Deck 10: Vision and Visual Perception

Question 1

For humans,visible light falls within the range of ___ nm.

A)500-570
B)300-900
C)400-800
D)500-1,000

Answer 1

400-800

Question 2

Wavelengths of light in the 500-570 nm range would typically correspond with a report of seeing ___.

A)red
B)blue
C)yellow
D)green

Answer 2

green

Question 3

Collectively,the rods and cones are known as:

A)Ganglion cells
B)The fovea
C)Photoreceptors
D)The retina

Answer 3

Photoreceptors

Question 4

Humans can "see" only about ___ of the entire electromagnetic spectrum.

A)1/10th
B)1/100th
C)1/50th
D)1/70th

Question 5

The process of focusing on near or distant objects involves:

A)The lens becoming flatter to focus on near objects
B)The lens becoming flatter to focus on distant objects
C)Contraction of the iris muscles to constrict the pupil
D)Contraction of the iris muscles to dilate the pupil

Question 6

The photoreceptors:

A)Are sandwiched between the bipolar and ganglion cells
B)Are the first elements of the retina encountered by light
C)Lie at the back of the retina
D)Form synapses with the ganglion cells

Question 7

When light strikes photoreceptors,which of the following does not take place in bipolar cells?

A)More transmitter substance is released.
B)The bipolar cell is less inhibited.
C)The bipolar cell is depolarized.
D)They in turn hyperpolarize the photoreceptors.

Question 8

When light hits photoreceptors,the photoreceptors ___,and the bipolar cells ___.

A)release less neurotransmitter,release more neurotransmitter
B)release more neurotransmitter,release more neurotransmitter
C)release less neurotransmitter,release less neurotransmitter
D)release more neurotransmitter,release less neurotransmitter

Question 9

The cell membranes of photoreceptors contain sodium and calcium channels that are normally ___.

A)open
B)closed
C)depolarized
D)refractory

Question 10

When light strikes a molecule of photopigment,the photoreceptor undergoes:

A)An action potential,for any intensity of light
B)Release of neurotransmitter
C)Depolarization
D)A decrease in the release of a neurotransmitter

Question 11

What role do the muscles connected to the lens play in focusing on near or distant objects?

A)They contract to decrease pupil size.
B)They dilate to open the pupil.
C)They contract to change the shape of the lens.
D)They contract to change the shape of the cornea.

Question 12

There are approximately ___ light receptors in the human eye.

A)126 million
B)100 billion
C)126 thousand
D)12.6 million

Question 13

The human eye is an organ specialized for the detection of:

A)Ultraviolet radiation
B)Infrared radiation
C)Color wavelengths
D)All of the above

Question 14

The unit of measurement of wavelengths of visible light is the ___,which corresponds to a ___ of a meter.

A)nanometer,billionth
B)manometer,trillionth
C)nanometer,trillionth
D)nano-nanometer,billionth
E)ranometer,millionth

Question 15

The iris of the eye is:

A)Opaque and does not permit entry of light
B)Transparent
C)Regulated by the pupil
D)A band of circular pigmented muscles

Question 16

The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by the size of the:

A)Iris
B)Lens
C)Pupil
D)Sclera

Question 17

Photoreceptors are unusual because these cells:

A)Are normally very active
B)Exhibit a hyperpolarized resting membrane potential
C)Never release neurotransmitters
D)Have a very long refractory period

Question 18

The ___ is the transparent outer coat of the front of the eye.

A)cornea
B)pupil
C)iris
D)sclera

Question 19

When light strikes photoreceptors,which of the following takes place?

A)More transmitter substance is released.
B)The release of transmitter substance ceases.
C)There is no change in amount of transmitter substance released.
D)Ion channels that were closed become open.

Question 20

The firing of action potentials in the visual system are first observed in the:

A)Ganglion cells
B)Bipolar cells
C)Horizontal cells
D)Photoreceptors

Question 21

The photopigment utilized by rods is:

A)Amacrine
B)GABAergin
C)Iodopsin
D)Rhodopsin

Question 22

Which of the following would you expect of a species that is active during the night and sleeps during the day?

A)Rods,but not cones,would be found in their retinas.
B)Their fovea would be larger than a species that is active during the day.
C)This species would have poor vision in the dark.
D)Cones,but not rods,would be found in their retinas.

Question 23

Cones in the retina:

A)Distinguish among different wavelengths
B)Are more sensitive to light than rods
C)Provide the poorest visual acuity
D)Are most numerous at the periphery of the retina

Question 24

The photoreceptors make in-line synaptic contact with___ and "crosswise" with ___.

A)amacrine cells,bipolar cells
B)bipolar cells,horizontal cells
C)ganglion cells,bipolar cells

Question 25

The photopigment utilized by cones is:

A)Iodopsin
B)Retinene
C)Amacrine
D)Rhodopsin

Question 26

Loss of the peripheral cells of the retina would produce which of the following?

A)Improved sight under dim conditions
B)Poor vision under dim lighting conditions
C)Poorer discrimination of colors
D)Improved ability to track movement

Question 27

Which of the following cells receives inputs from the photoreceptors and passes it on to the ganglion cells?

A)Bipolar
B)Bridge
C)Horizontal
D)Amacrine

Question 28

When Chris needed to see the fine print,he knew to look at the document straight on to use his foveal vision;the fovea gives us our highest visual acuity because ___.

A)the fovea is a "rod-only" zone
B)the fovea has cones which share fewer ganglion cells
C)the fovea does not have bipolar cells
D)the fovea has rods which share many ganglion cells

Question 29

Cones in the retina:

A)Provide our poorest visual acuity
B)Are more sensitive to light than rods
C)Are most numerous at the fovea
D)Are distributed equally throughout the retina

Question 30

A cone:

A)Mediates color vision
B)Contains color photopigments
C)Contains rod protein
D)Receives input from adjacent photoreceptors

Question 31

When a photopigment is exposed to light,it:

A)Combines individual component molecules into one
B)Dissociates into component molecules
C)Is released from the cilium
D)Is released into the outer segments of the cell

Question 32

Which of the following statements best describes rods?

A)High visual acuity
B)Wavelength sensitive
C)More numerous at the center of the retina
D)Functional in dimly lit environments

Question 33

The central region of the retina is called the:

A)Optic disk
B)Lamella
C)Fovea
D)Retinal

Question 34

A retinal cell that helps combine inputs from adjacent ganglion cells is called a(n):

A)Bridge cell
B)Ganglion cell
C)Horizontal cell
D)Amacrine cell

Question 35

Rods in the retina:

A)Provide our best visual acuity
B)Are more sensitive to light than cones
C)Detect different wavelengths
D)Are most numerous at the fovea

Question 36

After Friday' s lecture,Debbie was finally able to understand why we have blurry vision when we look out of the corner of our eyes;the peripheral retina:

A)Contains rods
B)Has receptors that synapse on few ganglion cells
C)Has smaller receptive fields
D)Has receptors which synapse on far more ganglion cells

Question 37

When light strikes a molecule of photopigment,the photoreceptor:

A)Closes Na+channels
B)Releases transmitter substance
C)Depolarizes
D)Opens Na+channels

Question 38

If you are looking for something moving in your darkened bedroom at night,you are most likely to see it ___,and it will be ___.

A)in the center of your visual field,a colored object
B)in the center of your visual field,an object in shades of gray
C)on the edges of your visual field,a colored object
D)on the edges of your visual field,an object in shades of gray

Question 39

The rod photopigment,___,is ___ sensitive to light than the cone photopigment,___.

A)iodopsin,less,rhodopsin
B)retinene,more,iodopsin
C)retinene,less,amacrine
D)rhodopsin,more,iodopsin

Question 40

In the retina,amacrine cells:

A)Connect photoreceptors to ganglion cells
B)Help combine information from adjacent bipolar cells
C)Connect adjacent ganglion cells
D)Are found in the amacrine cell layer

Question 41

Every biopsychology student will have to learn that receptive fields have differing sizes as a function of their location in the retina;in the ___ receptive fields are smaller while in the ___ receptive fields are larger.

A)fovea,periphery
B)periphery,fovea
C)fovea,macula
D)macula,fovea

Question 42

Retinal disparity is first detected in the:

A)Lateral geniculate
B)Inferior colliculus
C)Optic chiasm
D)Visual cortex

Question 43

Dot is to pointillist painting as ___ is to ___.

A)receptive field,visual field
B)visual field,receptive field
C)nasal area,temporal area
D)fovea,periphery

Question 44

Axons from the ___ of the retina cross over to the opposite side of the brain at the optic chiasm while the axons from the ___ stay on the same side of the brain.

A)nasal area,foveal area
B)temporal area,nasal area
C)foveal area,peripheral area
D)nasal area,temporal area

Question 45

Which thalamic nucleus receives visual information from the retina?

A)Ventral geniculate
B)Lateral geniculate
C)Superior colliculus
D)Inferior colliculus

Question 46

Three-dimensional processing of objects,such as films such as Avatar 3D,is performed by the:

A)Anterior parietal cortex
B)Lateral geniculate nucleus
C)Optic chiasm
D)Primary visual cortex

Question 47

The ___ is an area on the retina from which a ganglion cell receives inputs.

A)receptive area
B)receptive field
C)retinal disparity
D)magnocellular zone

Question 48

The blind spot is the location on the retina:

A)That has best visual acuity
B)Where the cones are most densely packed
C)Where there are no photoreceptors
D)That has best night vision

Question 49

Which of the following is true regarding receptive fields?

A)Receptive fields are based on the targets of the cell's axon.
B)Only cones have receptive fields with sensitivity to changes in illumination.
C)Receptive fields increase in size as they pass through the visual system.
D)Receptive fields are of a constant size throughout the visual system.

Question 50

The fact that specialized visual functions occur in specific locations illustrates ___.

A)disparity processing
B)process segregation processing
C)hierarchical processing
D)modular processing

Question 51

Humans see different colors because we have different forms of:

A)Rhodopsin
B)Idopsin
C)Neodopsin
D)Rhinodopsin

Question 52

Which of the following describes the anatomical arrangement of the visual system?

A)Information from the left visual field goes to the left side of the brain.
B)Information from the left visual field goes to the right side of the brain.
C)Axons from the temporal portions of the retina cross over to the opposite side of the brain.
D)Axons from the nasal portions of the retina stay on the same side of the brain.

Question 53

The point in the brain where axons from the retina cross over to the other side of the brain is called the:

A)Pituitary cortex
B)Inferior colliculus
C)Optic chiasm
D)Optic cross

Question 54

What do the current visual prosthetic devices,such as retinal implants,do?

A)They directly stimulate ganglion cells.
B)They directly stimulate visual cortex cells.
C)They directly stimulate rods and cones.
D)They tap into the auditory nerve to provide visual information through the intact auditory system .

Question 55

Retinal disparity contributes to:

A)Depth perception
B)Color vision
C)Perceiving movement
D)Eye-hand coordination

Question 56

The ___ provides better visual acuity than the rest of the retina.

A)peripheral retina
B)fovea
C)optic chiasm
D)nasal retina

Question 57

If illumination from a given point in space produces a neural response in a specific ganglion cell,then that point in space is in the cell's ___.

A)lateral inhibition
B)receptive zone
C)fovea
D)receptive field

Question 58

The discrepancy in the location of an object's image on each retina is called:

A)Receptive deviation
B)Integrative dissimilarity
C)Retinal disparity
D)Contrast enhancement

Question 59

As BJ walked into the matinee showing on that sunny Saturday,he was stumbling blindly.Although his pupils had dilated fully in a matter of seconds,BJ was quite night blind for some minutes until his eyes resynthesized adequate ___ to see in the dark.

A)iodopsin
B)dark iodopsin
C)rhodopsin
D)cone photopigment

Question 60

The fact that the different layers of retina perform some processing,and then information is passed on to where more processing is conducted in the lateral geniculate nucleus and then passed on to the visual cortex where still more is performed,illustrates ___.

A)disparity processing
B)integrative processing
C)hierarchical processing
D)parallel processing

Question 61

The wavelength of light is most closely associated with the perception of:

A)Brightness
B)Depth
C)Color
D)Intensity

Question 62

If you have a problem with form vision,what are you not seeing?

A)Light versus dark
B)How objects are put together
C)An object's boundaries and features such as texture
D)The colors of the visual field

Question 63

One test for color blindness is known as the:

A)Hering test
B)Goldstein test
C)Red-Green-Blue test
D)Ishihara test

Question 64

Most color-sensitive ganglion cells:

A)Respond in an opposing center-surround fashion
B)Use yellow-green and red-yellow color detectors
C)Have receptive fields that retard detection of contrasting brightness
D)All of the above

Question 65

After observing the effect of passing light through a prism,Newton proposed in 1672 that white light was composed of ___ fundamental colors.It was later proven false by the ___.

A)3,opponent process theory
B)5,trichromatic theory
C)7,trichromatic theory
D)9,retinotopic theory

Question 66

The trichromatic theory has difficulty explaining:

A)Why red,blue,and green light produce gray when combined
B)The negative color aftereffect
C)Why blue is a pure color
D)Why red,blue,and green light produce white when combined

Question 67

To explain what his red-green color blindness was like,Pedro commented that he:

A)Had less visual acuity
B)Was unable to tell the difference between red and blue
C)Perceived peanut butter to be the same color as grass
D)Was very light sensitive

Question 68

The most impressive results in restoring lost vision for people suffering from retinitis pigmentosa have come from ___.

A)gene transplantation to treat a photopigment deficiency
B)transplanting hippocampal stem cells into the retina
C)implanting fetal retinal cells into adult retinas
D)implanting fetal stem cells into adult retinas

Question 69

Adjacent retinal receptors activate adjacent cells in the visual cortex,a phenomenon called a:

A)Tonotopic map
B)Somatosensory map
C)Retinotopic map
D)Geniculotopic map

Question 70

Which of the following could occur in a person with partial color blindness?

A)An inability to correctly discriminate a traffic light signal
B)An inability to detect movement at the periphery of vision
C)Poor dark adaptation
D)Perception of the world as composed of only blues and yellows

Question 71

The individual colors emitted by dots on a television or computer monitor were selected as a result of:

A)Modular processing
B)Trichromatic theory
C)Opponent process theory
D)Hierarchical processing

Question 72

Three color receptors that responded in an opponent-process fashion had been proposed by ___;this arrangement was later verified by ___ in monkeys.

A)Hurvich and Jameson,DeValois
B)DeValois,Hurvich and Jameson
C)Young and Helmholtz,Hering
D)DeValois,Hubel and Wiesel

Question 73

People who are red-green color blind:

A)Have poor visual acuity
B)Can have "green" cones filled with "red" photopigment and vice versa
C)Have night blindness and or poor dark adaptation
D)All of the above

Question 74

The original retinal implant contained ___ electrodes,which helped individuals avoid objects but had very poor resolution;to see the details of a human face,at least ___ electrodes will be required.

A)60,100
B)20,50
C)60,1,000
D)10,10,000

Question 75

The trichromatic theory has difficulty explaining why:

A)Red,blue,and green light produce white when combined.
B)The visual map in the visual cortex is distorted.
C)Pure color blindness occurs so frequently.
D)Yellow is seen as a pure color.

Question 76

The Mach band illusion is the result of:

A)Bilateral inhibition
B)Lateral illusion
C)Lateral excitation
D)Lateral inhibition

Question 77

People who are completely color blind:

A)Have poor visual acuity
B)Are very light sensitiv
C)Lack functional cones
D)All of the above

Question 78

The genes for the long and medium wavelength receptor appear to be relatively recent mutations from a common gene origin;they may have evolved to ___.

A)distinguish ripe fruit and young,tender green leaves
B)detect visual signals of sexual receptivity
C)detect blue sky from yellow sand
D)Both A and B have evidence

Question 79

When Celia tried to make use of old cans of paint by mixing them,she had expected to end up with a dramatic and bold hybrid color but instead the mixture became darker and darker in color.The colors were lost because mixing paints results in ___.

A)wavelengths that are reflected but cancelled out
B)more wavelengths being absorbed
C)less light being emitted from the mixture
D)subtractive effects

Question 80

According to some researchers,the most viable strategy to remediate blindness may be ___ instead of ___.

A)neural cloning,transplantation
B)repair with artificial prostheses,biological repair
C)biological repair,prosthetic implants
D)rearranging rods from peripheral retina areas into foveal areas,repair with non-biological means