Deck 17: Conclusion

Question 1

Eclecticism results in a theory that

A) unites various theories into a systematic whole.
B) includes valuable contributions from diverse theories, but without a systematic framework.
C) respects various theories, which are allowed to coexists.
D) selects the one best theory and rejects the others.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The approach which advocates combining various theories into one systematic whole is called

A) eclecticism.
B) pluralism.
C) unified theory.
D) none of the above

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Personality theories have proposed various metaphors for people. Which of the following metaphors is not considered by the text?

A) the information processing metaphor
B) the mechanistic metaphor
C) the organic metaphor
D) the political metaphor

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Pluralism is an approach that

A) respects the integrity of various theories, which are allowed to coexist.
B) attempts to unite various theories into a unified whole.
C) combines the best of various theories, without making a systematic whole.
D) selects the one best theory and rejects the rest.

Question 5

Emergent determinism suggests that

A) ultimately, personality is determined by environmental factors.
B) personality emerges from a social context, without which it cannot be understood.
C) basic physiological drives, represented in the nervous system, determine personality.
D) higher order mental processes have a causal role in personality.

Question 6

Mystical beliefs in experience that includes more than the individual ego are most closely associated with the __________ metaphor.

A) information processing
B) transcendent self
C) mechanistic
D) organic

Question 7

The approach that values selected contributions from diverse theories is called

A) eclecticism.
B) unified theory.
C) pluralism.
D) learning theory.

Question 8

Cognitive theories are most closely associated with the __________ metaphor.

A) information processing
B) emergent self
C) mechanistic
D) organic

Question 9

A multilevel theory is best described as

A) a unified theory that explains phenomena at various levels (e.g., biological, behavioral, and so on).
B) a theory presented differently for elementary students and for advanced students.
C) a theory that is tested by both correlational and experimental research.
D) a theory that is ambiguously phrased.

Question 10

Personality psychologists are in agreement on a common paradigm.

Question 11

Unified theory, according to Staats, should be developed to

A) select the best aspects of various theories, however unsystematic the result may be.
B) discover the one best theory, which should be the focus of research, while the others are left to history.
C) encourage the development of several theories, which can coexist, since we cannot know at this time which theory is best.
D) combine diverse theories into one systematic whole.

Question 12

It is always desirable to have comprehensive, rather than limited-range, theories.

Question 13

Eclecticism values selected contributions from various theories.

Question 14

When people tell the stories of their lives, they are expressing the __________ metaphor.

A) information processing
B) emergent self
C) mechanistic
D) narrative

Question 15

Rogers's "actualizing tendency" is based upon a(n) __________ metaphor.

A) information processing
B) organic
C) mechanistic
D) political

Question 16

Rychlak challenges traditional assumptions about __________ within personality theory.

A) biological causation
B) determinism
C) statistical analysis
D) psychopathology

Question 17

A dominant paradigm would prevail if theorists agreed

A) how to define "personality."
B) what theoretical constructs are useful to explain personality.
C) what statistical tests should be used to study personality.
D) how therapy should be conducted.

Question 18

One reason for the diversity of theories is that they explain phenomena at different

A) levels of complexity.
B) levels of intellectual sophistication.
C) levels of explanation.
D) levels of cultural awareness.

Question 19

Purposeful striving corresponds most closely to the __________ metaphor.

A) information processing
B) emergent self
C) mechanistic
D) organic

Question 20

According to modern physics,

A) objects cannot change or move unless acted upon by outside forces.
B) change is continuous.
C) time unquestionably moves in one direction.
D) none of the above

Question 21

Personality theories have proposed various metaphors for people. Which of the following metaphors is not considered by the text?

A) the information processing metaphor
B) the mechanistic metaphor
C) the organic metaphor
D) the political metaphor

Question 22

List and describe three metaphors that have been applied to personality.

Question 23

A pluralistic perspective attempts to combine diverse theories into one unified, systematic whole.

Question 24

The mechanistic metaphor underlies Freudian and behavioristic theory.

Question 25

Telling the story of one's life is an example of the narrative metaphor of personality.

Question 26

A dominant paradigm would prevail if theorists agreed

A) how to define "personality."
B) what theoretical constructs are useful to explain personality.
C) what statistical tests should be used to study personality.
D) how therapy should be conducted.

Question 27

No attempts at unified theory have been made in recent decades.

Question 28

Explain the term "paradigm." How does a paradigm influence research?

Question 29

The approach that advocates combining various theories into one systematic whole is called

A) eclecticism.
B) pluralism.
C) unified theory.
D) none of the above

Question 30

The approach that values selected contributions from diverse theories is called

A) eclecticism.
B) unified theory.
C) pluralism.
D) learning theory.

Question 31

Explain the various ways one can deal with theoretical diversity, including eclecticism, pluralism, and
the search for a unified theory.