Deck 15: Sleep and Consciousness

Question 1

Many researchers believe that the function of sleep is:

A)Restoration
B)Conservation
C)Adaptation
D)Unclear

Answer 1

Unclear

Question 2

External lighting conditions alter circadian rhythms via:

A)The retinohypothalamic pathway
B)Changes in metabolism
C)Sleep structures in the basal forebrain
D)None of the above

Answer 2

The retinohypothalamic pathway

Question 3

In mammals,the ___ is the brain area most associated with biological rhythms.

A)Brain stem
B)Optic chiasm
C)Suprachiasmatic nucleus
D)Lateral geniculate nucleus

Answer 3

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 4

Performance increases when the difference between light levels of active vs.sleep periods is:

A)Great
B)Minimal
C)Gradual
D)Rapid

Question 5

Prior to the 1950s and 1960s,the dominant psychological philosophy was:

A)Introspection
B)Cognitivism
C)Neuroscience
D)Behaviorism

Question 6

In the 1950s and 1960s the emphasis in psychology began to shift toward:

A)Introspection
B)Cognitive psychology
C)Neuroscience
D)Behaviorism

Question 7

According to the adaptive theory of sleep,if an organism must consistently spend a large amount of time foraging for food,then:

A)It will engage in a lot of sleep
B)It will spend less time in sleep
C)Sleep will depend on brain size
D)None of the above

Question 8

During Arial's brain surgery,the suprachiasmatic nucleus was damaged.Afterwards she probably experienced:

A)Sleep disturbances
B)Fluctuations in body temperature
C)Changes in drinking patterns
D)All of the above

Question 9

The method of introspection is seldom used in today's research because:

A)Machines were developed that were more accurate
B)It was found to be too subjective
C)It required too much training to produce accurate results
D)All of the above

Question 10

Sleep has proven to be a good behavior to use to study consciousness because it:

A)Is readily observable
B)Can be studied objectively
C)Consists of different levels of consciousness
D)All of the above

Question 11

All of the following disciplines are now involved in understanding consciousness except:

A)Biology
B)Behaviorism
C)Philosophy
D)Computer science

Question 12

Support for the restoration idea of sleep includes:

A)A high correlation between metabolism rates and total time spent in sleep
B)A high correlation between food intake and amount of sleep
C)The high probability of deeper sleep following nights of light sleep
D)None of the above

Question 13

Many industrial accidents occur:

A)Around dawn
B)Between midnight and 4 a.m.
C)After lunch
D)In the early evening

Question 14

A circadian rhythm:

A)Is about a day long
B)Varies from 12-48 hours across individuals
C)Alters alertness but has little effect on hormonal levels
D)Is shorter than an ultradian rhythm

Question 15

Joey started the day by playing baseball,then went rock climbing,and ended the day with a swim in the ocean.According to the restoration theory of sleep,he should sleep:

A)About the same amount as after a less active day
B)More than after a less active day
C)Less than after a less active day
D)The same amount that he would on any other day

Question 16

Jet lag is most severe:

A)For females
B)When traveling from east to west
C)When traveling from west to east
D)When traveling at night

Question 17

Which of the following animals would be expected to sleep the most,according to the adaptive theory of sleep?

A)A bat
B)An elephant
C)A horse
D)A cow

Question 18

In a study of 39 species,the combined factors of body size and danger accounted for ___ of the variability in sleep time.

A)35%
B)50%
C)75%
D)80%

Question 19

The importance of sleep is especially seen in shift workers because:

A)Their performance is below that of non-shift workers
B)They must constantly change their schedules
C)Their behavioral demands seldom coincide with their sleep/wake cycles
D)All of the above

Question 20

The study of consciousness has made the greatest advances in the field of:

A)Learning
B)Memory
C)Sleep
D)Emotions

Question 21

The "basic rest and activity cycle" discussed in your book is:

A)Demonstrated by the variations in EEG activity
B)About 90-100 minutes in duration
C)Related to daydreaming
D)All of the above

Question 22

Melanopsin is:

A)A photopigment
B)Found in 1% of the ganglion cells of humans
C)Sensitive to light
D)All of the above

Question 23

In many cultures a siesta,coffee break,or work break is typical shortly after lunch.This cultural behavior may have evolved because:

A)Of circadian rhythms in humans
B)It coincides with ultradian rhythms for activity
C)It's almost exactly half-way through the average human activity cycle
D)None of the above

Question 24

Ultradian rhythms are:

A)Shorter than circadian rhythms
B)Longer than circadian rhythms
C)Not biological in nature
D)Not experienced by humans

Question 25

Because the ___ is/are not involved in how light alters melatonin levels,individuals who are blind may show entrainment to light.

A)SCN
B)rods and cones
C)retinohypothalamic tract
D)ganglion cells

Question 26

Which of the following is not true about internal clocks?

A)The clock for the sleep/wake circadian cycle consists of a few genes and their protein products.
B)The sleep/wake clock feedback loop must be reset by light each day.
C)Clocks involved in heart activity are not entrained by the SCN.
D)There are clocks outside the brain that control the activities of the body's organs.

Question 27

To maximize your ability to pay attention when studying,you should plan to take a break about every:

A)30 minutes
B)60 minutes
C)90 minutes
D)None of the above

Question 28

In phase delay an individual goes to sleep ___,while in phase advance the individual goes to sleep ___.

A)later,earlier
B)earlier,later
C)in high contrast light,in low contrast light
D)in low contrast light,in high contrast light

Question 29

Melatonin is:

A)A hormone that induces sleep
B)A hormone that inhibits sleep
C)A neurotransmitter related to serotonin
D)The precursor of serotonin

Question 30

Which of the following is not true regarding zeitgebers?

A)These are time givers of the body that are external.
B)They keep humans on a 24-hour cycle.
C)The primary zeitgeber is light.
D)Zeitgebers are usually biological mechanisms.

Question 31

Melatonin is produced in the:

A)Pineal gland
B)Hypothalamus
C)Adrenal glands
D)SCN

Question 32

One reason westward travel is less disruptive of the circadian than eastward travel is that it is easier to ___ than to ___.

A)go to sleep later,go to sleep when you are not sleepy
B)go to sleep early,go to sleep later
C)sleep during the day,stay awake when it's dark
D)go to sleep early,go to sleep when you are used to

Question 33

Antonio has been flying between New York and Madrid every week for the last year and often suffers from jet lag.One treatment suggested in your book is:

A)Serotonin
B)Dopamine
C)Melatonin
D)Stimulants

Question 34

Humans seem to live and behave mostly on a:

A)Solar cycle
B)Lunar cycle
C)Inconsistent cycle
D)Seasonal cycle

Question 35

Which of the following is least likely to be a zeitgeber for the majority of people?

A)Social contact
B)Alarm clock
C)Morning light
D)Work schedules

Question 36

Dr.Smith has been living in his fallout shelter for the last several months with no clock and no contact with the outside word.His activity cycle is probably:

A)Not consistent
B)Around 24 hours
C)Around 25 hours
D)Decreasing in duration a little every day

Question 37

Most individuals who are blind:

A)Do not show melatonin suppression when exposed to light
B)Often have sleep disorders
C)Are not entrained to the 24-hour day
D)All of the above

Question 38

Dr.Borgen skips lunch to avoid that afternoon dip in alertness.This strategy will:

A)Be quite effective
B)Be somewhat effective
C)Not be effective unless there is exposure to light during that time
D)Not eliminate the slump

Question 39

Which of the following is not an ultradian rhythm?

A)Hormone production
B)Alertness
C)Urinary output
D)Body temperature

Question 40

Light will ___ melatonin in the body.

A)increase
B)suppress
C)eliminate
D)have no effect on

Question 41

All of the following are possible functions of REM sleep proposed by neuroscientists except:

A)It provides a release for the subconscious.
B)It provides an opportunity for the consolidation of memories.
C)It promotes maturation of higher brain centers.
D)It promotes neural development during childhood.

Question 42

The EEG patterns typical of waking states of consciousness are:

A)Alpha and beta
B)Alpha and delta
C)Beta and delta
D)Delta and theta

Question 43

Stage 2 of sleep is indicated by sleep spindles and:

A)Alpha bundles
B)Slow wave bundles
C)K complexes
D)Theta spikes

Question 44

According to the "reverse learning" hypothesis,REM sleep enhances learning because it:

A)Produces a consolidation of memories
B)Weeds out erroneous neural connections
C)Decreases non-REM sleep that is detrimental for learning
D)Prevents the initial learning of irrelevant information

Question 45

Slow wave sleep is also known as:

A)Stage 3 sleep
B)Stage 4 sleep
C)Both A and B
D)None of the above

Question 46

If subjects are awakened every time they enter REM sleep,then:

A)They will eventually compensate by increasing the amount of REM sleep
B)They will eventually stop going into REM cycles
C)Most subjects will waken
D)They will be unable to get back to sleep

Question 47

Dreams occur only during:

A)REM sleep
B)Non-REM sleep
C)Alpha EEG
D)None of the above

Question 48

A complete cycle through all sleep stages takes approximately:

A)30 minutes
B)60 minutes
C)90 minutes
D)120 minutes

Question 49

Beta waves are associated with:

A)Arousal and alertness
B)Wakeful relaxation
C)Slow wave sleep
D)Daydreaming

Question 50

Joe tends to move around a lot in his sleep.Most likely he is doing this during:

A)Stage 3 or 4 sleep
B)Slow wave sleep
C)Delta wave activity
D)All of the above

Question 51

The brain waves associated with the first stage of sleep are:

A)Alpha
B)Beta
C)Delta
D)Theta

Question 52

The difference in sleep patterns when Dave was a child vs.when he was an adult is that during childhood:

A)There was less REM sleep and more deep sleep
B)REM sleep was a greater percentage of his sleep
C)An evening's sleep usually started with REM and in adulthood it usually started with non-REM sleep
D)He experienced equal amounts of REM and non-REM sleep

Question 53

The baby had colic for 3 days and it seemed that every time Amy would get to sleep the baby would start crying.When she eventually slept through the night,which of the following was most likely to happen?

A)Amy had more dreams than usual.
B)Amy slept soundly,without waking or dreaming.
C)Amy had difficulty staying asleep.
D)None of the above

Question 54

Alpha waves are associated with:

A)Arousal and alertness
B)Wakeful relaxation
C)Deep slow wave sleep
D)Dreaming

Question 55

Alpha waves fluctuate at a frequency of:

A)2-5 Hz
B)3-7 Hz
C)8-12 Hz
D)15-30 Hz

Question 56

Alpha EEG waves are ___ than beta EEG waves.

A)faster
B)slower
C)lower amplitude
D)more desynchronized

Question 57

During REM sleep:

A)EEG patterns show mostly theta activity
B)The sleeper is in a state of atonia
C)Respiration and heart rates decrease
D)Delta activity predominates

Question 58

When an individual is awake but relaxed:

A)Brain waves are desynchronized because activity in different areas of the brain fall into different rhythms.
B)Brain waves are synchronized because activity in different areas of the brain fall into similar patterns.
C)Brain waves consist of very consistent spikes,since there are periods of spontaneous neural firings anytime a person is awake.
D)The EEG is characterized by fast,irregular brain waves.

Question 59

Which of the following is not true of REM sleep?

A)Disruption of REM sleep decreases retention of memories.
B)When rats are presented with a learned cue for shock during REM sleep,shock avoidance behavior is enhanced the following day.
C)Electrical stimulation of the reticular formation during REM sleep improves the performance of rats the following day.
D)It allows the heated brain to rest.

Question 60

Sleep is initiated in Stage 1,proceeds through Stages 2,3,and 4,then returns to:

A)Stage 1
B)Stage 3
C)It stays in Stage 4 until the sleeper wakes.
D)None of the above

Question 61

Pathways involved in inducing arousal originate in the:

A)PPT/LDT nuclei of the pons
B)Locus coeruleus and raphé nucleus
C)Tuberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus
D)All of the above

Question 62

Commonly used inhalant anesthetics induce unconsciousness via ___.

A)blocking GABA receptors
B)blocking serotonin
C)inhibiting orexin receptors
D)desensitizing acetylcholine receptors

Question 63

Adenosine may be blocked by caffeine in the ___.

A)locus coeruleus
B)preoptic area
C)suprachiasmatic nucleus
D)raphe

Question 64

Studies of the relationship between sleep and learning show that:

A)Both REM and non-REM sleep are important in consolidation
B)The process involves theta rhythm in the hippocampus
C)A period of consolidation is followed by one of memory erasure
D)All of the above

Question 65

The brain structure where adenosine accumulates to inhibit arousal and induce drowsiness is the:

A)Hippocampus
B)Basal forebrain area
C)Pons
D)Thalamus

Question 66

Projections from the ventrolateral preoptic area induce sleep by inhibiting arousal areas including ___.

A)the tuberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus
B)the locus coeruleus
C)the raphé nucleus
D)All of the above

Question 67

The major factor that produces an increase in slow-wave sleep patterns is probably:

A)Overheating
B)Fatigue
C)Extensive cognitive use
D)Extensive REM sleep the previous night

Question 68

Giving caffeine to subjects before a nap results in ___ when compared to subjects in the placebo group.

A)a decreased amount of REM sleep
B)reduced slow-wave sleep
C)increased sleepiness after the nap
D)improvement on vigilance tasks

Question 69

During REM sleep there is muscle paralysis because:

A)The lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus projects to the cerebellum.
B)The pons sends impulses to the deep nuclei of the cerebellum.
C)The pons sends impulses to the magnocellular nucleus of medulla.
D)The pons sends impulses to the magnocellular nucleus of the midbrain

Question 70

The visual imagery of REM dreaming may be the outcome of PGO waves producing arousal in the ___.

A)lateral geniculate nucleus
B)occipital cortex
C)temporal lobe areas
D)retinohypothalamic pathway

Question 71

The preoptic area of the hypothalamus is involved in:

A)REM sleep
B)Waking from sleep
C)Regulation of body temperature
D)All of the above

Question 72

Different parts of the ventrolateral preoptic area directly induce ___.

A)non-REM sleep
B)theta activity
C)the atonia of REM sleep
D)all of the above

Question 73

Which of the following is not true regarding PGO waves?

A)They travel from the pons,through the lateral geniculate nucleus,to the occipital lobe.
B)They begin about 90 minutes prior to REM.
C)They trigger desynchrony in EEG wave patterns.
D)They may account for the visual imagery of dreaming.

Question 74

There is evidence that slow-wave sleep is important for:

A)Brain recuperation
B)Restoration of processes involved in cognition
C)Cooling off a heated brain
D)All of the above

Question 75

The___ is a brain area that inhibits activating systems during sleep.

A)ventrolateral preoptic area
B)SCN
C)raphé nucleus
D)locus coeruleus

Question 76

Which of the following is true about brain structures involved in sleep and waking?

A)The SCN is the most important sleep center.
B)The central sleep and arousal system is located in the medulla.
C)The SCN controls the timing of sleep and waking,but other structures are important in producing these states.
D)The basal forebrain area is the most important area for REM sleep.

Question 77

All of the following are true about insomnia except:

A)It has been linked to health conditions such as obesity.
B)Sleeping too much might be just as bad as sleeping too little,in terms of health effects.
C)Insomnia has been shown to reduce longevity.
D)It has been associated with higher leptin and lower ghrelin levels.

Question 78

The neurons of the lateral hypothalamus that release ___ help to stabilize the sleep and waking system,to prevent inappropriate switching into sleep.

A)serotonin
B)orexin
C)glutamate
D)histamine

Question 79

Penelope is having a difficult time staying awake in her overheated introductory class,even though she is not sleep deprived.One reason may be because:

A)Overheating decreases the activity of the attention centers in the brain
B)Overheating activates the preoptic area
C)REM sleep is increased when the body becomes warm
D)None of the above

Question 80

Caffeine's ability to keep you awake is due to:

A)Enhancing the release of adenosine
B)Blocking adenosine receptors
C)Inhibition of REM
D)Inhibition of slow-wave activity