Deck 9: Emotion

Question 1

In one conceptualization of emotions (Davidson et al. ,1990),some emotional states such as happiness and surprise create a tendency to ________,whereas other emotional states such as fear and disgust create a tendency to ________.

A)approach / withdraw
B)withdraw / approach
C)assess directly / assess indirectly
D)assess indirectly / assess directly

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The ________ is small,almond-shaped structure in the medial temporal lobe,immediately adjacent to the anterior portion of the ________.

A)caudate / hippocampus
B)caudate / basal ganglia
C)amygdala / hippocampus
D)amygdala / basal ganglia

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A double dissociation has been demonstrated between people with damage to the ________,who show impairment in the explicit or declarative aspects of fear conditioning,and people with damage to the ________,who show impairment in the implicit or nondeclarative aspects of fear conditioning.

A)frontal lobe / hippocampus
B)hippocampus / amygdala
C)amygdala / basal ganglia
D)basal ganglia / frontal lobe

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Some theories of emotion employ a factor approach.In one conceptualization,the first factor is ________,or how pleasant or unpleasant the stimulus is,and the second factor is ________,or how intense the emotional response is.

A)arousal / valence
B)valence / arousal
C)excitation / benignity
D)benignity / excitation

Question 5

Fear conditioning is a more specific instance of

A)classical conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)explicit memory.
D)semantic memory.

Question 6

Which of the following is true regarding the amygdala and emotional learning?

A)The amygdala plays a role in the expression of fear responses,regardless of whether the initial learning was implicit or explicit.
B)The amygdala plays a role in the expression of fear responses only when the initial learning was implicit.
C)The amygdala plays a role in the expression of fear responses only when the initial learning was explicit.
D)The amygdala does not play a role in the expression of fear responses but does play a role in their acquisition.

Question 7

One laboratory measure that can be used to record implicit physiological reactions to emotionally aversive stimuli is the

A)positive and negative affect scale.
B)somatic marker method.
C)skin conductance response.
D)task-switching paradigm.

Question 8

The perception of which of these emotions is impaired following damage to the amygdala?

A)Surprise
B)Anger
C)Fear
D)Sadness

Question 9

Which of the following is true about the role of the amygdala in explicit emotional learning?

A)The amygdala performs a modulatory role in declarative memory.
B)The amygdala is thought to enhance explicit memory retrieval in the hippocampus.
C)The amygdala is thought to enhance the initial encoding of explicit memories.
D)None of the above: The amygdala is primarily involved in implicit,not explicit,emotional learning.

Question 10

In a fear-conditioning experiment,you find a person who shows a normal skin conductance response to a conditioned stimulus (such as a blue square)but who does not consciously remember the pairing of the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus (such as a shock).This person may have damage to the

A)amygdala.
B)hippocampus.
C)anterior cingulate.
D)basal ganglia.

Question 11

One of the two pathways of the amygdala is known as the "low road." This pathway can be characterized as ________ and involves a ________.

A)"slow and analytical" / direct signal from the thalamus to the amygdala
B)"slow and analytical" / projection to the cortex
C)"quick and dirty" / direct signal from the thalamus to the amygdala
D)"quick and dirty" / projection to the cortex

Question 12

The human orbitofrontal cortex can be divided into two regions: the ________ and the ________.

A)ventromedial prefrontal cortex / lateral orbitofrontal cortex
B)lateral orbitofrontal cortex / anterior cingulate cortex
C)anterior cingulate cortex / frontal operculum
D)frontal operculum / ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT considered one of the six basic facial expressions representing emotional states?

A)Disgust
B)Jealousy
C)Surprise
D)Fear

Question 14

The amygdala consists of several subnuclei.During fear conditioning,information converges on the ________ of the amygdala and from there projects to the ________.

A)lateral nucleus / central nucleus
B)central nucleus / lateral nucleus
C)lateral geniculate nucleus / medial geniculate nucleus
D)medial geniculate nucleus / lateral geniculate nucleus

Question 15

You conduct an experiment in which you expose a rat repeatedly to a 440 Hz tone and an electric shock.After a few trials,the rat begins to show signs of fear in response to the tone.In this paradigm,the electric shock is the ________ while the tone is the ________.

A)conditioned stimulus / unconditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned stimulus / conditioned stimulus
C)conditioned response / unconditioned response
D)unconditioned response / conditioned response

Question 16

Which of the following is a way in which the amygdala interacts with hippocampus-dependent memories?

A)Inhibiting the parahippocampal cortex during encoding of emotional memories
B)Encoding the temporal relationship between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli
C)Filtering emotional stimuli and preventing the hippocampus from processing them
D)Enhancing the strength of explicit or declarative memories for emotional events

Question 17

Lesions to the amygdala ________ unconditioned responses to aversive events,________ the ability to acquire and express a conditioned response to neutral stimuli.

A)do not block / nor do they block
B)do not block / but they do block
C)block / but they do not block
D)block / and they also block

Question 18

One theory of emotion and the brain from the mid-20th century implicated the hypothalamus,anterior thalamus,cingulate gyrus,and hippocampus.These structures were later named the ________ circuit.

A)Lazarus
B)Zajonc
C)MacLean
D)Papez

Question 19

Klüver-Bucy syndrome is associated with damage to which brain structure or region?

A)The hippocampus
B)The perirhinal cortex
C)The amygdala
D)The parahippocampal cortex

Question 20

Patient S.P. ,who had bilateral damage to the amygdala,participated in a study involving the pairing of a blue square with an electric shock.S.P.'s skin conductance response (SCR)and verbal report indicated that

A)she had an explicit expectation that the shock would occur after seeing the blue square and demonstrated an implicit fear-conditioning SCR response.
B)she had an explicit expectation that the shock would occur after seeing the blue square but did not demonstrate any implicit fear-conditioning SCR response.
C)she did not have any explicit expectation that the shock would occur after seeing the blue square but did demonstrate an implicit fear-conditioning SCR response.
D)she did not have an explicit expectation that the shock would occur after seeing the blue square,nor did she demonstrate any implicit fear-conditioning SCR response.

Question 21

Which of the following is typically true of people with bilateral damage to the amygdala?

A)They do not produce a full range of facial expressions.
B)They are impaired at perceiving a small range of facial expressions.
C)They are unable to recognize emotional prosody.
D)All of the above.

Question 22

The implicit association test (IAT)measures the degree to which social groups are automatically associated with positive and negative evaluations.Which of the following is FALSE regarding this test?

A)One variant of the test examines attitudes toward different racial groups.
B)The primary measures of this test are response latencies.
C)The IAT is designed to reflect declarative memories.
D)Part of this test involves categorizing words as good or bad.

Question 23

The role of the amygdala in emotion and memory has been studied using a form of classical conditioning known as fear conditioning.

Question 24

When someone is emotionally aroused,the hippocampus plays a modulatory role in strengthening the consolidation of amygdala-based memory.

Question 25

The Papez circuit includes the hypothalamus,anterior thalamus,cingulated gyrus,and hippocampus.

Question 26

Evidence from cognitive neuroscience suggests that the recognition of the six basic facial expressions of emotion is processed in the amygdala.

Question 27

Which of the following is true regarding the amygdala and indirect evaluations of racial bias?

A)White participants who show greater amygdala activity during the presentation of black faces tend to have stronger racial bias as measured by an implicit behavioral task.
B)People with bilateral amygdala damage do not show evidence of a racial bias on implicit behavioral tasks.
C)Choices a and b are both correct.
D)Neither a nor b is correct.

Question 28

Which of the following results best supports the notion that the amygdala modulates the consolidation of hippocampus-based memories?

A)Hippocampus-based learning occurs only if the learner is not experiencing stress or arousal.
B)Modulation of hippocampus-based learning occurs only if the learner is stressed or aroused.
C)Modulation of hippocampus-based learning by arousal occurs only if the arousal is initiated prior to learning.
D)Modulation of hippocampus-based learning by arousal occurs after the initial encoding of the task,during retention.

Question 29

One pathway through which information about unconditioned or conditioned stimuli reaches the amygdala is known as the "high road" and has a cortical component.

Question 30

A common conditioned stimulus (CS)in fear-conditioning experiments is an electric shock.

Question 31

A rat's performance on the Morris water maze,a test of spatial ability and memory,will be affected in what way by a lesion to the amygdala?

A)The rat will be impaired in learning all aspects of the water maze.
B)The rat will not be impaired in a basic water maze task,but it will fail to show the stronger retention that would otherwise be expected if the task includes a physical stressor.
C)The rat will be impaired in the basic aspects of the water maze task,but it will still show an improvement in retention if the task includes a physical stressor.
D)The rat will be unimpaired in learning the water maze task because the amygdala is important only for the expression of previously learned conditioned responses.

Question 32

The role of the amygdala in learning to respond to stimuli that have come to represent adversive events through fear conditioning is primarily implicit.

Question 33

Patient S.M. ,who had damage to the amygdala,had difficulty recognizing sadness in the expressions of other people.

Question 34

Paul Ekman argued that the perception of facial expressions of emotion is highly relative across cultures.

Question 35

Research on racial stereotypes conducted by Phelps and colleagues (2000)suggested that when European-American participants viewed pictures of unfamiliar African-American men,activity in the ________ of these participants was correlated with the results of ________ behavioral measures of racial beliefs and attitudes.

A)orbitofrontal cortex / direct or explicit
B)orbitofrontal cortex / indirect or implicit
C)amygdala / direct or explicit
D)amygdala / indirect or implicit

Question 36

Cunningham and colleagues (2004)suggested that although the amygdala plays a role in the automatic evaluation of social groups,controlled processing may implicate which of the following brain regions?

A)The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
B)The parahippocampal cortex
C)The ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
D)The hippocampus

Question 37

In some of the fear-conditioning experiments described in your text,simple shapes like a blue square are used as the conditioned stimulus (CS).

Question 38

Neuroimaging of the perception of facial expression suggests that

A)the amygdala is selectively active when we view angry faces.
B)the amygdala responds most strongly to angry faces,but it also shows some response to other expressions.
C)the amygdala is selectively active when we view fearful faces.
D)the amygdala responds most strongly to fearful faces,but it also shows some response to other expressions.

Question 39

The mechanism through which the amygdala modulates hippocampus-based learning may be related to the observation that

A)arousing stimuli decay less quickly than nonarousing stimuli do.
B)arousing stimuli decay more quickly than nonarousing stimuli do.
C)arousing stimuli are more likely to create interference effects.
D)arousing stimuli are less likely to create interference effects.

Question 40

The amygdala responds to fearful facial expressions

A)regardless of whether the face is consciously perceived.
B)only in cases where the face is consciously perceived.
C)only in cases where the face is not consciously perceived.
D)more strongly if the face is consciously perceived.

Question 41

What is an implicit measure? Describe a study covered in your text or in class that investigated cognition using both implicit and explicit measures.

Question 42

How might you investigate the assertion that basic facial expressions of emotion are universal,rather than being culturally relative? Describe an experiment that might inform this issue.

Question 43

What are some functions of the amygdala in emotional processing? In your answer,describe two experiments that illustrate the conditions in which the amygdala does (or does not)play a role.

Question 44

How do the hippocampus and amygdala interact in learning and memory? Under what conditions will the amygdala play a role in hippocampus-based learning? Under what conditions will it not?

Question 45

Describe a potential real-world scenario in which you might experience fear conditioning.What are the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli in your scenario?