Deck 6: Object Recognition

Question 1

When her telephone rings,a patient who has been diagnosed with visual object agnosia immediately picks up the receiver and answers it correctly.Why doesn't this person show any signs of an object recognition deficit in this scenario?

A)The patient can still recognize extremely familiar objects,such as her own belongings.
B)The patient is impaired only in the recognition of faces,not other classes of objects.
C)The patient can use the sound of the ringing telephone to cue its recognition.
D)The patient can recognize objects as long as they remain stationary.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Researchers such as Ungerleider and Mishkin (1982)have proposed that the ________ or ________ visual pathway is specialized for visual object recognition.

A)dorsal / "where"
B)ventral / "where"
C)dorsal / "what"
D)ventral / "what"

Answer 2

D

Question 3

According to ensemble theories of object recognition,it is possible to confuse similar-looking objects because

A)objects that appear similar activate overlapping networks of cells.
B)similar-looking objects activate the same grandmother cell.
C)cells in the extrastriate cortex have large receptive fields and therefore low spatial resolution.
D)object constancy prevents the visual system from encoding fine details about objects.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

To emphasize that the dorsal visual system provides a strong input to motor systems to compute the way in which a moment should be produced,some researchers have argued that a dichotomy should be drawn between

A)"why" and "where."
B)"where" and "what."
C)"what" and "how."
D)"how" and "why."

Question 5

When a picture of a hammer is placed in front of Patient H,she is unable to identify it.How can you determine if her difficulty is in recognizing the object or in simply remembering its name?

A)Ask her to demonstrate its use rather than identifying it.
B)Ask her to close her eyes before attempting to name it.
C)Ask her to copy the picture of the object instead of naming it.
D)Ask her to trace the outline of the object instead of naming it.

Question 6

The "what" pathway involves bilateral inputs from the primary visual cortex.Based on this,what are the minimal lesions required to produce an object recognition deficit?

A)Lesions to the right striate cortex AND the left inferior temporal lobe
B)Lesions to the right striate cortex AND the corpus callosum
C)Lesions to the right striate cortex AND the corpus callosum AND the left inferior temporal lobe
D)Lesions to the right striate cortex AND the corpus callosum AND the right inferior temporal lobe

Question 7

The "what" versus "where" distinction is supported by single-cell recording studies showing that neurons in the ________ lobes have receptive fields that are almost always located in the fovea,where high-acuity vision takes place.

A)anterior occipital
B)inferior temporal
C)posterior parietal
D)superior temporal

Question 8

According to ________ hypotheses of visual object recognition,recognition is due to the collective and simultaneous activity of specialized visual neurons.

A)grandmother-cell or gnostic
B)cytoarchitectonic or histological
C)hierarchical or multistable
D)population or ensemble

Question 9

A PET study conducted by Kohler and colleagues (1995)showed that performing an object recognition task produced activation in the ________ lobes,whereas a spatial position task produced activation in the ________ lobes.

A)superior temporal / occipitotemporal
B)occipitotemporal / parietal
C)parietal / inferior frontal
D)inferior frontal / superior temporal

Question 10

The term associative agnosia is reserved for patients who

A)have perceptual impairments due to problems with the ventral stream.
B)cannot recognize objects despite having normal perceptual representations.
C)have perceptual impairments due to problems with the dorsal stream.
D)cannot recognize objects due to compromised perceptual representations.

Question 11

A patient like G.S.who had visual object agnosia would have difficulty in identifying an object unless

A)the object had been familiar to him prior to his brain injury.
B)he was asked to describe the object's use rather than its specific name.
C)he was permitted to touch the object before making a response.
D)the object was presented in the contralesional side of the visual field.

Question 12

Anatomical outputs from the occipital lobe follow two major axon bundles that terminate in the ________ and ________.

A)anterior parietal lobe / posterior frontal lobe
B)posterior frontal lobe / inferior temporal lobe
C)inferior temporal lobe / posterior parietal lobe
D)posterior parietal lobe / anterior parietal lobe

Question 13

The patient D.F. ,studied by Goodale and Milner (1982),had severe problems with object recognition.When presented with a circular block into which a slot had been cut,

A)D.F.was able to insert a card into the slot when asked to do so,even though she was unable to follow the instruction to orient the card so that it would fit.
B)D.F.was able to orient the card so that it would fit into the slot but was not able to insert the card into the slot when asked to do so.
C)D.F.was unable to deduce that this object could be used to contain slips of paper.
D)D.F.was able to deduce that this object could be used to contain slips of paper but was unable to provide a name for the object.

Question 14

All of the following are problems with the idea that single neurons encode the mental representations for all possible complex visual stimuli EXCEPT

A)loss of any single visual recognition neuron would have too great an impact on perception.
B)these single neurons would have to adapt as the objects they respond to change over time.
C)there is no neurophysiological evidence that visual cells respond to specific types of stimuli.
D)this approach cannot explain how we recognize novel objects.

Question 15

The term gnostic unit refers to

A)a network of neurons that collectively encode a region in space.
B)a network of neurons that collectively recognize a complex object.
C)a single neuron that can encode a region in space.
D)a single neuron that can recognize a complex object.

Question 16

With regard to the two main output pathways form the occipital lobe,________ is to ________ as dorsal is to ventral.

A)"where" / "what"
B)"what" / "where"
C)"who" / "what"
D)"what" / "who"

Question 17

During a single-cell recording study,you locate a neuron in one of the two main output pathways from the occipital cortex that has a large receptive field in the central part of the visual field.The cell probably lies inside the ________ pathway and is specialized for ________.

A)dorsal / object recognition
B)ventral / spatial layout
C)parietal / spatial layout
D)temporal / object recognition

Question 18

Optic ataxia is an inability to

A)name familiar objects.
B)read,acquired as an adult.
C)recognize familiar visual objects.
D)use visual information to guide movements.

Question 19

Pohl (1973)conducted a study of the "what" and "where" pathways in brain-lesioned monkeys using two different tasks: a landmark discrimination task,which required a visuospatial judgment,and an object discrimination task,which required object recognition.He found that monkeys with temporal lobe lesions became severely impaired in learning the ________ task but not the ________ task.Monkeys with posterior parietal lesions showed the ________ pattern of performance.

A)object discrimination / landmark discrimination / same
B)landmark discrimination / object discrimination / same
C)object discrimination / landmark discrimination / opposite
D)landmark discrimination / object discrimination / opposite

Question 20

Optic ataxia is to associative visual agnosia as ________ lesions are to ________ lesions.

A)posterior parietal / superior temporal
B)inferior parietal / posterior temporal
C)dorsal pathway / ventral pathway
D)ventral pathway / dorsal pathway

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a major reason why the visual information reflected by an object will vary over different viewings?

A)Objects can be viewed from multiple orientations.
B)Objects are seen in the context of other objects,and they may partially occlude one another.
C)Objects are associated with view-dependent major axes.
D)Objects can be viewed under different illumination conditions.

Question 22

Generally,in anatomical studies of object recognition deficits,________ posterior lesions are associated with ________ agnosia.

A)left hemisphere / apperceptive
B)left hemisphere / associative
C)right hemisphere / apperceptive
D)right hemisphere / associative

Question 23

Which of the following statements does NOT explain why some patients are visually agnosic for living (animate)things versus nonliving (inanimate)things?

A)Knowledge about different categories of objects may be represented in different parts of the brain.
B)Inanimate objects may activate kinesthetic representations that animate objects do not.
C)Animate objects may share more visual features than inanimate objects.
D)There are more familiar animate objects in the environment than inanimate objects.

Question 24

Which of the following visual object properties best illustrates the concept of a visually invariant property?

A)The context in which an object appears
B)Shading on an object's surface
C)The major and minor axes of an object
D)The spatial orientation of an object

Question 25

According to ________ theories of object recognition,when one sees an object such as a bicycle,recognition depends on the ability to detect properties that do not depend on specific viewing conditions.

A)view-invariant
B)viewer-centered
C)feature analysis
D)perceptual categorization

Question 26

The statement "recognition of a visual pattern at a later time occurs only if you can match the stimulus to its exact stored representation" best describes ________ theories of pattern perception.

A)view-dependent
B)object-centered
C)recognition-by-parts
D)semantic categorization

Question 27

Warrington (1985)proposed an anatomical model of the cognitive operations necessary to explain object recognition.The first stage in this model involves the detection and categorization of visually invariant information,which occurs in the ________ hemisphere;the second stage involves the semantic categorization of visual input,which occurs in ________ hemisphere(s).

A)left / the right
B)left / both the left and right
C)right / the left
D)right / both the left and right

Question 28

________ is a deficit in the ability to recognize faces that cannot be directly attributed to deterioration in intellectual function.

A)Apraxia
B)Apperceptive agnosia
C)Prosopagnosia
D)Synesthesia

Question 29

________ is to ________ as face recognition is to object recognition.

A)Agnosia / prosopagnosia
B)Prosopagnosia / agnosia
C)Alexia / agnosia
D)Agnosia / alexia

Question 30

After suffering from a focal brain injury,a patient has difficulty in recognizing visually presented objects,despite normal acuity and color perception.Notably,she has severe difficulty in judging whether two pictures,each showing a different view,represent the same object.What is the most probable diagnosis?

A)Apperceptive agnosia
B)Associative agnosia
C)Synesthesia
D)Prosopagnosia

Question 31

An undercover agent notices a green car parked outside her apartment building when she leaves for work at 8 a.m.Later she notices the same car in a store parking lot and becomes suspicious that she is being followed.The agent's ability to recognize the car under these two different circumstances is an example of

A)viewer-centered object recognition.
B)object constancy.
C)perceptual categorization.
D)property-based organization.

Question 32

One limitation of view-dependent theories of object recognition is that

A)such an approach is based on the perception of geons in visual objects.
B)separate templates must be generated and stored for each different view of a given object.
C)this approach argues that recognition depends on decomposing a scene or object into its constituent parts.
D)this approach is based on the idea that object recognition depends on the detection of invariant stimulus properties,such as symmetry.

Question 33

Patients with ________ have a deficit in recognizing visually presented objects due to problems in the ventral stream.

A)prosopagnosia
B)acquired alexia
C)associative agnosia
D)apperceptive agnosia

Question 34

A person with apperceptive visual agnosia has difficulty in recognizing drawings of familiar objects,such as an apple.If she were asked to imagine an apple rather than to inspect a picture of an apple,you would expect to find that

A)she can generate visual images normally because agnosia does not affect internally generated information.
B)she has great difficulty in generating visual images as well as visual perception because the two skills share common brain regions.
C)she can generate visual images correctly and easily,but she cannot recognize them because of a memory deficit.
D)she has great difficulty with generating images of faces but not other kinds of objects.

Question 35

________ is the ability to recognize an object under many different viewing conditions and in many different contexts.

A)Ensemble coding
B)Object constancy
C)Apperceptive agnosia
D)Geon perception

Question 36

According to Warrington's model,patients with left posterior lesions should be particularly impaired in

A)recognizing the visually invariant properties of objects.
B)linking visual inputs to knowledge in long-term memory.
C)matching different views of an object as representing the same item.
D)segmenting a complex drawing into its component parts.

Question 37

________ is characterized by difficulty in matching pictures of the same object taken from different vantage points.

A)Anomia
B)Alexia
C)Apperceptive agnosia
D)Associative agnosia

Question 38

With regard to perception,the term feature refers to

A)the most important aspect of a figure,such as its identity or name.
B)a complex pattern of sensory stimulation,such as a face or word.
C)any combination of elements that requires attention for processing,such as the conjunction of color and shape.
D)a fundamental component of a visual pattern,such as edge orientation or color.

Question 39

Humphreys and Riddoch (1994)described a patient with a syndrome they called integrative agnosia,which was characterized by difficulty in

A)linking visual percepts to long-term knowledge about objects.
B)combining parts of objects into coherent whole percepts.
C)drawing and copying pictures of objects.
D)matching different view of an objects as representing the same item.

Question 40

In fMRI studies,when a stimulus is repeated,the BOLD response is ________ for the second presentation compared to the first.This is known as the ________.

A)lower / repetition enhancement effect
B)lower / repetition suppression effect
C)higher / repetition enhancement effect
D)higher / repetition suppression effect

Question 41

A major distinction in the study of visual agnosia is that between apperceptive agnosia and associative agnosia.

Question 42

Some researchers have argued that a specialized face-processing region can be found in the

A)lingual gyrus.
B)Heschl's gyrus.
C)fusiform gyrus.
D)angular gyrus.

Question 43

Which of the following is a brain region that would likely be implicated in processing spatial relations in an outdoor scene?

A)The fusiform place area (FPA)
B)The parahippocampal place area (PPA)
C)The fusiform face area (FFA)
D)The parahippocampal face area (PFA)

Question 44

The face inversion effect suggests that

A)right-side-up faces are processed holistically by people with prosopagnosia.
B)upside-down faces are processed holistically by people with prosopagnosia.
C)right-side-up faces are processed analytically,whereas upside-down faces are processed holistically.
D)right-side-up faces are processed holistically,whereas upside-down faces are processed analytically.

Question 45

Selective damage to the primary visual cortex typically leads to visual agnosia.

Question 46

Patients with associative agnosia can typically describe the functions of objects if they are given the names of the objects verbally.

Question 47

The ERP component associated with face perception is the

A)N170.
B)MMN.
C)N400.
D)LAN.

Question 48

Patients with prosopagnosia typically have difficulty recognizing

A)the faces of famous people but not those of their family.
B)the faces of their family but not those of their friends.
C)the faces of their friends but not those of famous people.
D)the faces of both their friends and famous people.

Question 49

When Farah (1990)and colleagues tested control participants and a prosopagnosic patient using upright face stimuli and inverted (upside-down)face stimuli,they found that

A)control participants recognized inverted faces better than upright faces.
B)the prosopagnosic patient recognized inverted faces better than upright faces.
C)control participants recognized upright and inverted faces with equal accuracy.
D)the prosopagnosic patient recognized upright and inverted faces with equal accuracy.

Question 50

One critical distinction in the task of face recognition versus that of reading may be that

A)face recognition requires holistic analysis,whereas reading requires analysis by parts.
B)face recognition can be intact in visual agnosia,but reading is always impaired in visual agnosia.
C)face recognition depends on "face cells," whereas reading requires "word cells."
D)face recognition deficits always accompany reading deficits,but the reverse is not true.

Question 51

Synesthesia is a deficit in the ability to recognize faces that cannot be directly attributed to deterioration in intellectual function.

Question 52

The results of most single-cell studies of temporal lobe neurons support the gnostic unit hypothesis.

Question 53

According to Farah (1990),who has studied syndromes such as prosopagnosia and alexia,holistic analysis is to analysis by parts as ________ is to ________.

A)face recognition / reading
B)reading / face recognition
C)writing / reading
D)reading / writing

Question 54

According to Farah,face perception is holistic whereas word reading is accomplished by analysis by parts.

Question 55

Patients with apperceptive agnosia typically present with large scotomas or a hemianopsia.

Question 56

Category-specific deficits may be an emergent property of the fact that different kinds of information are needed to recognized living and nonliving objects.

Question 57

A major source of evidence against the idea that faces are processed in a special brain region in humans is that the candidate region

A)is used to process a variety of perceptual stimuli in nonhuman primates.
B)is also involved in processing highly familiar places.
C)is recruited when people have to make discriminations among highly familiar stimuli.
D)varies significantly in location from person to person.

Question 58

When a person who has learned to read proficiently subsequently develops reading problems as a result of brain injury,this deficit is called

A)acquired agraphia.
B)apperceptive agnosia.
C)acquired alexia.
D)apperceptive ataxia.

Question 59

The fusiform face area is part of the dorsal stream.

Question 60

The dorsal visual pathway is associated with the parietal lobe.

Question 61

It has been suggested that the fusiform gyrus is specialized for processing faces.What are the sources of evidence for and against this position?

Question 62

You,a neurologist,have just met a patient who suffered a stroke last year and is having trouble identifying objects.Could this person be experiencing visual agnosia? What tasks could you ask the patient to perform to help you determine the source of the problem?

Question 63

Describe the visual system's dorsal and ventral pathways.In your answer,describe the kinds of information that are processed in each pathway and the lobes of the brain that are involved.Give an example of an experiment discussed in class or your text that supports this distinction in the visual system.

Question 64

Why is object constancy a difficult computational problem for the visual system? Describe some potential invariances that can occur when we view the same object under different circumstances.How do view-dependent and view-invariant approaches to perception explain object constancy?

Question 65

There is some evidence for a double dissociation between agnosia for animate (living)things compared to inanimate (nonliving)things.Does this mean that there are distinct brain systems for representing these two categories? Why or why not?