Deck 4: Social Structure and Interaction in Everyday Life.

Question 1

Social structure consists of all except

A)institutions.
B)values.
C)groups and their relationships.
D)status and roles.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

__________ is/are the process(es) by which people act toward or respond to other people and is the foundation for all relationships and groups in society.

A)Response patterns
B)Social interaction
C)Psychological behavior
D)Structurally patterned behavior

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A __________ is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties, and it exists independently of the specific people occupying them.

A)role
B)label
C)status
D)class

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which is not one of the five traditional institutions?

A)family
B)educational
C)military
D)economic

Question 5

__________ is the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure. Sociologist Robert Park coined this term to refer to persons (such as immigrants) who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups.

A)Alienation
B)Stigmatization
C)Social marginality
D)Anomie

Question 6

Jane defines herself first and foremost as a student. For Jane, being a student is considered her ____ status.

A)ascribed
B)valued
C)conspicuous
D)master

Question 7

__________ are the fastest growing category of homeless persons in the United States.

A)Families with children
B)Divorced females
C)Families without children
D)Divorced males

Question 8

Jorge is a male born to Mexican American parents; he was assigned these positions at birth. He is an adult and-if he lives long enough-will someday become an "older adult," which is a(n) __________ status received involuntarily later in life.

A)universal
B)achieved
C)central
D)ascribed

Question 9

Statuses are distinguished by the manner in which we acquire them. A(n) __________ status is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender.

A)achieved
B)central
C)ascribed
D)universal

Question 10

A(n) __________ is any physical or social attribute or sign that so devalues a person's social identity that it disqualifies that person from full social acceptance.

A)deviant quality
B)stigma
C)anomic identity
D)label

Question 11

A first grade teacher, a daughter, a wife, a mother, a Presbyterian, a soccer coach, and a Kansas resident. All of these socially defined positions constitute her __________.

A)status grouping
B)status set
C)status category
D)status diagram

Question 12

__________ gives us the ability to interpret the social situations we encounter. For example, we expect our families to care for us, our schools to educate us, and our police to protect us.

A)Social interaction
B)Structurally patterned behavior
C)Social structure
D)Group interaction

Question 13

__________ theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination among categories of people (for example, owner-worker and employer-employee).

A)Premodern
B)Symbolic interactionist
C)Functionalist
D)Conflict

Question 14

Although thousands of new students arrive on college campuses each year to occupy the __________ of first-year student, the position of being a college student and the expectations attached have remained relatively unchanged for the past century.

A)label
B)status
C)role
D)class

Question 15

The mass media is an example of a(n) _______ institution.

A)traditional
B)emergent
C)primary
D)evolving

Question 16

__________ theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society. Social structure is also important for our human development.

A) Functionalist
B)Conflict
C)Symbolic interactionist
D)Premodern

Question 17

__________ is the complex framework of societal institutions (such as the economy, politics, and religion) and the social practices (such as rules and social roles) that make up a society and that organize and establish limits on people's behavior.

A)Social interaction
B)Structurally patterned behavior
C)Social structure
D)Group interaction

Question 18

__________ is essential for the survival of society and for the well-being of individuals
Because it provides a social web of familial support and social relationships that
Connects each of us to the larger society.

A)Social structure
B)Group interaction
C)Social interaction
D)Structurally patterned behavior

Question 19

At the __________, the social structure of a society has several essential elements: social institutions, groups, statuses, roles, and norms.

A)mesolevel
B)macrolevel
C)metalevel
D)microlevel

Question 20

A convicted criminal, wearing a prison uniform, is an example of a person who has been __________; the uniform says that the person has done something wrong and should not be allowed unsupervised outside the prison walls.

A)alienated
B)marginalized
C)dislabeled
D)stigmatized

Question 21

Historically, the most common __________ statuses for women have related to positions in the family, such as daughter, wife, and mother.

A)master
B)ascribed
C)achieved
D)valued

Question 22

__________ occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear.

A)Role expectation
B)Role performance
C)Role ambiguity
D)Role alienation

Question 23

__________ is how a person actually plays a role.

A)Role expectation
B)Expected behavior
C)Normative evaluation
D)Role performance

Question 24

Research has found that women who engage in behavior that is gender-typed as "masculine," such as a female student-athlete, tend to have higher rates of __________, than those who engage in traditional "feminine" behavior.

A)role conflict
B)status frustration
C)role ambiguity
D)role performance

Question 25

It is not always clear when the provider-dependent aspect of the parent-child relationship ends. Should it end at age 18 or 21? When a person is no longer in school? When the expectations associated with a role are unclear, __________ occurs.

A)role expectation
B)role performance
C)role alienation
D)role ambiguity

Question 26

Some statuses have __________ that are highly specific, such as that of surgeons or college professors, other statuses, such as friend or significant other, are less-structured.

A)role expectations
B)collective judgments
C)role performances
D)status expectations

Question 27

__________ may focus on the problems of one homeless family, describing how the parents and kids live in a car and eat meals from a soup kitchen. Often what is not shown is the "big picture" of homelessness.

A)Semantic framing
B)Thematic framing
C)Procedural framing
D)Episodic framing

Question 28

Historically for men, occupation has usually been the most common __________. Occupation provides important clues to a person's educational level, income, and family background.

A)valued status
B)achieved status
C)master status
D)ascribed status

Question 29

When people are proud of a particular social status that they occupy, they often choose to use visible means to let others know about their position. __________ are material signs that inform others of a person's specific status.

A)Occupational indicators
B)Consumables
C)Status symbols
D)Conspicuous possessions

Question 30

A __________ is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status.

A)position
B)character
C)value
D)role

Question 31

Occupying the status of a college student means that one's behavior will include attending class, completing assignments, and devoting a lot of time to personal enrichment through academic study. This behavior is referred to as a __________.

A)position
B)character
C)label
D)role

Question 32

A carpenter (employee) hired to remodel a kitchen is not expected to sit down uninvited and join the family (employer) for dinner. This is an example of a __________.

A)value
B)role
C)position
D)character

Question 33

When __________ occurs, we may feel pulled in different directions. We may prioritize our roles and first complete the one we consider to be most important. Or we may compartmentalize our lives and "insulate" our various roles.

A)role ambiguity
B)role alienation
C)role performance
D)role conflict

Question 34

A(n) __________ status is a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.

A)achieved
B)central
C)ascribed
D)universal

Question 35

In relation to media framing about the problem of homelessness, __________ presents public issues such as poverty and homelessness as concrete events, showing them to be specific instances that occur more or less in isolation.

A)episodic framing
B)semantic framing
C)psychological framing
D)procedural framing

Question 36

Wearing a wedding ring proclaims that a person is married, and owning a Rolls-Royce announces that one has "made it." These are examples of __________.

A)status symbols
B)conspicuous consumption
C)consumables
D)cultural capital

Question 37

On December 7ᵗʰ, Charles has a final exam at 7:00 p.m., when he is supposed to be working. Meanwhile, Stephanie (his girlfriend) is pressuring him to take her to a movie. To top it off, his mother calls, asking him to fly home because his father is going to have emergency surgery. Sociologists would say that Charles is experiencing __________.

A)role performance
B)role ambiguity
C)role conflict
D)role alienation

Question 38

According to sociologist Everett Hughes, a(n) __________ status is the most important status a person occupies; it dominates all of the individual's other statuses and is the overriding ingredient in determining a person's general social position.

A)valued
B)master
C)achieved
D)ascribed

Question 39

In relation to media framing about the problem of homelessness, __________ refers to news stories that focus primarily on statistics about the homeless population and recent trends in homelessness.

A)sociological framing
B)semantic framing
C)thematic framing
D)procedural framing

Question 40

__________ include stories about changes in the U. S. poverty rate and articles about states and cities that have had the largest increases in poverty. Most articles of this type are abstract and impersonal, primarily presenting data and some expert's interpretation of what those data mean.

A)Procedural framing
B)Thematic framing
C)Semantic framing
D)Episodic framing

Question 41

A __________ is a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs.

A)group
B)social organization
C)social institution
D)working group

Question 42

Sociologists Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tonnies developed __________ to explain the processes of stability and change in the social structure of societies. These classification schemes contain two or more mutually exclusive categories that are used to compare different kinds of behavior or types of societies.

A)mapologies
B)trilogies
C)typologies
D)graphologies

Question 43

__________ include our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups.

A)Acting groups
B)Secondary groups
C)Formal groups
D)Primary groups

Question 44

Many of us build __________ that involve our personal friends in primary groups and our acquaintances in secondary groups. This series of relationships links an individual to others.

A)cultural bonds
B)cohesive structures
C)social networks
D)cliques

Question 45

All of the following are examples of __________: the family, religion, education, the economy, the government (politics), mass media, sports, science and medicine, and the military.

A)social institutions
B)working groups
C)informal organizations
D)social associations

Question 46

Married women may experience more __________ than married men because of work overload, marital inequality with their spouse, exclusive parenting responsibilities, unclear expectations, and lack of emotional support.

A)role conflict
B)status inconsistency
C)role strain
D)status frustration

Question 47

Sociologist Helen Ebaugh concluded that role exit occurs in four stages. __________ is the first stage, in which people experience frustration or burnout when they reflect on their existing roles.

A) A search for alternatives
B)The creation of a new identity
C)The turning point
D)Doubt

Question 48

To sociologists, a(n) __________ group consists of two or more people who interact frequently and share a common identity and a feeling of interdependence.

A)social
B)acting
C)primary
D)secondary

Question 49

Becky and Eric are best friends and are taking the same sociology course. They have formed a study group to prepare for the tests. As the course progresses, Becky tends to earn much higher test grades and discovers that Eric has found out that she scores higher on the tests. Becky wants to continue to do well in the class, but she doesn't want to make Eric look or feel bad. It is likely that Becky is experiencing __________.

A)role conflict
B)role incompatibility
C)role strain
D)role reversal

Question 50

To sociologists, a(n) __________ is a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.

A)informal group
B)primary group
C)secondary group
D)acting group

Question 51

From the __________ perspective, U. S. government policies in urban areas have benefited some people but exacerbated the problems of others. Urban renewal and transportation projects have caused the destruction of low-cost housing and put large numbers of people "on the street."

A)postmodern
B)functionalist
C)conflict
D)symbolic interactionist

Question 52

A __________ is a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals.

A)secondary organization
B)formal organization
C)primary organization
D)social organization

Question 53

__________ occurs when people consciously foster the impression of a lack of commitment or attachment to a particular role and merely go through the motions of role performance.

A)Role distancing
B)Role conflict
C)Role ambiguity
D)Role strain

Question 54

__________, or cohesion, refers to a group's ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles. It exists when social bonds, attractions, or other forces hold members of a group in interaction over a period of time.

A)Social networking
B)Social solidarity
C)Cultural bonding
D)Cultural diffusion

Question 55

The __________ theorists do not believe that social institutions work for the common good of everyone in society. For example, the homeless lack the power and resources to promote their own interests when they are opposed by dominant social groups.

A)conflict
B)symbolic interactionist
C)functionalist
D)postmodern

Question 56

Schools, churches, and corporations are examples of __________ groups.

A)secondary
B)acting
C)primary
D)informal

Question 57

Jack is a freshman at the local college. As a student, he is feeling pressure. He wants to party like the rest of his fraternity brothers, while at the same time, he wants to maintain his 4.0 grade point average. Sociologists would say that Jack is experiencing _________.

A)role conflict
B)role incompatibility
C)role reversal
D)role strain

Question 58

Recent social changes may have increased __________ for men. In the family, men's traditional positions of dominance have eroded as more women have entered the paid labor force and demanded more assistance in child-rearing and homemaking responsibilities.

A)status frustration
B)role strain
C)status inconsistency
D)role conflict

Question 59

While Ben is working in a fast-food restaurant, he does not want people to think of him
As a "loser in a dead-end job." He wants them to view him as a college student who is working there just to "pick up a few bucks" until he graduates. When customers from the college come in, Ben talks to them about what courses they are taking, what they are majoring in, and what professors they have. He does not discuss whether the bacon cheeseburger is better than the chili burger. In this scenario, Ben is engaging in __________.

A)role ambiguity
B)role inconsistency
C)role distancing
D)role exiting

Question 60

__________ occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity.

A)Status rejection
B)Role ambiguity
C)Role exit
D)Role rejection

Question 61

Our perceptions about the meaning of a situation vary widely based on the statuses we occupy and our unique personal experiences. In her study of women's reactions to street encounters, sociologist Carol Brooks Gardner determined that women __________.

A)usually perceive such encounters as "routine" rituals
B)are generally unafraid during such encounters
C)fear for their personal safety and try to avoid comments and propositions that are sexual in nature when they walk down the street
D)view street encounters in the same way that men do

Question 62

Suppose that a person is told repeatedly that she or he is not a good student. Eventually, this person might come to believe it to be true, stop studying, and receive failing grades. This scenario exemplifies a __________.

A)self-fulfilling prophecy
B)false definition of reality
C)distorted impression of reality
D)false consciousness

Question 63

According to sociologist Erving Goffman, ___________ refers to the strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potential or actual embarrassing situation.

A)studied nonobservance
B)front and back stage behavior
C)face-saving behavior
D)social reconstruction

Question 64

Sociologist Emile Durkheim believed that people in industrial societies come to rely on one another in much the same way that the organs of the human body function interdependently. Social interaction is less personal, more status oriented, and more focused on specific goals and objectives. He referred to this condition as __________.

A)mechanical solidarity
B)specialized solidarity
C)collective solidarity
D)organic solidarity

Question 65

Sociologist Erving Goffman noted that people consciously participate in __________, a face-saving technique in which one role player ignores the flaws in another's performance to avoid embarrassment for everyone involved.

A)studied nonobservance
B)the definition of the situation
C)front stage behavior
D)back stage behavior

Question 66

Sociologist Erving Goffman's term __________ refers to the ways in which an individual shows awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention.

A)civil inattention
B)selective attention
C)passive rudeness
D)reserved rejection

Question 67

The fact that people engage in civil inattention demonstrates that interaction does have a pattern, or __________, which regulates the form and processes (but not the content) of social interaction.

A)patterned interaction
B)interaction order
C)socially programmed interaction
D)reasonable interaction expectation

Question 68

According to sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies, the __________ is a traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability.

A)Gemeinschaft
B)Patriarchy
C)Gesellschaft
D)Matriarchy

Question 69

A(n) __________ is one in which technology supports a service- and information-based economy.

A)industrial society
B)agrarian society
C)horticultural and pastoral society
D)postindustrial society

Question 70

A(n) __________ is a false belief or prediction that produces behavior that makes the originally false belief come true.

A)definition of the situation
B)interactionist dialogue
C)reality impression
D)self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 71

__________ are based on technology that mechanizes production. New technologies, such as cars, computers, electric lights, stereos, and cell phones have stimulated many changes.

A)Agrarian societies
B)Industrial societies
C)Horticultural and Pastoral societies
D)Hunting and Gathering societies

Question 72

Some symbolic interaction theorists believe that there is very little shared reality beyond that which is socially created. They refer to this as the __________, which is the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience.

A)social construction of reality
B)objectification of social reality
C)subjective assessment of reality
D)recertification analysis of reality

Question 73

From sociologist Emile Durkheim's perspective, __________ refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies, in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence.

A)organic solidarity
B)mechanical solidarity
C)collective solidarity
D)specialized solidarity

Question 74

Based on sociologist Emile Durkheim's viewpoint, __________ derives from a society's social structure, which, in turn, is based on the society's division of labor. This division of labor refers to how the various tasks of a society are divided up and performed.

A)social solidarity
B)social bonding
C)social collection
D)social grouping

Question 75

Based on sociologist Erving Goffman's perspectives, __________ is the study of social interaction that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation.

A)ethnomethodology
B)dramaturgical analysis
C)impression management
D)presentational analysis

Question 76

According to _____________, interaction is based on assumptions of shared expectancies. For example, when you are talking with someone, what expectations do you have that you will take turns?

A)conflict theorists
B)ethnomethodologists
C)functionalists
D)rational choice theorists

Question 77

From sociologist Emile Durkheim's perspective, __________ refers to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds.

A)organic solidarity
B)mechanical solidarity
C)specialized solidarity
D)collective solidarity

Question 78

__________, or presentation of self, refers to people's efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favorable to their own interests or image.

A)Impression management
B)Presentational analysis
C)Dramaturgical presentation
D)Ethnomethodological introduction

Question 79

We act on reality as we see it. Sociologists describe this process as the __________, meaning that we analyze a social context in which we find ourselves, determine what is in our best interest, and adjust our attitudes and actions accordingly.

A)reality impression
B)definition of the situation
C)interactionist dialogue
D)self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 80

According to sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies, the __________ is a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values.

A)Patriarchy
B)Gesellschaft
C)Matriarchy
D)Gemeinschaft