Deck 8: Emotion and Health

Question 1

Schacter and Singer believed that the physiological arousal associated with an emotion:

A)Determines what the particular emotion is
B)Is irrelevant to the cognitive assessment of the situation
C)Contributes only to the emotion's intensity
D)Is only important in strong negative emotions like fear and anger

Answer 1

Contributes only to the emotion's intensity

Question 2

According to the James-Lange theory,emotional experience is:

A)Produced by feedback from the physiological responses caused by emotion-producing events
B)Dependent on the genetic makeup of an individual as well as classical conditioning experiences
C)The cause of physiological reactions to events
D)Culturally determined responses to biologically significant stimuli

Answer 2

Produced by feedback from the physiological responses caused by emotion-producing events

Question 3

Stimulation of the ___ in different locations with human subjects has produced reports of warmth and pleasure as well as fear and rage.

A)hypothalamus
B)amygdala
C)septal area
D)cingulate gyrus

Answer 3

hypothalamus

Question 4

Just as you are parking your car at home,a moderate earthquake hits.You get out of your car and run to your bathroom,where you notice you are shaking.According to the James-Lange theory,you felt afraid:

A)When you felt the earthquake
B)When you noticed you were shaking
C)Because a fear of earthquakes is innate
D)All of the above

Question 5

All of the following are considered aspects of emotions except:

A)Facial expressions
B)Feelings
C)Effects in the parasympathetic,but not sympathetic branch of the nervous system
D)Changes in physiological activity of the brain

Question 6

Which of the following does not occur when the sympathetic nervous system is activated,as in strong emotions?

A)Dilation of peripheral blood vessels
B)Increase in heart rate
C)Changes in sweat gland activity
D)Shutting down of digestion

Question 7

According to the ___ theory of emotion as proposed by ___,people rely on the assessment of a situation to discriminate which emotion they are experiencing.

A)cognitive,Schacter & Singer
B)behavioral,Schacter & Singer
C)cognitive,James-Lange
D)behavioral,James-Lange

Question 8

Damage to the prefrontal cortex in adults would be expected to:

A)Affect one's understanding of moral rules in hypothetical situations
B)Influence an individual's judgments about personal relationships
C)Negatively affect their own lives,but not that of other people
D)All of the above

Question 9

Which of the following disorders may involve abnormalities in mirror neurons?

A)Stress disorder
B)Autism
C)Fetal alcohol syndrome
D)Depression

Question 10

Stimulation of the ___ in human subjects has produced reports of pleasure accompanied by sexual content.

A)hypothalamus
B)amygdala
C)septal area
D)cingulate gyrus

Question 11

Which statement best characterizes the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A)Feelings of emotions elicit behaviors such as fleeing or trembling.
B)Observing and monitoring our own emotional states causes changes in the autonomic nervous system.
C)Emotions cause physiological responses.
D)Physiological responses to a stimulus precede any feeling of emotion.

Question 12

The limbic system:

A)Is exclusively involved in emotions,which is why it is called the "emotional brain"
B)Is a network of structures located in the cortical regions of the frontal lobe
C)Is involved in emotions,along with structures at many other levels of the brain
D)Can be easily studied in humans because it is a relatively simple system

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of muscular activation that occurs during emotions?

A)External expression of emotions via the facial muscles
B)Increase in body tension during strong emotions
C)Headaches related to stress
D)All of the above

Question 14

Which statement best characterizes the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A)Feeling happy causes you to laugh.
B)Your frontal lobe causes you to feel happy;your motor cortex causes you to laugh.
C)Laughing at an event precedes the feeling of happiness.
D)Feeling happy is the species-typical emotion elicited by laughter.

Question 15

The notion that physiological arousal is not the result of an emotional experience but is instead what produces an emotional experience is referred to as the ___ of emotion.

A)Schacter-Singer theory
B)Behavioral theory
C)Cannon theory
D)James-Lange theory

Question 16

When college students were instructed to assume specific facial expressions:

A)They did not change their emotions because they knew the experimenter was asking them to "pose" the expressions.
B)They changed their emotions to match the expression because they wanted to please the experimenter.
C)The students reported feeling emotions that were consistent with the facial expressions they were instructed to create.
D)They were unable to produce the individual facial components of different expressions,so the study was inconclusive.

Question 17

In response to "stress," the ___ release(s)stress hormones.

A)pituitary gland
B)adrenalin glands
C)adrenal glands
D)thyroid gland

Question 18

Women who have had their facial muscles paralyzed by botox,and can no longer make a frown:

A)Show no changes in any facial expressions or mood,positive or negative
B)Report less negative mood
C)Have greater activation of the amygdala when they try to imitate angry faces
D)Rate a painful stimulus as being more uncomfortable than usual

Question 19

Mirror neurons:

A)May play a role in recognizing and understanding other people's emotions
B)Respond when we engage in a specific act and while we observe the same act in others
C)Probably play a role in empathy
D)All of the above

Question 20

The ___ is(are)needed for controlling one's behavior based on its consequences.

A)temporal lobes
B)prefrontal cortex
C)limbic system
D)sympathetic nervous system

Question 21

Bilateral damage to the amygdala produces ___.

A)loss of fear
B)loss of exploratory behaviors of curiosity
C)loss of sexual arousal
D)loss of fear,which is restored after experiencing the adaptive value of fear

Question 22

Which brain area is most important for the expression of emotional responses provoked by fear-producing stimuli?

A)Hypothalamus
B)Amygdala
C)Thalamus
D)Prefrontal cortex

Question 23

Steve was doing some basement cleaning and found a not-too-recently dead rat with a pretty ripe aroma.The revulsion only grew as Steve forced himself to pick up the dead rat.Steve was coping with emotions that were likely localizable to what two areas?

A)Amygdala and basal ganglia
B)Hypothalamus and insular cortex
C)Insular cortex and basal ganglia
D)Basal ganglia and cingulate cortex

Question 24

Electrical stimulation of the ___ produces ___.

A)fornix,loss of fear to threat stimuli
B)septal area,indications of fear and anxiety
C)amygdala,loss of fear to threat stimuli
D)amygdala,symptoms of fear and anxiety

Question 25

People with a larger right anterior cingulate cortex are more likely to show:

A)Harm avoidance
B)Happiness
C)Disgust
D)Anger

Question 26

If you had to name one limbic system structure as the primary structure involved in emotions of fear and anxiety,it would be the:

A)Hypothalamus
B)Cingulate gyrus
C)Fornix
D)Amygdala

Question 27

Which of the following is consistent with the notion that antianxiety drugs act through the amygdala to reduce anxiety?

A)Delivery of antianxiety drugs into the amygdala increases anxiety.
B)Few opiate receptors are found in the amygdala.
C)The amygdala contains benzodiazepine receptors.
D)Injection of benzodiazepine drugs into the amygdala reduces anxiety,but not fear.

Question 28

Damage to the right hemisphere:

A)Enhances recognition of emotions expressed by others
B)Impairs or even eliminates an individual's emotional response
C)Does not influence expression of emotions
D)Increases emotionality

Question 29

All of the following are true about the emotion disgust except:

A)People with Huntington's disease have difficulty recognizing disgust.
B)Taste and disgust both share the same brain area,the insula.
C)The amygdala plays a role in both OCD and the expression of disgust.
D)The word itself means "bad taste."

Question 30

Compared to individuals with prefrontal cortex damage,individuals with bilateral damage to the amygdala:

A)Are able to make better use of information about their emotional response to consequences
B)Have relatively normal responses to risky situations,but need to live in supervised settings
C)Do not have a normal emotional response to rewards and penalties
D)None of the above

Question 31

Some of the earliest work on electrical stimulation of various structures in the human limbic system was accomplished by ___.

A)Olds
B)Heath
C)Lange
D)Schacter

Question 32

What can we conclude from studying PET and fMRI studies of emotion and brain activation?

A)Specific emotions consistently activate specific areas.
B)Places activated during a given emotion cluster in certain areas,but are also scattered across wide areas of the brain.
C)There is no discernable pattern of brain activation for most emotions.
D)The findings support the localization of function approach.

Question 33

Which of the following brain regions is most active during positive emotions?

A)Right parietal area
B)Left frontal area
C)Right frontal area
D)Left parietal area

Question 34

The ___ plays a role in combining emotional,attentional,and bodily cues to produce a conscious emotional response.

A)anterior cingulate cortex
B)posterior amygdala
C)posterior cingulate gyrus
D)anterior portion of the insula

Question 35

How do people with damage to the ventromedial cortex in the frontal lobe respond on a gambling card task?

A)They do not understand any rules of the gambling task.
B)They do not shift from risky choices to more advantageous,safe decks as control subjects do.
C)They learn to shift from risky to safe decks,but only after they receive penalties with the risky deck.
D)After they learn how the game works,they finally make the switch to avoid penalties.

Question 36

All of the following are true about the prefrontal cortex except:

A)It is involved in the control of risky or thrill-seeking behavior.
B)Abnormalities in this area may be involved in depression and schizophrenia.
C)Most of the brain's information about emotion is first processed in the prefrontal cortex.
D)When disconnected from the rest from the brain,people are less able to make rational judgments.

Question 37

The right hemisphere is particularly involved in:

A)Autonomic responses to emotional events
B)Recognizing emotion from the tone of people's voices
C)Recognizing emotions in other's facial expression
D)All of the above

Question 38

Damage to the amygdala in humans results in:

A)Fear and anxiety in response to aversive situations
B)An unusually strong trust of strangers
C)Loss of memory for positive and negative emotions
D)Inability to recognize facial expressions of fear

Question 39

The skin conductance response measures ___ activity.

A)limbic system
B)adrenal gland
C)parasympathetic nervous system
D)sympathetic nervous system

Question 40

According to your textbook author,what might discriminate novelty or thrill seekers from more cautious individuals?

A)The connections between the oribitofrontal and ventromedial cortex
B)The connections between their amygdala and hypothalamus
C)The intensity of their limbic system response
D)The connections between the prefrontal cortex and the rest of the brain

Question 41

Threatening situations result in activation of the:

A)Parasympathetic nervous system
B)Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex axis
C)Medial forebrain bundle
D)Mesolimbocortical system

Question 42

When a person succumbs to AIDS,he or she dies from:

A)An autoimmune process
B)The inability of T cells to detect invaders
C)Natural killer cell over-reactivity
D)Stress

Question 43

Which of the following has not been associated with short-term stress?

A)Improved immune system response
B)Death of malignant cells
C)Autoimmune disorders
D)Protection against viruses and bacteria

Question 44

The stress hormones are ___ and are produced by the ___.

A)epinephrine,norepinephrine,and cortisol;pituitary gland
B)serotonin,epinephrine,and glucocorticoids;adrenal glands
C)norepinephrine,endorphins,and glucocorticoids;pituitary gland
D)epinephrine,norepinephrine,and cortisol;adrenal glands

Question 45

___ is a type of autoimmune disorder.

A)AIDS
B)Rabies
C)Measles
D)Multiple sclerosis

Question 46

Which hemisphere is more specialized for expression of emotions?

A)Left
B)Right
C)Both hemispheres are equally involved
D)The left is more important for facial expressions,the right for expression by way of body language

Question 47

Which of the following is not true about stress?

A)It is always a negative experience.
B)It involves a physiological demand on your body.
C)It can be adaptive.
D)Personal characteristics and perception of the environment are important in determining if an event is stressful or not.

Question 48

All of the following are types of leukocytes except:

A)White blood cells
B)Natural killer cells
C)T cells
D)B cells

Question 49

Stress:

A)Is a condition in the environment that makes demands on the organism
B)Can refer to an internal condition that is a response to a demanding event
C)Is an ambiguous term with more than one meaning
D)All of the above

Question 50

What happens when the right hemisphere is anesthetized with a short-acting barbiturate?

A)People can describe negative events in their lives,but don't recall experiencing the associated emotion of anger or sadness.
B)People remember negative events and the associated feelings without any difficulty because the left hemisphere is intact.
C)People are unable to recall negative events and report never having felt angry or sad.
D)The left brain takes over and describes the emotions in great detail,because it is the hemisphere associated with language.

Question 51

Vaccines work because ___ are triggered by injection of a weakened form of the disease-causing agent.

A)B cells
B)T cells
C)macrophages
D)antigens

Question 52

How are people generally exposed to antibodies?

A)During exposure to diseases such as measles
B)From the mother,during the prenatal period
C)From milk,during nursing in the postnatal period
D)All of the above

Question 53

___ is an autoimmune demyelinating disease.

A)Alzheimer's disease
B)Multiple sclerosis
C)Parkinson's disease
D)Encephalitis

Question 54

The stress hormones ___ are used by your body to respond to short-term stressors while the stress hormone ___ is used to respond to prolonged stress.

A)epinephrine and cortisol;norepinephrine
B)epinephrine and norepinephrine;cortisol
C)norepinephrine and cortisol;epinephrine
D)epinephrine and norepinephrine;dopamine

Question 55

In an autoimmune disorder such as ___ the body's immune system attacks ___.

A)multiple sclerosis,other normal body cells
B)rabies,premalignant cells
C)multiple sclerosis,fetal cells
D)rheumatoid arthritis,premalignant cells

Question 56

Which of the following occur(s)with right hemisphere damage?

A)Difficulty recognizing facial expressions
B)Difficulty recognizing the emotional content of speech
C)Problems producing emotion in speech
D)All of the above

Question 57

What happens during the immune response?

A)Macrophages destroy leukocytes.
B)T cells wipe out white blood cells,which are associated with infections.
C)B cells produce antibodies that attack a particular cell type.
D)Natural killer cells deactivate macrophages.

Question 58

A common action of epinephrine,norepinephrine,and cortisol is to:

A)Decrease cardiac output
B)Inactivate the sympathetic nervous system
C)Make more glucose available for activity
D)Activate the parasympathetic nervous system

Question 59

Which of the following brain regions is most active during negative emotions?

A)Right parietal area
B)Left frontal area
C)Right frontal area
D)Left parietal area

Question 60

In contrast to chronic stress,short-term stress:

A)Decreases the activity of neurons within the hypothalamus
B)Does not alter the immune system
C)Enhances the immune response
D)Inactivates white blood cells

Question 61

Studies of war veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder indicate ___ volume of the ___.

A)reduced,hippocampus
B)reduced,amygdala
C)increased,amygdala
D)increased,hippocampus

Question 62

What might explain the relationship between introversion and poor outcome in AIDS patients?

A)Introversion leads to additional immune suppression in people with AIDS.
B)Individuals with AIDS often lack social support,which results in greater introversion.
C)High norepinephrine levels are linked to both introversion and higher rates of HIV virus production.
D)All of the above

Question 63

All of the following are effects of exposure to chronic stress except:

A)Increased appetite
B)Disruptions in mood
C)Increased immune activity
D)Decreased appetite

Question 64

What does research show about the relationship between stress and health?

A)Reducing stress by relaxation training increases B cell counts in AIDS patients.
B)Lessening stress is associated with reduced survival rates in elderly individuals.
C)The positive effects of stress reduction may be due to both immune system and lifestyle changes.
D)All beneficial effects of stress reduction can be linked to immune function improvement.

Question 65

People who are high in ___ tend to show ___ to treatment for HIV.

A)introversion,poorer response
B)introversion,better response
C)neuroticism,poorer response
D)extraversion,poorer response

Question 66

Long-term exposure to cortisol may affect memory by:

A)Reducing blood flow to the brain
B)Causing damage in the hippocampus
C)Increasing a person's risk of stroke
D)Causing damage to cortical areas in the frontal lobe

Question 67

People with ___ are unable to ever feel pain.

A)brain tumors of the anterior cingulate cortex
B)congenital pain indifference
C)congenital insensitivity to pain
D)congenital anterior cingulate cortex atrophy

Question 68

What percent of visits to physicians are related at least partly to a desire for pain relief?

A)50
B)65
C)80
D)95

Question 69

Individuals who have been diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder:

A)Have reduced cortisol levels
B)Have an increased number and sensitivity of glucocorticoid receptors
C)Are likely to have damage in the hippocampus
D)All of the above

Question 70

Affective aggression includes both ___ aggression and ___ aggression.

A)sexual,predatory
B)offensive,defensive
C)offensive,predatory
D)defensive,predatory

Question 71

One has to be cautious about concluding that a "fighting spirit" helps one cope with stress and survive cancer because:

A)Physiological mechanisms are rarely assessed in these studies
B)Studies looking at these variables have found mostly negative results
C)The only research done in this area has been done with nonhumans
D)The studies involve cancers that are in the early stages

Question 72

Individuals given influenza vaccinations who subsequently showed ___,which is indicative of ___ emotional responding,had a ___ greater antibody response.

A)greater right prefrontal EEG activity,positive,10 times
B)greater right prefrontal EEG activity,positive,5 times
C)greater left prefrontal EEG activity,negative,5 times
D)greater left prefrontal EEG activity,positive,5 times

Question 73

The anterior cingulate cortex is involved in:

A)Amplifying pain reactivity during stress
B)Congenital insensitivity to pain
C)The painful body sensations of pain
D)The emotional reaction to pain as well as the anticipation of pain

Question 74

Medical students were found to experience ___ during ___ than during other times of the year.

A)more infections,the start of the semester
B)greater immune system activity,the start of the semester
C)higher blood pressure,exam times
D)more infectious illnesses,exam times

Question 75

Three years after the September 11,2001,terrorist attack on the twin towers of the World Trade Center,researchers found:

A)That people who lived far from the towers (200 miles)experienced just as many symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder as those who lived closer (1.5 miles)
B)That no posttraumatic symptoms were observed in either the near or far group,because enough time had elapsed for people to recover from stress
C)Reduced gray matter in several key areas involved in emotion in the individuals who lived closer to the site of the terrorist attacks
D)Less amygdala activation to fearful faces in the group who lived within 1.5 miles of the terrorist attack site

Question 76

Aggression in response to a threat is a type of ___ aggression.

A)sexual
B)predatory
C)defensive
D)autonomic

Question 77

Sudden cardiac death is the result of extreme ___ activity,which destabilizes the heart's contractions.

A)cortisol
B)sympathetic
C)parasympathetic
D)hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal

Question 78

Which of the following systems is particularly vulnerable to stress?

A)The system that regulates fluid balance
B)Cardiovascular system
C)Lymphatic system
D)Digestive system

Question 79

When hypnotic suggestion is used to increase the perception of pain without actually increasing the intensity of any stimulus,the ___ shows increased activity but not the ___.

A)anterior cingulate cortex,somatosensory area
B)somatosensory area,anterior cingulate cortex
C)posterior cingulate cortex,anterior cingulate cortex
D)anterior cingulate cortex,limbic system

Question 80

Which of the following demonstrates that there is a strong emotional component to pain?

A)In the United Stated childbirth is generally considered to be a painful procedure,whereas it is much more of a routine experience in other cultures.
B)In World War II,many soldiers denied pain and refused morphine.
C)In some cultures,ceremonies that involve self-torture have a spiritual component that could be described as a "state of exaltation."
D)All of the above