Deck 6: Individual Factors: Moral Philosophies and Values

Question 1

Which is the last of Kohlberg's stages of cognitive moral development?

A) Individual instrumental purpose and exchange
B) Need achievement
C) Social system and conscience maintenance
D) Punishment and obedience
E) Universal ethical principles

Answer 1

E

Question 2

According to Kohlberg's model, as a person progresses through the stages of moral development, and with time, education, and experience, he/she

A) is unlikely to change his/her values and ethical behavior.
B) may change his/her values and ethical behavior.
C) will likely be promoted.
D) will depend more on the input of significant others in ethical decision making.
E) will experience less opportunity to behave unethically.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A person who offers a facilitation payment in order to secure a contract that will keep her company from going bankrupt and laying off hundreds of employees may be a(n)

A) egoist.
B) teleologist.
C) utilitarian.
D) relativist.
E) humanitarian.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which moral philosophy considers an act to be morally right or acceptable if it produces some desired result?

A) Teleology
B) Deontology
C) The relativist perspective
D) Ethical formalism
E) Hedonism

Question 5

Through time an act can come to be viewed as unethical under which of the following philosophies and perspectives?

A) The relativist perspective
B) Teleology
C) Deontology
D) Egoism
E) Rule deontology

Question 6

_____ are person-specific, whereas _____ are based on decisions made by groups or when carrying out tasks to meet business objectives.

A) Organizational factors; business ethics
B) Codes of conduct; individual factors
C) Individual factors; codes of conduct
D) Business ethics; moral philosophies
E) Moral philosophies; business ethics

Question 7

A marketing manager who orders that a manufacturing plant be refitted to make it safer for workers, no matter what the cost, may be a(n) _____ because he believes in the rights of all individuals.

A) egoist
B) utilitarian
C) deontologist
D) relativist
E) hedonist

Question 8

_____ is considered the father of free market capitalism. He believed that business was and should be guided by the morals of good men.

A) John Maynard Keynes
B) Henry Kissinger
C) George Washington
D) Adam Smith
E) Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 9

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of the equity, fairness, and impartiality of the action, with rules serving as guidelines in the decision-making process?

A) Rule utilitarianism
B) Act utilitarianism
C) Rule deontology
D) Act deontology
E) The relativist perspective

Question 10

Which moral perspective defines ethical behavior subjectively from the unique experiences of individuals and groups?

A) Virtue ethics
B) Egoism
C) The relativist perspective
D) Absolutism
E) Justice

Question 11

_____ believe that no one thing is intrinsically good.

A) Hedonists
B) Pluralists
C) Relativists
D) Deontologists
E) Teleologists

Question 12

An individual who defines what is right by considering his/her duty to society, not just to other specific people, is in which of Kohlberg's stages of cognitive moral development?

A) Punishment and obedience
B) Individual instrumental purpose and exchange
C) Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity
D) Social system and conscience maintenance
E) Prior rights, social contract, or utility

Question 13

Which moral philosophy focuses on the rights of individuals and on the intentions associated with a particular behavior, rather than its consequences?

A) Deontology
B) The relativist perspective
C) Teleology
D) Egoism
E) Utilitarianism

Question 14

Moral philosophy refers to

A) a subject that most businesspeople do not consider very important.
B) the morality of business activities.
C) the principles or rules that people use to decide what is right and wrong.
D) the legality of business activities.
E) the principles or rules that policymakers use to create legislation.

Question 15

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of its conformity to general moral principles and respect for individual rights?

A) The relativist perspective
B) Act utilitarianism
C) Rule utilitarianism
D) Act deontology
E) Rule deontology

Question 16

Kant's categorical imperative and the Golden Rule are examples of which moral philosophy?

A) Teleology
B) Deontology
C) The relativist perspective
D) Egoism
E) Utilitarianism

Question 17

An individual who believes that an action is ethical because others within his or her company and industry regularly engage in the activity is probably a(n)

A) utilitarian.
B) relativist.
C) teleologist.
D) deontologist.
E) egoist.

Question 18

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of principles or rules designed to promote the greatest overall utility rather than by examining situations individually?

A) Rule utilitarianism
B) Act utilitarianism
C) Rule deontology
D) Act deontology
E) Egoism

Question 19

_____ typically focuses on the end result of actions and happiness created by them, whereas _____ emphasizes the means and motives by which actions are justified.

A) Pragmatism; hedonism
B) Deontology; pragmatism
C) Utilitarianism; deontology
D) Utilitarianism; a goodness theory
E) A goodness theory; an obligation theory

Question 20

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of its consequences for everyone affected (seeks the greatest good for the greatest number)?

A) Act deontology
B) Rule deontology
C) Egoism
D) Utilitarianism
E) Hedonism

Question 21

Which moral philosophy is based on the premise that equal respect must be given to all persons?

A) The relativist perspective
B) Deontology
C) Egoism
D) Teleology
E) Utilitarianism

Question 22

Discuss the distinctions between the rule and act categories of utilitarianism and deontology. Why do you think some people evaluate the morality of an action on the basis of the action itself, whereas others evaluate it in terms of its conformity to particular moral principles or rules of conduct?

Question 23

Explain how the levels of Kohlberg's model of cognitive moral development may influence a person's perception of and response to an ethical issue.

Question 24

Which is not considered a white collar crime?

A) Corporate tax evasion
B) Credit card fraud
C) Insider trading
D) Identity theft
E) Mugging someone

Question 25

_____ argues that ethical behavior involves not only adhering to conventional moral standards but also considering what a mature person with a "good" moral character would deem appropriate.

A) Act utilitarianism
B) Virtue ethics
C) Reciprocity
D) Hedonism
E) Rule deontology

Question 26

_____ have lower ethical issue sensitivity, meaning they are less likely to detect ethical issues. They may be more committed to completing projects and more dedicated to group values and objectives.

A) Relativists
B) Hedonists
C) Pragmatists
D) Deontologists
E) Teleologists

Question 27

Kohlberg's six stages of cognitive moral development can be reduced to three levels of ethical concern. Persons at the second level

A) define right as that which conforms to the expectations of good behavior of the larger society.
B) see beyond the norms, laws, and authority of groups or individuals.
C) are concerned with their immediate interests and with external rewards and punishments.
D) are concerned with their long-term interests and with internal rewards and punishments.
E) are unethical.

Question 28

_____ deals with the issue of what individuals feel they are due based on their rights and performance in the workplace, and therefore is more likely to be based on deontological moral philosophies than on teleological or utilitarian ones.

A) Rights
B) Virtue ethics
C) Justice
D) Relativism
E) Egoism

Question 29

Compare and contrast the two moral philosophies: teleology and deontology. Discuss the bases each philosophy type uses to evaluate the morality of a particular activity.

Question 30

A central problem with virtue ethics is

A) that it emphasizes people's differences, not similarities.
B) that few people believe that these principles are important.
C) that they are very complicated.
D) that they represent unattainable goals.
E) that many feel that virtue ethics only works in theory.

Question 31

An individual who emphasizes others rather than himself or herself in making decisions is in which of the following of Kohlberg's stages of development?

A) Universal ethical principles (6th stage)
B) Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity (3rd stage)
C) Social system and conscience maintenance (4th stage)
D) Punishment and obedience (1st stage)
E) Prior rights, social contract, or utility (5th stage)

Question 32

_____ justice is based on the evaluation of outcomes or results of the business relationship.

A) Procedural
B) Interactional
C) Distributive
D) Ethical
E) Egotistical

Question 33

In Kohlberg's model, the stage of mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity (Stage 3) differs from the stage of individual instrumental purpose and exchange (Stage 2) in terms of the individual's motives in

A) considering fairness to others.
B) maintaining the social order.
C) considering duty to society.
D) upholding the basic values of society.
E) maintaining obedience to authority.

Question 34

When a person defines right and wrong on the basis of legal contracts, he or she is using which of Kohlberg's stages of development?

A) Punishment and obedience (1st stage)
B) Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity (3rd stage)
C) Social system and conscience maintenance (4th stage)
D) Prior rights, social contract, or utility (5th stage)
E) Universal ethical principles (6th stage)

Question 35

_____ justice considers the processes and activities that produce the outcome or results.

A) Disruptive
B) Procedural
C) Interactional
D) Communications
E) Evaluative

Question 36

What is white collar crime and why has it become such a widespread problem?

Question 37

Enlightened egoism

A) is when an individual puts spiritual feelings above all others.
B) centers completely on the short-term well-being of others.
C) centers on one's short-term self-interest.
D) centers on one's long-term self-interest but takes others' well-being into account.
E) centers on the long-term well-being of others.

Question 38

The elements of _____ important to business transactions have been defined as trust, self-control, empathy, fairness, and truthfulness.

A) egoism
B) utilitarianism
C) deontology
D) moral philosophy
E) virtue

Question 39

Compare and contrast the two teleological philosophies: egoism and utilitarianism. Include a discussion of the bases that each type uses to evaluate the morality of activities.

Question 40

Eric views animal research in the pharmaceutical industry as a way to improve drugs that will benefit mankind. Which moral philosophy most closely represents his viewpoint?

A) Egoism
B) Relativism
C) Humanitarianism
D) Utilitarianism
E) Individualism