C) too much paperwork interferes with productivity.
D) employees should be encouraged to work harder through pay incentives.

Question 52

Changes in psychotherapy are measured by Rogers's

A) Picture Test.
B) Insight Inventory.
C) Therapist Rating Scale.
D) Process Scale.

Question 53

Which statement would Rogers most likely have made at the beginning of a group session?

A) "Here we are. We can make of this group experience exactly what we wish."
B) "There will be a break of 15 minutes at 10:30."
C) "My name is Dr. Carl Rogers, and I will be telling you what to do today."
D) "Let's go around the room. Please tell us your name, your occupation, and your reason for being here today."

Question 54

Compared to other psychotherapists, Rogers was more likely to

A) restate what the client said.
B) offer interpretations.
C) confront the client's maladaptive behaviors.
D) interpret the transference relationship.

Question 55

Cramer's research on friendship found that

A) Rogers's description of growth-producing qualities of a therapy relationship does not apply to friendship.
B) people with low self-esteem choose friends who act like Rogerian therapists.
C) friends should listen, but not offer advice.
D) friends, like therapists, can facilitate personal growth.

Question 56

"Satellite relationships" are

A) relationships with people other than the spouse or primary partner, sometimes involving sexual intimacy.
B) consulting relationships with another therapist, to get a second opinion.
C) unhealthy dependent relationships among family members.
D) a primary example of Rogers's influence on organizational development.

Question 57

Rogers thought that theories could be improved through

A) logical analysis.
B) focusing on external, observable phenomena.
C) increased attention to the development of psychological problems in childhood.
D) research.

Question 58

Rogers thought that education could be improved by

A) trusting students to choose their own directions.
B) more carefully applying learning principles.
C) using team teachers.
D) providing more incentives for learning.

Question 59

Rogers suggested that educators should

A) set higher standards for their students.
B) include more attention to feelings in their courses.
C) be better paid.
D) discipline students more.

Question 60

Rogers suggested that political tensions could be reduced through

A) better education.
B) economic cooperation.
C) encounter groups.
D) providing political leaders with psychotherapy.

Question 61

The organismic valuing process leads people toward healthy development.

Question 62

For Rogers, the term "fully functioning" meant "psychologically healthy."

Question 63

Rogers recommended that therapists be objective, communicating neither liking nor dislike of a client
as a person.

Question 64

Rogers suggested that people not trust their inner experience too much, but rather evaluate it
rationally.

Question 65

When Rogers described a person as "fully functioning," he meant the person was physically healthy,
but not necessarily psychologically healthy.

Question 66

Rogers's therapy is called "client-centered therapy."

Question 67

Rogers's therapeutic techniques followed the medical model of treatment like other therapies of the day.

Question 68

Rogers agreed that psychology should be value-free.

Question 69

How parents interact with their preschool children is related to the creativity of the children years
later, in adolescence.

Question 70

Actualization is always a healthy process.

Question 71

Rogers recommended loving a child, even when the child misbehaves.

Question 72

Self-actualization is always a healthy process.

Question 73

Rogers opposed mysticism and research on paranormal phenomena.

Question 74

Rogers recommended that therapists should clearly communicate to clients what behavioral standards
they must reach.

Question 75

Being accepted by the therapist helps a client to accept his or her own experience, according to
Rogers.

Question 76

Rogers encouraged parents to set high standards for their children's behavior.

Question 77

Rogers described fully functioning people as having the experience of being able to make choices.

Question 78

For Rogers, creativity is a talent determined by heredity.

Question 79

Openness to experience is a characteristic of fully functioning people.

Question 80

Rogers blamed social forces for people's disturbed and criminal tendencies.