Deck 6: Motivation and the Regulation of Internal States

Question 1

According to your text,one of the reasons that concepts such as motivation are arbitrary is that:

A)Motivations are different for animals and humans.
B)Motivations differ across cultures.
C)Motivations change from day to day.
D)Motivation sometimes cannot be distinguished from other behaviors,such as emotions.

Answer 1

Motivation sometimes cannot be distinguished from other behaviors,such as emotions.

Question 2

Sensation seeking is an essential component of:

A)Arousal theory
B)Incentive theory
C)Homeostatic theory
D)Set-point theory

Answer 2

Arousal theory

Question 3

In homeostasis,the set point is:

A)The maximum amount of incentive that could be obtained
B)The maximum amount of arousal that could be obtained
C)The maximal level of arousal that can be obtained given the current conditions
D)A level of equilibrium to which the system strives to return

Answer 3

A level of equilibrium to which the system strives to return

Question 4

Prader-Willi syndrome involves:

A)An inability to stop eating
B)An inability to stop sleeping
C)The overwhelming desire to yell obscenities
D)None of the above

Question 5

The concept of motivation is used to explain:

A)How we view our own behavior
B)Behavioral control other than by external stimuli
C)What processes we use to organize our thoughts and behaviors
D)The differences between animal and human behavior

Question 6

According to incentive theory,one way to motivate a child to keep a clean room would be:

A)To withhold dinner until the room is cleaned
B)For the parent to keep a clean room as an example
C)To wait until the child felt like cleaning the room
D)With a weekly allowance for keeping a clean room

Question 7

Endothermic animals:

A)Do not have to regulate body temperature
B)Cannot regulate body temperatures internally
C)Regulate body temperature through the use of energy reserves
D)Have a very wide range of acceptable body temperatures

Question 8

Motivation means:

A)There is a consequence to the behavior
B)To set in motion
C)An alive,behaving organism
D)Increases in behavior rates

Question 9

An ectothermic animal,if cold,will not be able to:

A)Regulate body temperature through the use of energy reserves
B)Detect the presence of cold in the body
C)Burrow in the ground to get warmer
D)Crawl onto a rock to gain solar heat

Question 10

The view of modern psychologists regarding instincts is that:

A)They do not exist in humans.
B)Through evolution,instincts have either dropped out or became weakened.
C)They are a major motivator of human behavior.
D)None of the above is true.

Question 11

Which of the following is not a method used to decrease body temperature in hot weather?

A)Sweating
B)Decrease metabolism
C)Dilation of blood vessels
D)Increase food intake

Question 12

When the current condition does not equal the set point,then:

A)Motivation will decrease and the organism will wait until the current situation changes.
B)Motivation will decrease so the organism is more likely to behave randomly.
C)The organism will be motivated to behave to return the drive to the set point.
D)The organism will be in a temporary state of satisfaction until the drive returns to the set point and motivates directed behavior.

Question 13

Which of the following is most consistent with drive theory?

A)Once we reach homeostasis we are happy and content.
B)We can never reach homeostasis with all drives at any one time.
C)Humans can be motivated by external stimuli as well as internal.
D)None of the above is true.

Question 14

An instinct is a(n):

A)Mechanism for maintaining balance in the body
B)Incentive to behave in a particular manner
C)Complex behavior that is automatic and unlearned and occurs in all members of a species
D)Complex behavior that is learned,or not automatic and occurs in all members of a species

Question 15

Critics of drive theory state that:

A)Many behaviors are not related to satisfying needs.
B)External stimuli do not show an ability to alter behavior.
C)Only lower animals can be shown to have drives.
D)All of the above are true.

Question 16

William McDougall proposed a theory of human motivation that was based on:

A)Instincts
B)Drives
C)Incentives
D)Arousal

Question 17

To maintain body temperature in cold weather an organism may:

A)Increase metabolism
B)Constrict blood vessels
C)Move to a sunny location
D)All of the above

Question 18

Some examples of incentives are:

A)Hunger,thirst,and cold
B)Money,grades,and approval
C)Thrills,danger,and challenges
D)All of the above are incentives.

Question 19

Warmth-sensitive and cold-sensitive cells that help mammals regulate their body temperature are found in the ___ of the hypothalamus.

A)preoptic area
B)area postrema
C)ventromedial nucleus
D)nucleus of the solitary tract

Question 20

Drive theory concerns mostly explaining:

A)Emotions
B)Cognitive behaviors
C)The human need to succeed
D)Physical conditions such as hunger and thirst

Question 21

The taste receptor that steers us from eating toxic substances is:

A)Umami
B)Bitter
C)Sour
D)Salty

Question 22

In selecting diets:

A)Herbivores get all nutrients from a single source,plants.
B)Carnivores get all nutrients from a single source,meat.
C)Omnivores get all nutrients from a variety of sources.
D)All of the above are true.

Question 23

The main benefit of consumption of salty foods is:

A)They are high in several nutrients
B)The benefit for neural function
C)They tend to be associated with protein
D)They are rarely toxic

Question 24

The five primary tastes include:

A)Sour,salty,sweet,bitter,and metallic
B)Sour,salty,sweet,bitter,and spicy
C)Sour,salty,sweet,bitter,and umami
D)Sour,savory,salty,sweet,and umami

Question 25

The "wisdom of the body" in reference to hunger refers to:

A)How the body regulates the amount of food consumed
B)The ability to maintain a particular weight under normal conditions
C)The ability to choose a relatively balanced diet
D)None of the above

Question 26

Jamie had a stroke,and as a result,she lost her preoptic area of the hypothalamus.What would be the most significant change in her behavior?

A)She will be unable to tell if she is hungry.
B)She will not stop eating even when full.
C)She will not realize that she is getting frostbite after being in the cold too long.
D)She will be unable to tell if she is thirsty.

Question 27

You take a sip of milk from the carton and find that it has spoiled.For saving you from drinking the spoiled milk you should thank your:

A)Sweet taste receptors
B)Sour taste receptors
C)Salty taste receptors
D)Bitter taste receptors

Question 28

Excessive drinking is most likely to be observed in rats if:

A)They have not consumed any salt in their diet
B)They are male
C)They have been given a high salt diet
D)It has been several hours since their last meal

Question 29

We lose water through:

A)Sweating
B)Urination
C)Defecation
D)All of the above

Question 30

Jimmy drinks a bottle of water,and therefore does not feel thirsty anymore.This is because the receptors in his ___ have detected the presence of water and triggered the feeling of satiety for water.

A)Brain stem
B)Kidney
C)Stomach
D)Subfornical organ

Question 31

Osmotic thirst and hypovolemic thirst:

A)Are interchangeable names for the same thirst drive
B)Can vary independently
C)Always vary together
D)Are names for the thirst drive in homeothermic and endothermic animals,respectively

Question 32

There are two types of thirst:

A)One with respect to water levels in the cells and one with respect to water content in the blood
B)One with respect to water levels in the cells and one with respect to water content in the urine
C)One with respect to water content in the blood and one with respect to water content in the urine
D)One with respect to water content in the skin and one with respect to water levels in the cells

Question 33

Robert couldn't get used to the changing seasons;he felt hot so he wanted the air conditioning on,then he felt chilled.His sensations of being either too hot or too cold resulted from the actions of his:

A)Hypothalamus
B)Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
C)Postoptic area of the hypothalamus
D)Preoptic area of the hypothalamus

Question 34

Which of the following procedures induces drinking?

A)Increasing blood volume
B)Increasing fluid retention in the kidney
C)Lesioning the organum vasculosum lamina terminalis
D)Injecting angiotensin into the subfornical organ

Question 35

When eating a well-balanced dinner,the taste receptor most active is:

A)Sweet,since many nutritious foods taste somewhat sweet
B)Salty,because salt is a critical nutrient
C)Umami,which responds to needed amino acids
D)All taste receptors will be active

Question 36

We might complain about feeling hot and then drink something cool or loosen our clothing with the desired intent of cooling ourselves but we cannot properly say that these behaviors are:

A)Premeditated
B)Conscious
C)Intentional
D)Involuntary

Question 37

Osmotic thirst occurs:

A)When the fluid content inside cells decreases
B)When the individual has taken in more food than water
C)When a salty meal has been ingested
D)All of the above

Question 38

Hypovolemic thirst occurs when:

A)There has been excessive blood loss
B)A salty meal was just consumed
C)A large meal was just consumed
D)All of the above

Question 39

Which of the following taste receptors is least likely to be activated when you eat a pizza with sausage and pineapple?

A)Umami
B)Salty
C)Sour
D)Bitter

Question 40

Corporal Phillips was shot in the leg and was bleeding heavily.Phillips was desperate for something to drink because of ___ thirst,due to decreased blood flow signals sent to the ___.

A)osmotic,nucleus of the solitary tract (NST)
B)hypervolemic,nucleus of the solitary tract (NST)
C)hypovolemic,nucleus of the solitary tract (NST)
D)hypovolemic,subfornical organ

Question 41

If you had the inability to taste your food,which brain area might be having a problem?

A)Insular area of the frontal lobe
B)Median preoptic area of the hypothalamus
C)Organum vasculosum lamina terminalis (OVLT)bordering the third ventricle
D)Preoptic area of the hypothalamus

Question 42

The last bite of that large pizza you ate by yourself is not as good as the first bite because of:

A)Sensory-specific satiety
B)Learned taste aversion
C)Learned taste preference
D)Overload to the taste receptors

Question 43

Papillae are:

A)Bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds
B)Another name for taste buds
C)The taste receptor found in the taste buds
D)A group of taste buds all sensitive to the same taste

Question 44

When compared to the first bite,the last bit of pizza produces:

A)Less of a neural response from the nucleus accumbens
B)More of a neural response from the nucleus accumbens
C)Less of a neural response from the nucleus recepti
D)Less of a neural response from the nucleus of the solitary tract

Question 45

Six-year-old Dana went to Disney World,ate hot dogs,rode the coaster,and got sick.She now hates hot dogs due to:

A)Learned taste aversion
B)The toxic reaction to the hot dogs
C)Sensory-specific satiety
D)The inability of the hot dogs to decrease her hunger

Question 46

Taste preferences in humans are:

A)Directly associated with all vital nutrients
B)Related indirectly to all vital nutrients
C)Directly related to some vital nutrients but indirectly related to others
D)Not related to any vital nutrients

Question 47

If you are suffering from a swollen and painful bump on your tongue,contrary to what you've been told you have an infected:

A)Taste bud
B)Papillae
C)Villus
D)Inguination

Question 48

The feeding cycle is divided into two phases:

A)Absorption and excretion
B)Absorption and metabolism
C)Absorption and fasting
D)Metabolism and fasting

Question 49

Learned taste aversion is:

A)When an organism samples a new food in small amounts to test for safety
B)When an organism avoids specific tastes that have been associated with illness
C)When an organism finds the taste of the last bites of a food item less appealing than the first bites
D)When you eat so much of one specific food item that you "get sick of it"

Question 50

Which of the following is not true regarding digestion?

A)Digestion begins in the mouth when the saliva enzymes hydrochloric acid and pepsin begin to break down the food.
B)The stomach screens for toxins and spoiled food due to the sensitivity of the lining.
C)If toxins enter the blood,the area postrema may induce vomiting to rid the stomach of the contents.
D)All of the above are not true.

Question 51

During digestion:

A)Fats are metabolized into simple sugars
B)Proteins are converted into amino acids
C)Carbohydrates are transformed into glycerol
D)Toxins are neutralized by the liver

Question 52

The pattern of eating discrete rather than continuous meals:

A)Requires a complex system for storing nutrient reserves
B)Requires a mechanism for allocating reserves during the fasting period
C)Requires a way to monitor reserves in order to initiate the next meal
D)All of the above

Question 53

Evan argued with his parents that he should be allowed to eat whatever he wanted,because of the "wisdom" of his body.His body's "wisdom" evolved when:

A)High calorie foods were a much rarer occurrence than today
B)The enhanced taste and calories of today's diet were non-existent
C)The available diet did not include the rich sensory distractions of today's foods
D)All of the above

Question 54

One proposed adaptive function of learned taste aversion is:

A)To decrease the amount of fat consumed in the diet
B)To avoid non-nutritive items
C)To increase the variety of food items chosen
D)So organisms are not restricted to a single taste in their diet

Question 55

In the study reported in your text,when left to choose their own diets,human infants:

A)Chose a balanced diet over the long run
B)Favored a few food items
C)Favored food items of only one primary taste
D)Favored only sweet foods

Question 56

Learned taste aversions happen most often between:

A)1 and 3 years of age
B)3 and 6 years of age
C)6 and 12 years of age
D)12 and 15 years of age

Question 57

It has been shown that adult humans:

A)Make fairly good nutritive choices in the long run
B)Only make good nutritive choices when not pressed for time
C)Lack the ability to make good nutritive choices
D)Make poor nutritive choices when faced with distracting choices such as intense flavors

Question 58

In the small intestine:

A)The minority of digestion occurs
B)The nutrients are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
C)Excess water is reabsorbed from digested food
D)All of the above

Question 59

Sensory-specific satiety has important survival value because:

A)It is a mechanism which prevents us from eating too much of a toxic substance
B)It is a mechanism which produces a wide and more varied diet
C)Our sensory receptors sometimes need to be "reset"
D)It is not valuable,it's actually a hindrance for mammals

Question 60

Nutrient deficiency is likely to produce:

A)A preference for the taste of a food associated with the deficiency
B)Learned avoidance of tastes associated with the deficient nutrient
C)Decreased food sampling
D)Taste-specific satiety

Question 61

While Jack knew he was hungry his ___ was "deciding" what he was hungry for by monitoring his body's nutrient condition.

A)paraventricular nucleus
B)arcuate nucleus
C)vagus nucleus
D)ventral hypothalamus

Question 62

In animal models of obesity,a mutation in the ___ gene can produce an animal that is very obese and has a yellow coat color;however.a particular ___ by the mother can alter this outcome in any offspring with this mutation.

A)ghrelin,gestational event
B)agouti,diet
C)NPY,diet
D)agouti,gestational event

Question 63

Individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome may have some defect in their ___ system.

A)vagus nerve
B)ghrelin
C)cholecystokinin
D)none of the above

Question 64

You decide to be good to yourself and eat an entire giant cinnamon roll with lots of icing.Afterwards,your glucoprivic hunger would be ___,and your lipoprivic hunger would be ___.

A)low,low
B)low,high
C)high,low
D)high,high

Question 65

Linzie was wondering if a gene mutation in the rat that increased neuropeptide Y would produce an animal with a genetic basis for:

A)Anorexia
B)Obesity
C)Diabetes
D)Poor taste discrimination

Question 66

What happened to the rat with lesion damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus?

A)It died of thirst.
B)It ate uncontrollably and therefore got very obese.
C)It lost its appetite and therefore got dangerously thin.
D)It lost the ability to regulate its own internal temperature.

Question 67

Storage of glucose and fats is controlled by:

A)Current glucose levels in the blood
B)Glycogen
C)Insulin
D)Adipose

Question 68

The vagus nerve is important to hunger because it is:

A)Used by the brain to monitor protein levels
B)Used by the medulla to keep track of nutrient levels in the body
C)Used by the PVN to monitor fat levels
D)Not important for hunger,but is important for thirst

Question 69

Injecting 2-DG (a non-nutrient resembling glucose)into the hepatic portal vein:

A)Produces overeating
B)Produces under-eating
C)Increases the storage of fat
D)Increases the utilization of stored fat

Question 70

Based on what you now know,you might speculate that obese individuals who are extremely resistant to losing weight might have an overactive ___ system.

A)insulin
B)marcaptan
C)ghrelin
D)strychnin

Question 71

When insulin levels are low:

A)Glucose is available only to the nervous system
B)Glucose is available to all cells in the body
C)Glucagons triggers the storage of fats
D)The liver converts glucose to glycerol for use in the brain

Question 72

Because increased neuropeptide Y results in weight gain that is disproportionately greater than the increase in food intake:

A)This suggests that neuropeptide Y also conserves energy
B)Thirst and hunger must be related
C)The medulla must monitor fat levels
D)The liver is not the only mechanism for initiating a meal

Question 73

An overweight person considering gastric-bypass surgery might hope,instead,for a safe mechanism of blocking the effects of ___ that dramatically increases eating while also reducing metabolism.

A)mercaptoacetate
B)neuropeptide NST
C)neuropeptide Y
D)neuropeptide Z

Question 74

During the absorptive phase of digestion:

A)Insulin is secreted,which enables body cells to absorb glucose and store excess nutrients
B)Glucagon is secreted,which enables body cells to absorb glucose and store excess nutrients
C)Insulin is secreted,which enables body cells to release glucose and excess nutrients
D)Glucagon is secreted,which enables body cells to release glucose and excess nutrients

Question 75

Eating is initiated by the:

A)Paraventricular nucleus
B)Subfornical nucleus
C)Liver
D)Pancreas

Question 76

Lipoprivic hunger occurs when:

A)Glucose levels are low
B)There is a deficit in fatty acids
C)Amino acid levels are low
D)None of the above

Question 77

During the fasting phase of digestion:

A)The body can only use recently consumed energy sources
B)The pancreas secretes glucagon
C)Glucose levels in the blood rise and fall rapidly
D)There is no fasting phase of digestion

Question 78

In the liver:

A)Glucose is metabolized
B)Fatty acid levels are monitored
C)CCK is released to initiate eating
D)Blood levels signal the stomach for the feeling of fullness after a large meal

Question 79

The two major pathways that information pass from the digestive system to the brain are through the ___ and ___.

A)medulla,thalamus
B)hypothalamus,pons
C)vagus nerve,blood vessels
D)duodenum,kidneys

Question 80

Glucoprivic hunger occurs when:

A)Glucose levels are low
B)There is a deficit in fatty acids
C)Amino acid levels are low
D)None of the above