Deck 9: Race and Ethnicity.

Question 1

Categories of people referred to as a(n) __________ include Native Americans, Latinos, African Americans, and Asian Americans.

A)tribal group
B)ethnic group
C)race
D)culture

Answer 1

C

Question 2

__________ is a collection of people distinguished by others or by themselves, primarily on the basis of cultural or nationality characteristics.

A)Culture
B)Tribal group
C)Race
D)Ethnic group

Answer 2

D

Question 3

__________ is often hidden from sight and more difficult to prove.

A)Subtle racism
B)Open racism
C)Closed racism
D)Overt racism

Answer 3

A

Question 4

__________ is a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another racial or ethnic group.

A)Profiling
B)Discrimination
C)Stereotyping
D)Racism

Question 5

In the context of racial and ethnic relations, __________ refers to the tendency to regard one's own culture and group as the standard, and thus superior, whereas all other groups are seen as inferior.

A)stereotyping
B)ethnocentrism
C)discrimination
D)prejudice

Question 6

To sociologists, a __________ is one whose members, because of physical or cultural characteristics, are disadvantaged and subjected to unequal treatment by the controlling group and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination.

A)dominant group
B)multilateral group
C)subordinate group
D)majority group

Question 7

__________ is a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other subjectively selected attributes.

A)Ethnic group
B)Race
C)Tribal group
D)Culture

Question 8

According to sociologists, a __________ is one that is advantaged and has superior resources and rights in a society.

A)dominant group
B)minority group
C)subordinate group
D)multilateral group

Question 9

Ethnocentrism is maintained and perpetuated by __________, which is/are overgeneralization(s) about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories.

A)prejudices
B)stereotypes
C)discrimination
D)profiling

Question 10

Examples of a(n) __________ include Jewish Americans, Irish Americans, and Italian Americans.

A)ethnic group
B)tribal group
C)culture
D)race

Question 11

Ethnic groups share five main characteristics. Which of the following characteristics is not shared by ethnic groups?

A)a sense of community
B)a feeling of ethnocentrism
C)unique genetic variations
D)territoriality

Question 12

__________ is blatant and may take the form of public statements about the "inferiority" of members of a racial or ethnic group.

A)Open racism
B)Subtle racism
C)Overt racism
D)Closed racism

Question 13

During World War II, Japan was an "enemy" of the United States, and some people in this country referred to everyone in Japan (or originating from that country) as "Japs." This is an example of __________.

A)discrimination
B)profiling
C)prejudice
D)stereotyping

Question 14

From a sociological perspective, __________ is a negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of specific racial, ethnic, or other groups.

A)prejudice
B)discrimination
C)stereotyping
D)profiling

Question 15

In the United States, whites with Northern European ancestry (often referred to as Euro-Americans, white Anglo-Saxon Protestants, or WASPs) have been considered to be the __________ group for many years.

A)multilateral
B)minority
C)subordinate
D)majority

Question 16

Which statement concerning race, ethnicity and sports is false?

A)Irish Americans were the first to dominate boxing.
B)Chinese and Japanese Americans have not viewed sports as a means of social mobility.
C)In recent rears, racial minorities have moved into coaching and management positions in pro sports.
D)As late as the 1990s, about 90% of quarterbacks and coaches on NFL teams were white.

Question 17

Persons of color and white women are considered to be __________ group members in the United States, particularly when these individuals are from lower-income categories.

A)dominant
B)multilateral
C)majority
D)minority

Question 18

According to sociologists, sports team names are examples of stereotypes. Which of the Following sports team names is not an example of a stereotype?

A)Atlanta Braves
B)Pittsburgh Penguins
C)Kansas City Chiefs
D)Washington Redskins

Question 19

In sports, calling a player of color a derogatory name, participating in racist chanting during a sporting event, and writing racist graffiti in a team's locker room are all forms of __________ racism.

A)closed
B)overt
C)open
D)subtle

Question 20

Historically, stratification based on race and ethnicity has pervaded all aspects of political, economics, and social life. Consider sports as an example. Even after __________ broke the "color line" in 1947 to become the first African American in Major League Baseball, his experience was marred by racial slurs, hate letters, and death threats.

A)Willie Mays
B)Jackie Robinson
C)Henry Aaron
D)Satchel Paige

Question 21

Examples of __________ include the killing of thousands of Native Americans by white settlers in North America and the extermination of six million European Jews by Nazi Germany.

A)prejudice
B)discrimination
C)genocide
D)racism

Question 22

Two players on a professional sports team are best friends; it so happens that one player is white and the other is African American. According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, these players are __________.

A)unprejudiced nondiscriminators
B)unprejudiced discriminators
C)prejudiced nondiscriminators
D)prejudiced discriminators

Question 23

In some areas, such as Yugoslavia, people who are members of particular subordinate groups have been forced to flee or die. This is an example of __________.

A)genocide
B)ethnic cleansing
C)ethnocentrism
D)authoritarianism

Question 24

According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ hold personal prejudice but do not discriminate due to peer pressure, legal demands, or a desire for profits.

A)prejudiced discriminators
B)unprejudiced discriminators
C)prejudiced nondiscriminators
D)unprejudiced nondiscriminators

Question 25

An umpire dislikes African Americans and with deliberate intent, often makes official calls incorrectly when black players are at bat. According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, this coach is a/an __________.

A)unprejudiced nondiscriminator
B)unprejudiced discriminator
C)prejudiced nondiscriminator
D)prejudiced discriminator

Question 26

A restaurant owner in the South during the 1950s does not feel negatively towards African Americans but refuses to serve them in his restaurant. According to Robert Merton's typology, the restaurant owner is a(n) _____.

A)unprejudiced discriminator
B)prejudiced nondiscriminator
C)prejudiced discriminator
D)unprejudiced nondiscriminator

Question 27

A football coach dislikes African Americans but still hires black players because he thinks they will enhance the team's ability to win. According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, this coach is a(n) __________.

A)unprejudiced nondiscriminator
B)unprejudiced discriminator
C)prejudiced nondiscriminator
D)prejudiced discriminator

Question 28

Based on sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ hold personal prejudices and actively discriminate against others.

A)unprejudiced discriminators
B)prejudiced nondiscriminators
C)prejudiced discriminators
D)unprejudiced nondiscriminators

Question 29

Often members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become __________ and are often blamed for societal problems (such as unemployment or an economic recession) over which they have no control.

A)authoritarian personalities
B)racists
C)frustrated nonaggressors
D)scapegoats

Question 30

The __________ is most likely to develop in a family environment in which dominating parents who are anxious about status use physical discipline but show very little love in raising their children.

A)superiority personality
B)inferiority personality
C)passive-aggressive personality
D)authoritarian personality

Question 31

Psychologist Theodor W. Adorno and his colleagues concluded that highly prejudiced individuals tend to have a(n) __________, which is characterized by excessive conformity, submissiveness to authority, intolerance, insecurity, a high level of superstition, and rigid, stereotypic thinking.

A)frustrated-aggressive demeanor
B)authoritarian personality
C)scapegoat obsession
D)superiority complex

Question 32

Examples of __________ racism in sports include those descriptions of African American athletes which suggest that they have "natural" abilities and are better suited for team positions requiring speed and agility.

A)open
B)closed
C)overt
D)subtle

Question 33

According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ are not personally prejudiced and do not discriminate against others.

A)prejudiced discriminators
B)unprejudiced nondiscriminators
C)prejudiced nondiscriminators
D)unprejudiced discriminators

Question 34

A(n) __________ is a person or group that is incapable of offering resistance to the hostility or aggression of others.

A)frustrated nonaggressor
B)scapegoat
C)racist
D)authoritarian personality

Question 35

The ultimate form of discrimination occurs when people are considered to be unworthy to live because of their race or ethnicity. An example of this is __________ , the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation.

A)Discrimination
B)Genocide
C)Prejudice
D)Racism

Question 36

__________ involves actions or practices of dominant group members (or their representatives) that have a harmful impact on members of a subordinate group.

A)Prejudice
B)Racism
C)Stereotyping
D)Discrimination

Question 37

The __________ states that people who are disappointed in their efforts to achieve a highly desired goal will respond with a pattern of assertiveness toward others.

A)social learning theory
B)authoritarian personality principle
C)frustration-aggression hypothesis
D)social convergence hypothesis

Question 38

One study found that as the economic conditions worsened in the South, whites' aimed their anger towards African American who then became a scapegoat. As a result, there was an increase in the lynchings of African Americans. This illustrates which theory?

A)authoritarianism
B)conflict
C)symbolic interaction
D)frustration-aggression

Question 39

Initially, children do not have a frame of reference from which to question the prejudices of their relatives and friends. When they are rewarded with smiles or laughs for telling derogatory jokes or making negative comments about outgroup members, children's prejudiced attitudes may be reinforced. According to symbolic interactionists, this exemplifies __________.

A)social learning
B)frustration-aggression
C)the authoritarian personality
D)unprejudiced discrimination

Question 40

Based on sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ may have no personal prejudice but still engage in discriminatory behavior because of peer group pressure or economic, political, or social interests.

A)unprejudiced discriminators
B)prejudiced nondiscriminators
C)prejudiced discriminators
D)unprejudiced nondiscriminators

Question 41

Sociologist Joe Feagin referred to __________ as practices that have a harmful impact on subordinate group members even though the organizationally or community prescribed norms or regulations guiding these actions were initially established with no intent to harm.

A)direct institutionalized discrimination
B)isolate discrimination
C)indirect institutionalized discrimination
D)small-group discrimination

Question 42

Sociologist Joe Feagin identified __________ as harmful action intentionally taken by a dominant group member against a member of a subordinate group. This type of discrimination occurs without the support of other members of the dominant group in the immediate social or community context.

A)indirect institutionalized discrimination
B)isolate discrimination
C)direct institutionalized discrimination
D)small-group discrimination

Question 43

According to the "prejudice causes discrimination" belief, how can we best reduce discrimination?

A)equality laws
B)changing attitudes
C)better use of affirmative action programs
D)increasing peoples' learning skills

Question 44

Sociologist Joe Feagin identified __________ as harmful action intentionally taken by a limited number of dominant group members against members of subordinate groups. This type of discrimination is not supported by existing norms or other dominant group members in the immediate social or community context.

A)isolate discrimination
B)direct institutionalized discrimination
C)small-group discrimination
D)indirect institutionalized discrimination

Question 45

A prejudiced judge gives harsher sentences to all African American defendants, even though he is not supported by the judicial system in his actions. According to sociologist Joe Feagin, this illustrates __________discrimination.

A)indirect institutionalized
B)small-group
C)direct institutionalized
D)isolate

Question 46

__________ discrimination consists of one-on-one acts by members of the dominant group that harm members of the subordinate group or their property.

A)Individual
B)Standard
C)Institutional
D)Uniform

Question 47

A bank might consistently deny loans to people of a certain race. This would be an example of __________ discrimination.

A)marginal
B)institutional
C)uniform
D)individual

Question 48

In the __________ hypothesis, symbolic interactionists point out that when people from divergent groups are exposed to each other, favorable attitudes and behavior develop when certain factors are present.

A)relationship
B)social behavior
C)contact
D)participation

Question 49

__________ examine how microlevel contacts between people may produce either greater racial tolerance or increased levels of hostility.

A)Conflict theorists
B)Symbolic interactionists
C)Functionalists
D)Postmodern theorists

Question 50

The contact hypotheses comes from which theoretical perspective?

A)functional
B)conflict
C)symbolic interaction
D)post-modernist

Question 51

__________ focus on the macrolevel intergroup processes that occur between members of dominant and subordinate groups in society.

A)Postmodern theorists
B)Symbolic interactionists
C)Functionalists
D)Conflict theorists

Question 52

__________ discrimination consists of the day-to-day practices of organizations and institutions that have a harmful impact on members of subordinate groups.

A)Individual
B)Marginal
C)Institutional
D)Uniform

Question 53

A small group of white students may deface a professor's office with racial epithets without the support of other students or faculty members. According to sociologist Joe Feagin, these students' behavior illustrates __________ discrimination.

A)indirect institutionalized
B)small-group
C)direct institutionalized
D)isolate

Question 54

Symbolic interactionists point out that when people from divergent groups are exposed to each other, favorable attitudes and behavior develop when certain factors are present. Which of the following is not one of these factors identified?

A)Members must have equal status.
B)Members must pursue different goals.
C)Members must cooperate with one another to achieve their goals.
D)Members must receive positive feedback when they interact with one another in positive, nondiscriminatory ways.

Question 55

Sociologist Joe Feagin identified __________as organizationally prescribed or community prescribed action that intentionally has a differential and negative impact on members of subordinate groups. These actions are routinely carried out by a number of dominant group members based on the norms of the immediate organization or community.

A)small-group discrimination
B)isolate discrimination
C)indirect institutionalized discrimination
D)direct institutionalized discrimination

Question 56

A person may decide not to rent an apartment to someone of a different race. This would be an example of __________ discrimination.

A)uniform
B)institutional
C)standard
D)individual

Question 57

Special education classes were originally intended to provide extra educational opportunities for children with various types of disabilities. However, critics claim that these programs have amounted to racial segregation in many school districts. According to sociologist Joe Feagin, these policies illustrate __________ discrimination.

A)indirect institutionalized
B)small-group
C)direct institutionalized
D)isolate

Question 58

__________ is a process by which members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominant culture.

A)Participation
B)Pluralism
C)Assimilation
D)Colonialism

Question 59

In San Jose, California, managers of Denny's restaurants were instructed to implement policies designed to limit or discourage African American patronage. According to sociologist Joe Feagin, these policies illustrate __________ discrimination.

A)indirect institutionalized
B)small-group
C)direct institutionalized
D)isolate

Question 60

__________ analyze power and economic differentials between the dominant groups and subordinate groups in society.

A)Conflict theorists
B)Functionalists
C)Postmodern theorists
D)Symbolic interactionists

Question 61

An example of __________ was the Jim Crow laws, which legalized the separation of the races in public accommodations (such as hotels, restaurants, transportation, hospitals, jails, schools, churches, and cemeteries) in the southern United States after the Civil War.

A)de face segregation
B)de hisce segregation
C)de facto segregation
D)de jure segregation

Question 62

__________ assimilation occurs when members of an ethnic group adopt dominant group traits, such as language, dress, values, religion, and food preferences.

A)Cultural (acculturation)
B)Structural (integration)
C)Biological (amalgamation)
D)Psychological

Question 63

Equalitarian pluralism describes a situation in which ethnic groups coexist in equality with one another. This pattern is also referred to as __________.

A)miscegenation
B)segregation
C)accommodation
D)compatibility

Question 64

__________ assimilation occurs when members of subordinate racial or ethnic groups gain acceptance in everyday social interaction with members of the dominant group.

A)Biological (amalgamation)
B)Psychological
C)Structural (integration)
D)Cultural (acculturation)

Question 65

__________ typically starts in large, impersonal settings such as schools and workplaces, and only later (if at all) results in close friendships and intermarriage.

A)Psychological assimilation
B)Structural (integration) assimilation
C)Biological (amalgamation) assimilation
D)Cultural (acculturation) assimilation

Question 66

Which statement below is false?

A)Less than 3 percent of U.S.marriages are interracial.
B)The majority of Americans have few close friends from another race.
C)TV ads and programming accurately reflect interracial marriages and friendships.
D)Most (80%) white Americans live in neighborhoods that are almost all totally white.

Question 67

Class perspectives emphasize the role of the capitalist class in racial exploitation. Sociologist Oliver Cox suggested that African Americans were enslaved because __________.

A)of prejudice toward black-skinned people
B)they were the cheapest and best workers the owners could find for heavy labor in the mines and on plantations
C)they allowed themselves to be dominated
D)of the owed debts they were unable to pay

Question 68

Segregation may be enforced by law. __________ segregation refers to laws that systematically enforced the physical and social separation of African Americans in all areas of public life.

A)De face
B)De jure
C)De hisce
D)De facto

Question 69

__________ in this country initially followed an "Anglo conformity" model; members of subordinate ethnic groups were expected to conform to the culture of the dominant white Anglo-Saxon population.

A)Psychological assimilation
B)Structural (integration) assimilation
C)Cultural (acculturation) assimilation
D)Biological (amalgamation) assimilation

Question 70

__________ assimilation involves a change in racial or ethnic self-identification on the part of an individual.

A)Cultural (acculturation)
B)Biological (amalgamation)
C)Structural (integration)
D)Psychological

Question 71

__________ refers to the spatial and social separation of categories of people by race, ethnicity, class, gender, and/or religion.

A)Miscegenation
B)Social isolation
C)Segregation
D)Social rejection

Question 72

Many groups share elements of the mainstream culture while remaining culturally distinct from both the dominant group and other social and ethnic groups. __________ is the coexistence of a variety of distinct racial and ethnic groups within one society.

A)Ethnic pluralism
B)Psychological pluralism
C)Internal pluralism
D)Cultural pluralism

Question 73

Inequalitarian pluralism describes a situation in which specific ethnic groups are set apart from the dominant group and have unequal access to power and privilege. This pattern is also referred to as __________.

A)miscegenation
B)segregation
C)accommodation
D)incompatibility

Question 74

This kind of theorist emphasizes assimilation into the dominant culture:

A)functional
B)conflict
C)symbolic interaction
D)post-modernist

Question 75

The caste perspective views racial and ethnic inequality as a permanent feature of U.S. society. The caste system was strengthened by __________ laws, which prohibited sexual intercourse or marriage between persons of different races.

A)antimiscegenation
B)segregation
C)ethnic purity
D)racial cleansing

Question 76

Current and recent TV ads suggest that racially mixed families, groups and neighborhoods are quite common in the U.S. These ads employ a particular devise known as _____ framing.

A)ethnic
B)racial and ethnic
C)multicultural
D)racial harmony

Question 77

Switzerland has been described as a model of __________ pluralism; more than 6 million people with French, German, and Italian cultural heritages peacefully coexist there.

A)miscegenation
B)accommodation
C)compatibility
D)segregation

Question 78

__________ is still prevalent in many U.S. cities; owners, landlords, real estate agents, and apartment managers often use informal mechanisms to maintain their properties for "whites only."

A)De jure segregation
B)De face segregation
C)De facto segregation
D)De hisce segregation

Question 79

__________ assimilation occurs when members of one group marry those of other social or ethnic groups.

A)Cultural (acculturation)
B)Biological (amalgamation)
C)Structural (integration)
D)Psychological

Question 80

Segregation may be enforced by custom. __________ segregation refers to racial separation and inequality enforced by custom, and it may be difficult to document.

A)de facto
B)de hisce
C)de jure
D)de face