Deck 9: Hearing and Language

Question 1

If you go too far down in the water,the pressure difference between the outside water and the middle ear might rupture your _____.

A)pinna
B)oval window
C)round window
D)tympanic membrane

Answer 1

tympanic membrane

Question 2

A _____ converts a form of energy such as vibration into a neural response.

A)perceptor
B)effector
C)receptor
D)calculator

Answer 2

receptor

Question 3

The frequency of a sound is determined by a sound wave's:

A)Number of alternating compressions and decompressions per second
B)Complexity
C)Number of complexities and overtones
D)Intensity,saturation,and complexity

Answer 3

Number of alternating compressions and decompressions per second

Question 4

Humans are most sensitive to frequencies in the range of:

A)4,000 to 10,000 Hz
B)2,000 to 10,000 Hz
C)2,000 to 4,000 Hz
D)10,000 to 12,000 Hz

Question 5

When sound waves enter the ear,they first strike the:

A)Round window
B)Tensor tympani
C)Tympanic membrane
D)Tectorial membrane

Question 6

The definition of an adequate stimulus for hearing is a(n)_____.

A)Hz
B)vibration
C)auditory stimulus
D)vibration in a conducting medium

Question 7

Pitch is the physiological perception of a physical quantity of sound called ___.

A)intensity
B)complexity
C)frequency
D)saturation

Question 8

A _____ is often a specialized neuron that due to its structure and function responds to a particular form of energy.

A)transducer
B)effector
C)receptor
D)receptive neuron

Question 9

Humans are most sensitive to frequencies in the range of 2,000 to 4,000 Hz,which corresponds to frequencies of _____.

A)predators in the environment
B)most human conversation
C)environmental sounds such as rain and thunder
D)sounds that are unlike those of other animals in the environment

Question 10

How loud a sound is to a human is a function of its _____ and its_____.

A)frequency,complexity.
B)intensity,frequency
C)amplitude,complexity
D)location,pitch

Question 11

The amount of physical energy in a sound wave determines its:

A)Complexity
B)Pitch
C)Amplitude
D)Frequency

Question 12

_____ refers to the acquisition of sensory information while _____ refers to the interpretation of sensory information.

A)perception,sensation
B)sensation,perception
C)reception,transduction
D)sensation,transduction

Question 13

Intensity is to ___ as frequency is to ___.

A)pitch,loudness
B)loudness,pitch
C)pitch,amplitude
D)telephone theory,volley theory

Question 14

Which of the following is the physiological perception of sound amplitude?

A)Loudness
B)Pitch
C)Complexity
D)Frequency

Question 15

Humans can detect differences in the frequencies of sounds as small as:

A)25 Hz
B)10 Hz
C)2 Hz
D)0)1 Hz

Question 16

A complex sound such as a clarinet has what frequency components?

A)Low frequency components (below 1000 Hz)
B)Middle frequency components (from 1000 Hz to 4000 Hz)
C)High frequency components (above 4000 Hz)
D)A complex mix of all of the above frequencies

Question 17

Thomas Edison compensated for his deafness by biting down on the wooden case of his phonograph and listening to the recording using bone conduction.What form of sound analysis does this not use?

A)Place theory
B)Bone conduction
C)Frequency theory
D)None of the above-deaf individuals cannot hear

Question 18

Based on what you know from a previous chapter,a receptor is usually a:

A)Sensory neuron
B)Motor neuron
C)Interneuron
D)Bridge neuron

Question 19

The range of human hearing is:

A)Less than 20 Hz
B)More than 40,000 Hz
C)Between 1-50,000 Hz
D)Between 20-20,000 Hz

Question 20

A receptor will respond "best" to its _____.

A)adequate stimulus
B)specific stimulus
C)receptive stimulus
D)sensory-linked stimulus

Question 21

The superior temporal gyrus is the location for the _____.

A)Broca's area
B)primary auditory cortex
C)vestibular system
D)Wernicke's area

Question 22

Which overhanging structure helps to apply a shearing force to the ends of the hair cells in response to vibration of the basilar membrane?

A)Cochlear nucleus
B)Reticular membrane
C)Superior olivary complex
D)Tectorial membrane

Question 23

The _____ adjusts the tension of the eardrum.

A)oval window
B)tensor tympani
C)tympanic membrane
D)round window

Question 24

The primary auditory cortex receives input directly from the:

A)Lateral geniculate nucleus
B)Superior colliculus and the inferior colliculus
C)Semicircular canals
D)Medial geniculate nucleus

Question 25

The malleus,incus,and stapes are:

A)Cells in the inner ear
B)Bones in the middle ear
C)Types of receptor cells
D)Membranes on the oval,round,and tympanic windows,respectively

Question 26

Which of the following sequences best describes the pathway of auditory signals?

A)cochlea,auditory nerve,brainstem nuclei,inferior colliculi,lateral geniculate nucleus,auditory cortex
B)cochlea,auditory nerve,brainstem nuclei,inferior colliculi,medial geniculate nucleus,auditory cortex
C)cochlea,auditory nerve,inferior colliculi,medial geniculate nucleus,auditory cortex
D)cochlea,auditory nerve,brainstem nuclei,superior colliculi,medial geniculate nucleus,auditory cortex

Question 27

The stapes presses against the:

A)Oval window
B)Tympanic membrane
C)Round window
D)Ossicles

Question 28

The ossicles serve to _____ the sound energy to the inner ear as well as _____ it.

A)rectify,amplify
B)conduct,amplify
C)conduct,transmit
D)amplify,rectify

Question 29

In each hemisphere,the primary auditory cortex receives information from:

A)The ear on that side
B)The opposite ear
C)Both ears,but mainly from the ear on that side
D)Both ears,but mainly from the opposite ear

Question 30

The _____ is the receptive organ of the ear.

A)basilar membrane
B)tectorial membrane
C)stapes
D)organ of Corti

Question 31

The parts of the middle ear that are responsible for amplifying sound from the tympanic membrane onto the oval window are called the _____.

A)semicircular canals
B)ossicles
C)hair cells
D)cleavers

Question 32

Which of the following is correct about the hair cells?

A)The outer hair cells are responsible for the membrane tension of the Organ of Corti.
B)The inner hair cells are responsible for encoding the sound vibrations into electrical signals.
C)The hair cells are maximally stimulated when the hairs are bent.
D)All of the above are correct.

Question 33

Mice with a very specific mutation that are unable to hear lack _____.

A)inner hair cells
B)outer hair cells
C)the Organ of Corti
D)the basilar membrane

Question 34

The primary auditory cortex contains a topographical "map" of:

A)The locations of sound in the environment
B)Locations on an unrolled basilar membrane
C)Outer hair cells
D)Intensities of sounds in the environment

Question 35

Bending hair cells causes:

A)An action potential
B)Opening of Na+ channels
C)Opening of K+ channels
D)All of the above

Question 36

Which of the following structures is/are not part of the auditory system?

A)Cochlea
B)Ossicles
C)Pinna
D)Semicircular canals

Question 37

Which of the following attests to the importance of inner hair cells for hearing?

A)Cochlear neurons most commonly form synapses with vestibular cells.
B)Mutant mice that lack inner hair cells are unable to hear.
C)Mutant mice that have excessive inner hair cells are unable to hear.
D)Mutant mice that lack outer hair cells are unable to hear.

Question 38

The auditory receptors are:

A)Hair cells
B)Ganglia
C)Cilia fibers
D)Vestibular fibers

Question 39

Which of the following describes most accurately the pathway of sound waves?

A)ossicles,tympanic membrane,round window,cochlea
B)tympanic membrane,oval window,ossicles,auditory cortex
C)tympanic membrane,ossicles,cochlea,auditory nerve
D)ossicles,tympanic membrane,cochlea,auditory nerve

Question 40

The primary auditory cortex is located on the _____.

A)superior parietal sulcus
B)superior temporal gyrus
C)inferior parietal gyrus
D)inferior temporal sulcus

Question 41

Selective attention involves a combination of ___ and ___.

A)place theory,frequency theory
B)language centers,perceptual filtering
C)peripheral suppression,selection among inputs
D)None of the above

Question 42

In Waver's theory,the low end of auditory frequencies up to about _____,_____ is a viable theory.For frequencies between _____,_____ is a viable theory,while for the high end,_____ is the preferred explanation.

A)500 Hz,volley,500-5000 Hz,frequency,place
B)250 Hz,frequency,250-10,000 Hz,place,volley
C)500 Hz,frequency,500-5000 Hz,volley,place
D)1000 Hz,place,1000-10000 Hz,volley,frequency

Question 43

While the human auditory range extends down to about _____ Hz,researchers have been unable to find neurons that are specific for frequencies below _____ Hz.

A)100,100
B)20,1000
C)20,200
D)50,2000
E)50,500

Question 44

According to Békésy's observations,higher frequency sounds produced vibrations near the _____ of the basilar membrane while lower frequency sounds resulted in vibrations centered near the _____ of the basilar membrane.

A)base,apex
B)apex,base
C)cochlear end,tectorial end
D)basilar end,tectorial end

Question 45

Helmholtz borrowed the concept of _____ from physics to explain how we discriminate different frequencies.

A)transduction
B)resonance
C)capacitance
D)conduction

Question 46

Problems with sound conduction such as loss of middle ear bones can be overcome using ___,while problems with hair cells can be overcome using ___.

A)hearing aids,deep brain stimulation
B)cochlear implants,hearing aids
C)hearing aids,cochlear implants
D)deep brain stimulation,hearing aids

Question 47

Officer Rosa hit the deck and knew where the shot came from due to his _____.

A)ventral stream of auditory information analysis
B)dorsal stream of auditory information analysis
C)secondary auditory cortex
D)inferior colliculus and medial geniculate

Question 48

For frequencies of sound to which place theory applies,neurons inform the brain of these frequencies by:

A)Altering rates of neural firing via fewer IPSPs occurring in inner hair cells
B)Changing patterns of neural firing via lowered threshold of firing in inner hair cells
C)The region of the basilar membrane with maximal vibration and subsequently which neurons are firing most
D)Changing the number of fibers activated and the pattern of volleying across different fibers

Question 49

Cochlear implants are successful because they employ principles of _____ theory.

A)place
B)frequency
C)volley
D)language acquisition

Question 50

The dorsal auditory stream enables you to _____ while the ventral stream is active in _____.

A)discriminating different sounds,knowing where a sound is
B)knowing where a sound is,knowing what a sound is
C)complexity analysis,tonotopic analysis
D)pitch analysis,amplitude analysis

Question 51

A brain area that is organized such that successive areas respond to successively higher frequencies is called _____.

A)spatiotemporal
B)somatocortical
C)tonotopic
D)spatiotopic

Question 52

The absolute refractory period of a neuron discussed earlier in the text is a limitation of ____.

A)frequency theory
B)place theory
C)intensity theory
D)pitch theory

Question 53

Frequency (or telephone)theory proposed that:

A)Individual neurons in the auditory nerve fired at the same frequency as the rate of the sound source
B)Individual neurons in the auditory nerve fired at the same intensity as the intensity of the sound source
C)Individual neurons in the auditory nerve fired at a rate that was proportional to the intensity of the sound source
D)Individual neurons in the dorsal path fired at the same frequency as the rate of the sound source

Question 54

Cochlear implants will work best for the adult deaf person who:

A)Was born deaf
B)Learned sign language or reads lips well
C)Acquired language before becoming deaf.
D)Is deaf in both ears

Question 55

Volley theory proposed that:

A)The ossicles in the ear vibrated together to encode a sound source
B)The basilar membrane vibrated at the same intensity as a sound source
C)Groups of neurons followed the frequency of a sound at frequencies where a single neuron cannot
D)Inner hair cells fired at different rate to match vibrations of the sound source

Question 56

Who actually observed the mechanics of place theory in action?

A)Weaver
B)Helmholtz
C)Rutherford
D)Békésy

Question 57

When a mother can identify the sound of her baby's cries over other sounds,her sound discrimination ability is a function of her _____.

A)ventral stream of auditory information analysis
B)dorsal stream of auditory information analysis
C)secondary auditory cortex
D)inferior colliculus and medial geniculate

Question 58

Frequency theory was originally called the _____ theory.

A)switchboard
B)operator
C)telephone
D)hardwire

Question 59

The organ of Corti consists of _____.

A)the basilar membrane
B)the tectorial membrane
C)rows of hair cells
D)All of the above

Question 60

In is to out as ___ is to ___.

A)oval window,round window
B)auditory nerve,inner hair cells
C)round window,oval window
D)outer hair cells,inner hair cells

Question 61

If you lost hearing in one ear,what form of sound localization would be most impaired?

A)Left versus right sounds
B)Front versus back sounds
C)Near versus far sounds
D)Top versus bottom sounds

Question 62

Crickets and grasshoppers compensated for their small head sizes by:

A)Making their auditory organs very large
B)Having their auditory organs on stalks above their heads
C)Increasing the myelination of the auditory system
D)Having their auditory organs on their legs

Question 63

The ability to distinguish among different people's voices is a function of a _____ performed on the basilar membrane,which is the breakdown of the sound into its frequency components.

A)place analysis
B)Fourier analysis
C)temporal comparison
D)generalization gradient

Question 64

Changes in selective attention that occur during the cocktail party effect could involve changes in the:

A)Permeability of sodium ions in outer hair cells
B)Permeability of sodium ions in inner hair cells
C)Length of outer hair cells and subsequent changes in the rigidity of the organ of Corti
D)Length of inner hair cells and subsequent changes in the rigidity of the organ of Corti

Question 65

The auditory system localizes low frequency sounds through _____.

A)arrival time differences
B)frequency differences
C)intensity differences
D)Fourier analysis

Question 66

The volley theory was proposed by:

A)Rutherford
B)Helmholtz
C)Békésy
D)Wever

Question 67

Left-right localization of a sound source occurs by analysis of binaural differences in:

A)Arrival time
B)Phase
C)Intensity
D)All of the above

Question 68

Most of our knowledge about the brain structures of language has been obtained by studying:

A)Chemicals released by specific brain areas
B)Blood flow to language areas in intact,normal people who are talking
C)People who have suffered brain damage
D)Patients who have had spinal tumors removed

Question 69

The outer hair cells may be involved in:

A)Suppressing background noise
B)Processing high,but not low,frequency sounds
C)Processing sounds related to language,but not music
D)All of the above

Question 70

Time differences are detected by specialized neurons called ___,while intensity differences are detected by a phenomenon called ___.

A)tonotopic cells,retrograde perception
B)coincidence detectors,sound shadow
C)temporal integrators,spatial integrators
D)coincidence detectors,time of arrival

Question 71

People with Broca's aphasia have difficulty in:

A)Selecting the right words and pronunciation
B)Writing words down onto paper
C)Reading words on a piece of paper
D)Recognizing emotional speech

Question 72

The bodies of the hair cells are embedded in the:

A)Helicotrema
B)Tectorial membrane
C)Basilar membrane
D)Tympanic membrane

Question 73

The cocktail party effect in which a person can selectively listen might involve:

A)The inferior colliculi
B)The medial geniculate nucleus
C)Afferent stimulation of the superior olivary nucleus
D)The outer hair cells

Question 74

A sound that we recognize as having an identity that is distinct from other sounds is a(n):

A)Oddball paradigm
B)Localized sensation
C)Transient signal
D)Auditory object

Question 75

Which of the following is a disturbance in the comprehension or production of language that is caused by brain damage?

A)Dyslexia
B)Agraphia
C)Dysgraphia
D)Aphasia

Question 76

Individuals can most easily detect the location of a sound source when it is located:

A)Immediately in front
B)Immediately behind
C)Just overhead
D)To the right or to the left

Question 77

The auditory cortex is located on the _____ lobe.

A)temporal
B)frontal
C)parietal
D)occipital

Question 78

Attending to a conversation across the room,amid loud background noise,involves _____.

A)changes in the length of outer hair cells
B)changes in the tension between the tectorial and basilar membranes
C)changes in the tautness of the organ of Corti
D)All of the above

Question 79

Neurons from the left ear project:

A)Exclusively to the right hemisphere
B)Exclusively to the left hemisphere
C)Mostly to the right hemisphere
D)Mostly to the left hemisphere

Question 80

The auditory system localizes sounds above 3000 Hz and up by detecting _____.

A)arrival time differences
B)phase differences
C)intensity differences
D)sine wave analysis