Deck 9: Aggression

Question 1

According to Sohad Murrar and colleagues (2020), what may have a bigger impact on inclusivity?

A) teaching the dangers of conformity from an early age
B) publicizing inclusion as a social norm
C) smashing social norms in institutional settings
D) informing people that implicit bias is common

Answer 1

publicizing inclusion as a social norm

Question 2

Social psychologist Jennifer Eberhart suggested that Nextdoor, the online neighborhood site, do what to reduce racial profiling, advice that turned out to be successful?

A) Ask users to refrain from reporting "suspicious" activity and instead only report actual criminal acts in their neighborhood.
B) Ask users to note specific racial characteristics of suspicious persons in their neighborhood.
C) Ask users to note specific behavior that was suspicious in their neighborhood.
D) Ask users to avoid any reference to a "suspicious person" and focus only on the actual crime in their neighborhood.

Answer 2

Ask users to note specific behavior that was suspicious in their neighborhood.

Question 3

"Motivations not only lead people to be prejudiced but also to avoid prejudice."
Discuss this statement with examples.

Answer 3

No Answer

Question 4

Review the research on how distinctiveness can breed stereotypes.

Question 5

In the context of the social sources of prejudice, identify a TRUE statement about individuals high in social dominance orientation.

A) They typically prefer jobs, such as social work, that undermine hierarchies.
B) They frequently express negative attitudes toward majority persons.
C) They prefer being on the top of a hierarchy.
D) They oppose policies such as tax cuts for the well-off.

Question 6

Identify a true statement about prejudice.

A) All oppression springs from prejudice.
B) Prejudice illustrates one's dual attitude system.
C) Prejudice is negative behavior.
D) Prejudiced evaluations always occur consciously.

Question 7

Explain how motivations can affect prejudice.

Question 8

When the British made a group of German civilians walk through a concentration camp at the close of World War II, one German responded: "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." This comment is an example of

A) overgeneralization bias.
B) group-serving bias.
C) hindsight bias.
D) impact bias.

Question 9

Cheng is 90 years old and is the oldest member in his family. He believes that his culture is superior to all other cultures and ethnic groups. He strictly adheres to his cultural traditions and expects other family members to do the same. He dislikes weakness and encourages his grandchildren to obey and respect authority. In the context of prejudice, this scenario illustrates

A) face perception
B) hostile sexism
C) ethnocentrism
D) masochism

Question 10

Hanna is a supervisor in the production unit of a textile company. Yosef, who is of Jewish origin, joins her unit as a trainee. Hanna overcriticizes him for minor errors. She tends to overpraise his achievements in order to avoid appearing biased. Consequently, because of the absence of genuine feedback, Yosef is not able to progress like other trainees. In the context of psychology, this scenario illustrates

A) benevolent sexism.
B) belief perseverance.
C) rosy retrospection.
D) modern racism.

Question 11

A group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their ingroup is called a(n)

A) personal group.
B) outgroup.
C) ingroup.
D) intragroup.

Question 12

In the context of distinctiveness, Crocker and McGraw (1984) and S. E. Taylor et al. (1979) found that a Black person in an otherwise white group, a man in an otherwise female group, or a woman in an otherwise male group seems

A) insignificant to the group.
B) more prominent and influential than others in the group.
C) less prominent than the others in the group.
D) less influential than the others in the group.

Question 13

What connection has been found in experiments exploring self-image and prejudice (Fein & Spencer, 1997; Spencer et al., 1998)?

A) People whose statuses are secure express more prejudice to feel superior to others.
B) People with a high self-image tend to be more prejudiced.
C) Prejudice is often greater among those whose positive self-image is threatened.
D) There is no connection between a person's self-image and their levels of prejudice.

Question 14

Eagly's (1994) women-are-wonderful effect is an example of

A) hostile sexism.
B) antagonistic sexism.
C) a favorable stereotype.
D) an overt prejudice.

Question 15

Abaeze assumes that women are good cooks. However, his friend is a successful entrepreneur and hardly knows cooking. Abaeze reasons that his friend is an exception to the rule and her hectic schedule does not permit her to learn cooking. In the context of prejudice, this scenario exemplifies

A) rosy retrospection.
B) scapegoating.
C) hostile sexism.
D) subtyping.

Question 16

A third-year college student fails a chemistry test. He goes back to his apartment and criticizes his roommate's choice of music. What term best describes this behavior?

A) just-world action
B) xenophobia
C) chauvinism
D) displaced aggression

Question 17

Around the world, people tend to prefer having

A) baby boys, except in the United States where girls are preferred.
B) baby boys.
C) baby girls.
D) baby girls, except in China where boys are preferred.

Question 18

People's ideas about how men and women ought to behave are called ________, whereas people's beliefs about how women and men do behave are called ________.

A) gender preferences; gender roles
B) gender-role norms; gender stereotypes
C) sexist attitudes; sexist stereotypes
D) gender stereotypes; gender-role norms

Question 19

The perception that the members of a different group as more similar to one another than are ingroup members is known as

A) the group attribution error.
B) the "women-are-wonderful" effect.
C) the outgroup homogeneity effect.
D) the social desirability bias.

Question 20

Discuss how ingroup bias feeds favoritism.

Question 21

In the context of the cognitive sources of prejudice, which of the following statements is TRUE of similarities and differences among groups?

A) The less one's familiarity with a social group, the less one stereotypes.
B) People assume that other groups are more homogeneous than their own.
C) People tend to see objects within a group as being less uniform than they really are.
D) The less one's familiarity with a social group, the more one sees its diversity.

Question 22

Byeong-ho does not get the desired salary hike during his annual appraisal. He is disheartened and feels frustrated but is unable to question his manager. Instead, when he returns home, he shouts at his son for playing video games. In the context of the motivational sources of prejudice, this scenario exemplifies

A) masochism.
B) subtyping.
C) narcissism.
D) scapegoating.

Question 23

On examining photographs of people in magazines and newspapers, Dane Archer and his associates (1983) discovered that about two-thirds of the average male photo, but less than half of the average female photo,

A) included the situational context.
B) displayed a standing posture.
C) emphasized the body.
D) was devoted to the face.

Question 24

Hamilton and Rose's (1980) research in which students read sentences describing accountants, doctors, and salespeople revealed that

A) preexisting stereotypes can lead us to "see" correlations that are not there.
B) distinctive information is ignored when forming impressions.
C) vivid information is irrelevant to occupational stereotypes.
D) positive information is better remembered if it describes doctors.

Question 25

Laronda's idea about what all football players are like is based on her knowledge of Tim Tebow, a famous white American player. Which of the following is a problem with Laronda's perception?

A) Laronda is clearly stigma-conscious.
B) Laronda's perception is based on her meta-stereotype.
C) Tim Tebow, a vivid case, is not the best basis for judging the entire group of football players.
D) Laronda's perception is based on her planning fallacy.

Question 26

In the context of the motivational sources of prejudice, when two groups compete for jobs, housing, or social prestige, one group's goal fulfillment can become the other group's frustration. This concept is supported by

A) the group positioning theory.
B) the social penetration theory.
C) the self-perception theory.
D) the realistic group conflict theory.

Question 27

Provide an example of hostile sexism and an example of benevolent sexism.

Question 28

According to a study by Horowitz, in 2019, what percentage of U.S. adults said it's a good thing that the country's population is made up of people of many different races and ethnicities?

A) 86%
B) 56%
C) 66%
D) 76%

Question 29

A woman is fired because the company is downsizing. When she arrives home that evening, she criticizes her partner's choice of restaurant for dinner. What term best describes her behavior?

A) authoritarian regression
B) just-world action
C) displaced aggression
D) chauvinism

Question 30

When the cause of our frustration is intimidating or unknown, we often redirect our hostility. This phenomenon is known as

A) cognitive dissonance.
B) desegregation.
C) chauvinism.
D) displaced aggression.

Question 31

When people's personal and social identities become _____, they become more willing to fight or die for their group (Gómezet al., 2011; Swann et al., 2012, 2014a,b).

A) distorted
B) affiliated
C) fused
D) static

Question 32

Finn is the manager of a firm. He tends to give more opportunities to female employees than to male employees. He believes that women do their work more honestly than men. He also makes remarks such as "Women are highly intuitive" and "Women possess beauty with brains."
In the context of prejudice, this scenario illustrates

A) scapegoating.
B) benevolent sexism.
C) the frequency illusion.
D) ethnocentrism.

Question 33

Discuss the statement "Unequal status breeds prejudice"
and how it applies to U.S. history.

Question 34

According to Jäckle and Wenzelburger (2015), antigay attitudes worldwide are strongest among those who are

A) middle-aged, middle-class, and female.
B) older, less educated, and male.
C) young and affluent.
D) older and poorer.

Question 35

Gordon Allport (1958) stated, "The role of religion is paradoxical. It makes prejudice and it unmakes prejudice."
Explain the research that indicates that his statement is true.

Question 36

Nasser sees a lot of difference between his fraternity brothers but thinks that all sorority girls are the same. Nasser's beliefs are best explained by

A) his social dominance orientation.
B) his authoritarian personality.
C) the own-race bias.
D) the outgroup homogeneity effect.

Question 37

A tendency to favor one's own group is called

A) groupthink bias.
B) intergroup bias.
C) outgroup bias.
D) ingroup bias.

Question 38

Your co-worker tells you that she has both a pet snake and a pet dog at home. In the context of distinctiveness, you are most likely to describe her to new office employees as a

A) dog owner.
B) senior executive.
C) co-worker.
D) snake owner.

Question 39

How are discrimination and the self-fulfilling prophecy concept related?

Question 40

A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people is called a(n)

A) behavioral tendency.
B) stereotype.
C) effect.
D) illusion.

Question 41

Attitudes include all of the following EXCEPT

A) effects.
B) behaviors.
C) inclinations to act.
D) cognitions.

Question 42

Explain how a belief in the just-world phenomenon might affect social services for people in poverty.

Question 43

Define and provide examples of prejudices, stereotypes, and discrimination.