Deck 9: Gene Expression: From Genes to Proteins

Question 1

If a hypothetical protein is 25 amino acids long, how many nucleotides were there in the gene that coded for this protein?

A) 25
B) 50
C) 75
D) 100
E) 150

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Tetracyclines interfere with the process of ____________.

A) DNA replication
B) transcription
C) translation
D) protein folding
E) transformation

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The shape of a protein is ultimately determined by

A) the interaction of R groups.
B) interaction with other polypeptide chains.
C) the amino acid sequence.
D) bonds formed with other proteins.
E) none of these.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Alkaptonuria is an example of a(n) ________________.

A) dominant disorder
B) multifactorial disease
C) inborn error of metabolism
D) spongiform encephalopathy
E) viral-caused mutation

Question 5

A string of 30 to 100 adenine nucleotides

A) is found in the promoter region of all genes.
B) is the sequence of which introns are composed.
C) is found at the 3'-end of all tRNAs.
D) is found in the terminator region of all genes.
E) is added to the 3'-end on mRNA during RNA processing.

Question 6

Two tRNA molecules occupy the P and A sites in a ribosome. The amino acids they carry are joined by a peptide bond. What is the very next event that occurs?

A) The tRNA in the P site detaches and leaves the ribosome.
B) A third tRNA enters the ribosome.
C) The ribosome moves one codon down the mRNA.
D) The large subunit leaves the ribosome.
E) A new amino acid is joined to the tRNA in the P site.

Question 7

Which one of the following is NOT required for transcription?

A) RNA polymerase.
B) DNA.
C) Uracil nucleotides.
D) Ribosomes.
E) All of these are needed for transcription.

Question 8

All amino acids are characterized by

A) an amino group and a peptide bond.
B) a carboxyl group and a peptide bond.
C) the presence of two R groups.
D) an amino group and a carboxyl group.
E) none of these.

Question 9

Most protein synthesis happens on the surface of the ___________.

A) rough endoplasmic reticulum
B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C) Golgi complex
D) mitochondrion
E) nucleus

Question 10

The secondary level of protein structure involves

A) folding of the primary structure upon itself.
B) the number of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain.
C) substitutions in the amino acid sequence.
D) interactions with other polypeptide chains.
E) none of these.

Question 11

Which one of the following is NOT a component of the translation initiation complex?

A) Small ribosome subunit.
B) Large ribosome subunit.
C) mRNA.
D) tRNA.
E) All of these are components of the initiation complex.

Question 12

In protein synthesis, which RNA molecule completes the first task?

A) mRNA
B) rRNA
C) tRNA
D) dRNA
E) A combination of more than one of these.

Question 13

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is caused by a _____________.

A) bacterium
B) fungus
C) virus
D) protein
E) lipid

Question 14

Peptide bonds form between

A) two amino groups.
B) two carboxyl groups.
C) one carboxyl group and one R group.
D) one amino group and one carboxyl group.
E) one R group and one amino group.

Question 15

Which one of the following correctly describes the direction of translation?

A) DNA is read 3'-to-5' and RNA is synthesized 5'-to-3'.
B) DNA is read 3'-to-5' and RNA is synthesized 3'-to-5'.
C) DNA is read 5'-to-3' and RNA is synthesized 3'-to-5'.
D) DNA is read 5'-to-3' and RNA is synthesized 5'-to-3'.
E) The direction varies in different genes.

Question 16

How many nucleotides form the code for one amino acid?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
E) 6

Question 17

Post-translational modification of polypeptides includes

A) attaching lipids to the polypeptides.
B) attaching sugar to the polypeptides.
C) chemically changing some amino acids.
D) removal of some amino acids.
E) all of these.

Question 18

If a coding sequence in DNA read CAT, what would the anticodon of the associated tRNA read?

A) CAT
B) GTA
C) GUA
D) CAU
E) GAT

Question 19

How many codons do not code for any amino acid?

A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3
E) 4

Question 20

Streptomycin has its effect by causing _____________.

A) DNA polymerase to malfunction
B) errors in amino acid assembly
C) breakage of hydrogen bonds in the DNA molecule
D) errors in nuclotide assembly
E) a combination of more than one of these

Question 21

Hydrogen bonds join amino acids in the polypeptide chain.

Question 22

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is caused by an error in ____________.

A) DNA replication
B) translation
C) transcription
D) protein folding
E) the genetic code

Question 23

There are three tRNAs with anticodons complementary to stop codons.

Question 24

Pre-mRNA is ____________________ and ____________________ before it becomes mRNA and moves to the cytoplasm.

Question 25

Prions cause disease by changing the way proteins ____________________.

Question 26

Amino acids are joined together in a chain by ____________________ bonds.

Question 27

The cap on the 3' end of mRNA helps attach the mRNA to the ribosome.

Question 28

All RNAs are made by the same process and have the same size.

Question 29

Transcription and translation share the three steps of initiation, elongation, and termination.

Question 30

The processing of mRNA takes place in the nucleus.

Question 31

In translation, unlike DNA replication, the base-pairing rule is not required.

Question 32

The number of different proteins a cell can produce is often much larger than the number of genes in that cell.

Question 33

The sequences in mRNA that are not translated are the ____________________.

Question 34

After RNA polymerase binds to the promoter sequence and causes the adjacent double-strand DNA to unwind, only one strand can be used as the template for RNA formation.

Question 35

The 3-nucleotide sequences in DNA that is transcribed into mRNA codons are the same 3 nucleotides as the anticodons that bind to those codons.

Question 36

There are altogether ____________________ codons that code for amino acids in the genetic code.

Question 37

All the nucleotide sequences in a transcribed mRNA are used in translation.

Question 38

Creutzfeldt-Jalob disease is one of the diseases caused by infectious proteins called ____________________.

Question 39

Depending on the mRNA sequence, amino acids are randomly inserted all along the protein.

Question 40

Most amino acids are specified by more than one codon.

Question 41

____________________ have two binding sites for tRNA to allow the formation of peptide bonds.

Question 42

The covalent bond attaching two amino acids is called a ____________ bond.

Question 43

Retroviruses such as HIV are capable of making a DNA strand by reading a complementary RNA strand. Very sensibly, scientists call this process "reverse ____________________."

Question 44

What kinds of mutational events might be associated with introns in human genes?

Question 45

Watson and Crick proposed that genetic information is encoded in the ____________________ of ____________________ in DNA.

Question 46

tRNAs bind to the mRNA via their ____________________.

Question 47

Describe the flow of information in the cell.

Question 48

Three codons in the genetic code do not code for amino acids. Their function is to serve as ____________________ codons, which signal the ____________________ of protein synthesis.

Question 49

In a normal prion, most of the folding pattern is ____________.

Question 50

The antibiotic erythromycin works by inhibiting the movement of ________ along the _________.

Question 51

The RNA molecule involved in both transcription and translation is _____________.

Question 52

The codon ____________________ serves as the initiator codon and also codes for the amino acid ____________________.

Question 53

____________________ and ____________________ used Neurospora in experiments that demonstrated that mutations result in loss of enzyme activity.

Question 54

RNA polymerase attaches to regions just outside genes called ____________________.

Question 55

The helical shape of a protein forms at the ____________ level of protein structure.

Question 56

A mechanism of gene regulation that controls the amount of mRNA available for translation is _____________.

Question 57

For any given gene, one strand of DNA serves as a coding strand, the other as a non-coding strand. Why is a non-coding strand needed at all?

Question 58

What genetic properties does RNA have in common with DNA? In humans, what genetic properties does RNA lack?

Question 59

The acid group in an amino acid is the ______________ group.

Question 60

How is the order of code words in a DNA molecule related to the order of codons in mRNA and the order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain? Use 5' and 3' designations for the nucleic acids and amino and carboxyl ends to designate the polypeptide chains.

Question 61

Describe what happens during the initiation, elongation, and termination phases of translation.

Question 62

What happens to human mRNA before it leaves the nucleus?

Question 63

Define a codon. Write the anticodon(s) for the following amino acids: met, phe, ala, leu.

Question 64

The genetic code is described as "universal." What does that mean, and why is this very significant to our understanding of life on Earth?

Question 65

Why is the correct folding of a protein so important, and what ultimately determines the shape a protein will assume?

Question 66

Outline the role of RNA in the synthesis of polypeptides.

Question 67

List the various functions of proteins.

Question 68

Discuss the meaning of the following two statements and determine whether each one is true or false:
(1) One amino acid can be coded for by more than one codon.
(2) One codon can be coded for by more than one amino acid.