Deck 11: The Body Senses and Movement

Question 1

What kind of sensory receptors respond to pain,heat,and cold?

A)Receptors for the skin senses
B)Receptors for the visceral senses
C)Receptors for proprioception
D)Polymodal receptors

Answer 1

Receptors for the skin senses

Question 2

Which somatosense includes sensitivity to stimuli that involve touch,warmth,cold,and pain?

A)Skin senses
B)Proprioceptive sense
C)Vestibular sense
D)Visceral sense

Answer 2

Skin senses

Question 3

As a blind person learns to read Braille,he or she is relying on discriminations based on shallow responses from:

A)Meissner's corpuscles and Ruffini endings
B)Merkel's disks and Pacinian corpuscles
C)Pacinian corpuscle and Meissner's corpuscle
D)Meissner's corpuscles and Merkel's disks

Answer 3

Meissner's corpuscles and Merkel's disks

Question 4

The difference in sensitivity to touch in our most sensitive body areas relative to our least sensitive is a ___ difference.

A)25 fold
B)10 fold
C)100 fold
D)50 fold

Question 5

The most sensitive parts of our bodies for touch are the ___ while the least sensitive are the___.

A)genitals,upper arms and lower back
B)genitals,lips,and fingertips;upper arms and calves of our legs
C)lips and fingertips,upper arms and calves of our legs
D)genitals and lips,small of the back and upper arms

Question 6

The individual in the opening chapter vignette lost virtually all motor control because the control of our muscles and hence our limbs and bodies is heavily influenced by and has to be integrated with our ___.

A)proprioception sense
B)vestibular sense
C)skin senses
D)visceral sense

Question 7

The function of proprioception is to provide information about:

A)Body movement and position
B)Orientation of the head
C)Changes in rotation of the head
D)Touch,pain,heat,and cold

Question 8

Meissner's corpuscles and Merkel's disks are two types of:

A)Pain receptors
B)Visceral pain receptors
C)Touch receptors
D)Free nerve endings

Question 9

When you drive a car and adjust your grip on the steering wheel,you are using your deeper:

A)Pacinian corpuscles and Ruffini endings
B)Meissner's corpuscles and Merkel's disks
C)Merkel's disks and Ruffini endings
D)Meissner's corpuscles and Ruffini endings

Question 10

A specialized nerve ending that responds to touch with a transient burst of firing is the (a):

A)Pacinian corpuscle
B)Merkel's disk
C)Meissner's corpuscle
D)Ruffini ending

Question 11

Proprioception is the modern version of the Latin term propriux,which means ___.

A)"know thyself"
B)"my soma"
C)"belonging to one's self"
D)"I yam what I yam"

Question 12

The ___detect(s)movement of body parts.

A)proprioception sense
B)skin senses
C)vestibular sense
D)visceral sense

Question 13

Painful events are detected by:

A)Free nerve endings
B)Merkel's disks
C)Meissner's corpuscles
D)Pacinian corpuscles

Question 14

A person lacking free nerve endings would not:

A)React to a needle stick during a blood draw
B)Drop a hot pan
C)Be able to tell the difference between a cold and a room temperature beer
D)All of the above

Question 15

The somatosenses include:

A)The vestibular sense
B)Proprioception
C)The skin senses
D)All of the above

Question 16

The function of the vestibular sense is to provide information about:

A)Body position
B)Movement and orientation of the head and balance
C)Changes in activity and state of the internal organs
D)Head position

Question 17

Free nerve endings detect___.

A)vibration
B)temperature and pain
C)movement
D)light touch and stimulation of hairs

Question 18

A specialized nerve ending that responds to touch with sustained firing is a (the):

A)Pacinian corpuscle
B)Merkel's disk
C)Meissner's corpuscle
D)Free nerve ending

Question 19

Temperature is detected by ___.

A)Transient receptor potential ion channels
B)Separate cold and warmth receptors
C)Free nerve endings
D)All of the above

Question 20

Free nerve endings all contain:

A)CLK families of receptor binding sites
B)TRP families of protein ion channels
C)The same receptor binding site
D)The same protein ion channel

Question 21

The body segment served by a specific spinal nerve is called a:

A)Dermatome
B)Spinal area
C)Capula
D)Ruffini area

Question 22

The receptive organs of the vestibular sense are the:

A)Cupula,otoliths,and ampule
B)Cupula,saccule,and utricle
C)Utricle,saccule,and the semicircular canals
D)Semicircular canals,cupula,and the otoliths

Question 23

The receptive cells for the semicircular canals are:

A)Otoliths
B)Hair cells
C)Saccule and utricle
D)Cilia

Question 24

The receptive cells for the functions of the utricle and saccule are:

A)Otoliths
B)Hair cells
C)Cupula and endolymph
D)Cilia

Question 25

What is a dermatome?

A)An instrument used to assess sensitivity of different areas of the skin to somatosensory stimuli
B)An area of body surface to which a single spinal or cranial nerve projects
C)The synapse between spinal nerves and cranial nerves for somatosensory functions
D)An area of body surface with more than one touch receptor

Question 26

The hair cells of the semicircular canals are bent and stimulated by:

A)Movement of a gelatinous mass
B)The otoliths
C)The skin senses
D)Cilia

Question 27

People who lack a properly functioning vestibular system would not be aware of:

A)Dizziness until they fall down
B)Motion sickness
C)Standing at an angle from upright
D)Movement in their peripheral vision

Question 28

Rotational movement is detected by the:

A)Cupula
B)Semicircular canals
C)Vestibular nerve
D)Vestibular chambers

Question 29

The utricle and saccule provide information pertaining to:

A)Balance and movement of the trunk
B)Lack of balance
C)Movements of body parts
D)Position of the head with respect to gravity

Question 30

The cupula consists of ___.

A)a gelatinous mass with imbedded hair cells at the base of the semicircular canals
B)the utricle and the saccule
C)a gelatinous mass with embedded hair cells inside the semicircular canals
D)All of the above

Question 31

The primary somatosensory cortex consists of ___ areas and each area contains ___ of the body.

A)four,a map
B)two,two maps
C)four,four maps
D)three,overlapping maps

Question 32

The hair cells in the cupula detect movements of the head by ___.

A)depolarizations from displacement in one direction,hyperpolarizations from displacement in the other,but only if accelerations
B)acceleration to the left result in depolarizations and deceleration to the left produces hyperpolarizations
C)depolarizations from displacement in one direction,hyperpolarizations from displacement in the other,but only if decelerations
D)depolarizations from displacement in one direction,hyperpolarizations from displacement in the other

Question 33

The utricle and the saccule are:

A)Two of the semicircular canals
B)Chambers at the base of the vestibular sacs
C)Chambers at the base of the semicircular canals
D)Otoliths

Question 34

Electrical stimulation of the right primary somatosensory cortex produces:

A)A painful sensation of the right side of the body
B)"Tingling" and other "feelings" on the left side of the body
C)Sensations of movement of the right side of the body
D)Movement of the left side of the body

Question 35

The primary somatosensory cortex is located:

A)Within the frontal lobe
B)Within the occipital lobe
C)Beneath the lateral fissure
D)Just behind the central sulcus

Question 36

Without a vestibular system we would experience:

A)Dizziness when standing too still
B)Projectile vomiting
C)No instances of motion sickness ever
D)Blurred vision while walking

Question 37

The primary somatosensory cortex receives its input from the:

A)Limbic system
B)Basal ganglia
C)Thalamus
D)Medulla oblongata

Question 38

Dermatomes are not entirely distinct because adjacent dermatomes:

A)Actually function together as if one unit
B)Overlap slightly
C)Share stimulation via different spinal nerves
D)Have their activity synchronized in the thalamus

Question 39

The chambers at the base of the semicircular canal are called the:

A)Utricle and saccule
B)Ampula and cupula
C)Otolith and ampulla
D)Crista and saccule

Question 40

When you are tickled on your left knee,you "feel" the tickle in your:

A)Right somatosensory cortex
B)Left somatosensory cortex
C)Right somatosensory cortex for the most part but to a lesser degree in your left somatosensory cortex
D)Left somatosensory cortex for the most part but to a lesser degree in your right somatosensory cortex

Question 41

Neurons in the secondary somatosensory cortex are especially likely to be responsive to stimuli that have been associated with:

A)Pain
B)Pleasure
C)Reward
D)Activation of the amygdala

Question 42

A neurotransmitter released by pain-carrying axons in the spinal cord is:

A)Acetylcholine
B)Histamine
C)Serotonin
D)Glutamate

Question 43

How many types of pain receptors are there?

A)One
B)Two
C)Three
D)Four

Question 44

When you rub a sore muscle,you are trying to exploit the mechanism described in the ___theory of pain.

A)acupuncture
B)gate control
C)analgesia
D)endorphin

Question 45

The ___ is a cortical area where information from different sensory modalities is combined and integrated.

A)secondary somatosensory cortex
B)association somatosensory cortex
C)perceptual somatosensory cortex
D)posterior parietal cortex

Question 46

Based on what you know,symptoms of unilateral neglect would likely result from damage to the:

A)Secondary somatosensory cortex
B)Posterior parietal cortex
C)Anterior parietal cortex
D)Association somatosensory cortex

Question 47

The secondary somatosensory cortex sends axons to the ___,which may determine whether a stimulus is to be ___.

A)hippocampus,remembered
B)amygdala,avoided
C)hypothalamus,hedonically valued
D)hippocampus,approached

Question 48

The primary somatosensory cortex receives input from the___.The primary somatosensory cortex sends outputs to the ___ and the ___.

A)thalamus,secondary somatosensory cortex,posterior parietal cortex
B)spinal cord,secondary somatosensory cortex,primary motor cortex
C)spinal cord and cranial nerves,secondary somatosensory cortex,posterior parietal cortex
D)thalamus,secondary somatosensory cortex,primary motor cortex

Question 49

In mutant mice who lack substance P or receptors for substance P:

A)All pain sensations were blocked
B)Mild pain was blocked but not more severe pain
C)Severe pain was blocked but not milder pain
D)No effect on pain was observed

Question 50

The ___ released by pain-carrying axons is substance P.

A)neurohormone
B)hormone
C)prostaglandin
D)neuropeptide

Question 51

All of the following produce pain except:

A)Intense mechanical stimulation
B)Prostaglandin inhibitio
C)Intense thermal stimulation
D)Tissue damage

Question 52

Some analgesics such as aspirin and ibuprofen provide pain relief by:

A)Blocking substance P receptors
B)Blocking prostaglandin receptors
C)Suppressing the synthesis of substance P
D)Suppressing the synthesis of prostaglandins

Question 53

The secondary somatosensory cortex receives its inputs from:

A)The same-side primary somatosensory cortex
B)The opposite-side primary somatosensory cortex
C)Both same-side and opposite-side primary somatosensory cortex
D)Primarily from the thalamus but to a lesser degree,the contralateral primary somatosensory area

Question 54

Phantom pain:

A)Occurs in limbs that have been injured
B)Appears to be a result of damage to the peripheral nerves
C)Is probably the result of neural reorganization in the cortex
D)Has no physiological basis

Question 55

You might speculate that substance P evolved as a specialized pain signaling mechanism with survival advantage since substance P is only released during ___.

A)tissue injury
B)injury that is life threatening
C)instances of fight or flight
D)higher levels of pain

Question 56

Which of the following is/are a stimulus/stimuli for pain?

A)Intense pressure delivered to the skin
B)Extreme temperature
C)Damage to tissue
D)All of the above

Question 57

A neuropeptide released by pain-carrying axons is:

A)Glutamate
B)Substance P
C)Prostaglandin
D)Histamine

Question 58

Traumatic damage or epilepsy affecting the junction between the parietal and temporal lobes can cause an abnormal sensation called:

A)Neglect
B)Paralysis
C)Out-of-body experience
D)Pain

Question 59

Gate control theory argues that pressure signals produce ___ that prevents pain information from reaching the brain.

A)inhibitory messages in the brain
B)inhibitory messages in the spinal cord
C)distraction in the brain
D)endorphin release in the spinal cord

Question 60

Sharp pain is the result of pain information conveyed by ___ fiber pathways while the slower but persisting dull pain is transmitted by ___ fiber pathways.

A)A-delta,C
B)large myelinated,smaller myelinated or unmyelinated
C)C,A-delta
D)Both A and B

Question 61

___ function as___.

A)Endorphins,neurotransmitters and neuropeptides
B)Opiates,neurotransmitters and neuropeptides
C)Neurotransmitters,endorphins
D)Endorphins,neurotransmitters and hormones

Question 62

Activation of neurons in the ___ ultimately results in ___ in the ___.

A)periacqueductal gray,depletion of substance P,periacqueductal gray
B)spinal cord,inhibition of opiate release,periacqueductal gray
C)periacqueductal gray,inhibition of substance P release,spinal cord
D)periacqueductal gray,inhibition of substance P release,periacqueductal gray

Question 63

The brain can make its own chemical version of morphine,which is why it is called an endogenous ___.

A)endorphin
B)histamine
C)opiate
D)substance P

Question 64

The anecdote in the chapter about David Livingstone's failure to feel the pain of a lion's attack should lead you to surmise that the:

A)Lion's attack produced pressure and inhibited pain sensations
B)Fear of the attack suppressed pain sensations
C)Stress of the attack led to endorphin release
D)Blood loss led to a semiconscious analgesia

Question 65

The effectiveness of pharmacological and surgical interventions for phantom pain is less than ___;however,behavioral treatments such as ___ are much more effective.

A)50%,binding the functional limb to the side of the body
B)30%,a functional prosthesis or the mirror illusion
C)10%,floating in a sensory deprivation chamber
D)5%,cognitive dissonance training

Question 66

The brain chemicals known as endorphins produce effects similar to which substance(s)?

A)Naloxone
B)Substance P
C)Opiates
D)Histamine

Question 67

Placebo pain relief appears to work through endorphin circuitry,namely ___.

A)blocking endorphin receptors in the periacqueductal gray
B)inhibiting the release of substance P in the periacqueductal gray
C)facilitating the release of endorphins in the spinal cord
D)facilitating the release of endorphins in the periacqueductal gray

Question 68

The use of a mirror box to simulate an intact limb has been shown to be ___ effective in decreasing ___.

A)50%,referred pain
B)25%,substance P
C)100%,phantom limb pain
D)75%,periaqueductal gray size

Question 69

Pain relief produced by ___ is blocked in some cases by___.

A)opiates,hypnosis
B)acupuncture,placebos
C)acupuncture,naloxone
D)acupuncture,opiates
E)placebo,hypnosis

Question 70

Neurons in the periacqueductal gray are ___ by endorphins.

A)activated
B)disinhibited
C)inhibited
D)made refractory

Question 71

The expression "bite the bullet" refers to:

A)The analgesic effect of extreme muscle exertion such as in biting down hard
B)The suffering of a person experiencing surgery without analgesia or anesthesia
C)The analgesic effect of closing the pain gate by biting on a lead bullet
D)All of the above

Question 72

One brain area with a high number of endorphin receptors is the ___.

A)posterior parietal cortex
B)secondary somatosensory cortex
C)limbic system
D)periaqueductal gray

Question 73

In what way do morphine and other opiates produce pain relief?

A)By inhibiting the release of substance P
B)By mimicking the effects of endorphins
C)By preventing sodium from crossing the membrane
D)By altering blood flow to various parts of the nervous system

Question 74

Anecdotally,you may have heard that one of the commonly cited medical uses for marijuana is pain relief for cancer patients;this anecdotal evidence can be supported by findings that ___ can act as ___.

A)cannabinoids,external pain relievers
B)cannabinoids,internal pain relievers
C)pot's endorphins,internal pain relievers
D)endorphins,cannabinoid pain relievers

Question 75

While ___ are powerful analgesics,___ can block this effect.

A)opiates,substance P
B)opiates,Naloxone
C)dopamines,dopamine receptor blockers
D)opiate antagonists,opiate agonists

Question 76

When you hear Uncle Rico dismissing any placebo effect of pain relief as "all in the mind," you can set him straight by:

A)Stating that PET scans show that placebos activate opiate receptors
B)Arguing that placebo pain relief is just the same as hypnotic pain relief
C)Arguing that hypnosis can block placebo pain relief
D)Arguing that placebo pain relief is a physical process that can be abolished with an endorphin blocker

Question 77

Vaginal stimulation results in endorphin production and this probably results in ___.

A)a mother's bonding with her baby
B)pain relief during childbirth
C)pain relief during urination
D)perception of phantom pain during intercourse

Question 78

Which of the following statements about pain is true?

A)Specific tissue damage always produces the same pain intensity.
B)Various kinds of non-pain stimuli can modify the sensation of pain.
C)Different brain areas are involved in different aspects of pain.
D)Both B and C are correct.

Question 79

An indication placebo pain relief is real is that it:

A)Can be amplified with naloxone
B)Can be blocked with endorphins
C)Can be blocked with naloxone
D)Only happens to individuals who are highly hypnotizable

Question 80

Since the pain relief from placebos can be blocked with naloxone,this pain relief must be:

A)A matter of mind over matter
B)Unexplainable
C)Opiate based
D)Not real