Deck 12: Education and Religion.

Question 1

Attempts to remove textbooks from the schools have occurred at what level?

A)elementary
B)middle
C)high
D)attempts have occurred at all levels

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Home schooling in the U.S. has increased primarily because of

A)religious reasons.
B)secular reasons.
C)gender or racial bias.
D)Both a and b are correct .

Answer 2

D

Question 3

__________ theorists believe that education contributes to the maintenance of society and provides people with an opportunity for self-enhancement and upward social mobility. They view education as one of the most important components of society.

A)Symbolic interactionist
B)Conflict
C)Postmodernist
D)Functionalist

Answer 3

D

Question 4

According to sociologist __________, education is crucial for promoting solidarity and stability in society. Education is the "influence exercised by adult generations on those that are not yet ready for social life." In other words, we can learn from what others have already experienced.

A)Emile Durkheim
B)Robert Merton
C)Max Weber
D)Karl Marx

Question 5

In primary and secondary schools, students are taught specific subject matter appropriate to their age, skill level, and previous educational experience. At the college level, students focus on more detailed knowledge of subjects that they have previously studied while also being exposed to new areas of study and research. These examples depict the manifest function of education known as __________.

A)change and innovation
B)social control
C)social placement
D)socialization

Question 6

Schools are responsible for teaching values such as discipline, respect, obedience, punctuality, and perseverance. Schools teach conformity by encouraging young people to be good students, conscientious future workers, and law-abiding citizens. This represents the manifest function of education known as __________.

A)socialization
B)transmission of culture
C)social control
D)social placement

Question 7

Ultimately, issues relating to the separation of church and state, including religious instruction in public schools, are constitutional issues that are decided by __________, in the absence of a constitutional amendment.

A)the President of the United States
B)state governors
C)the nation's law schools
D)the U.S.Supreme Court

Question 8

As student populations diversify over time, new educational programs are introduced to meet societal needs. For example, sex education, drug education, and multicultural studies have been implemented in some schools to help students learn about pressing social issues. This exemplifies the manifest function of education called __________.

A)socialization
B)transmission of culture
C)change and innovation
D)social placement

Question 9

Schools are responsible for identifying the most qualified people to fill available positions in society. As a result, students are channeled into programs based on individual ability and academic achievement. This illustrates the manifest function of education referred to as __________.

A)change and innovation
B)transmission of culture
C)social control
D)social placement

Question 10

Education serves five major manifest functions in society. Which of the following was not identified as a manifest of function of education?

A)socialization
B)transmission of culture
C)restricting some activities
D)social control

Question 11

Contemporary __________ suggest that education is responsible for teaching U.S. values. According to sociologist Amitai Etzioni, "shared" values (such as the dignity of all persons ought to be respected) should be transmitted by schools from kindergarten through college.

A)conflict theorists
B)symbolic interactionists
C)functionalists
D)postmodernists

Question 12

Education serves at least three latent functions. Which of the following was not identified as a latent function of education?

A)restricting some activities.
B)creation of a generation gap.
C)matchmaking and production of social networks.
D)change and innovation.

Question 13

Schools play an active part in the process of assimilation, whereby recent immigrants learn dominant values, attitudes, and behavior so that they can be productive members of society. This exemplifies the manifest function of education referred to as __________.

A)social placement
B)transmission of culture
C)social control
D)change and innovation

Question 14

__________ is the social institution responsible for the systematic transmission of knowledge, skills, and cultural values within a formally organized structure.

A)Religion
B)Political science
C)Education
D)Sociology

Question 15

All social institutions, including education, have some __________, which are hidden, unstated, and sometimes unintended consequences of activities within an organization or institution.

A)intrinsic functions
B)latent functions
C)extrinsic functions
D)manifest functions

Question 16

Which statement concerning education in the U.S. is false?

A)No mention of religion was made in the original Constitution.
B)Jewish parochial schools have grown rapidly in the past decade.
C)The U.S.Congress has the ultimate authority as to whether or not religion can be included in the curriculum of public schools.
D)There has been a high increase in the percentage of the U.S.population that describe themselves as having no religion.

Question 17

Early in the twentieth century, all states passed __________ laws that require children to attend school until they reach a specified age (usually age 16) or complete a minimum level of formal education (generally the eighth grade).

A)compulsory education
B)mandatory education
C)required education
D)minimum education

Question 18

Some functions of education are ___________, which are open, stated and, intended goals or consequences of activities within an organization or institution.

A)latent functions
B)intrinsic functions
C)extrinsic functions
D)manifest functions

Question 19

A(n) __________ function in education includes teaching specific subjects, such as science, mathematics, reading, history, and English.

A)extrinsic
B)manifest
C)intrinsic
D)latent

Question 20

From kindergarten through college, schools teach students the student role and specific academic subjects. This illustrates the manifest function of education referred to as __________.

A)socialization
B)transmission of culture
C)social placement
D)change and innovation

Question 21

While character education has been suggested for reducing bullying, one alternative is to focus on what?

A)affirmative action programs
B)cultural diversity
C)the social environment of the school
D)stronger penalties

Question 22

__________ theorists do not believe that public schools reduce social inequality in society; rather, they believe that schools often perpetuate class, racial/ethnic, and gender inequalities as some groups seek to maintain their privileged position at the expense of others.

A)Functionalist
B)Symbolic interactionist
C)Conflict
D)Postmodernist

Question 23

Although many factors, including intelligence, family income, motivation, and previous achievement are important in determining how much education a person will attain, __________ argue that access to quality education is closely related to social class.

A)symbolic interactionists
B)functionalists
C)postmodernist
D)conflict theorists

Question 24

Students may learn information in school that contradicts beliefs held by their parents or their religion. Debates over the content of textbooks and library books typically center on information that parents deem unacceptable for their children. This illustrates the latent function of education known as __________.

A)social placement
B)matchmaking and production of social networks
C)restricting some activities
D)creation of a generation gap

Question 25

Through the __________, schools make working-class and poverty-level students aware that they will be expected to take orders from others, arrive at work punctually, follow bureaucratic rules, and experience high levels of boredom without complaining.

A)latent function of education
B)educational indoctrination
C)tracking system
D)hidden curriculum

Question 26

Because schools bring together people of similar ages, social class, and race/ethnicity, young people often meet future marriage partners. This latent function of education results in __________.

A)the creation of a generation gap
B)the transmission of culture
C)matchmaking and the production of social networks
D)restricting some activities

Question 27

Wesley Perkins has developed what kind of approach to preventing bullying?

A)social norms
B)communication skills
C)personality defective
D)conflict resolution

Question 28

Some __________ theorists argue that U.S. education is not promoting the high-level skills in reading, writing, science, and mathematics that are needed in the workplace and the global economy.

A)postmodernist
B)functionalist
C)symbolic interactionist
D)conflict

Question 29

As much as _____ of adults students that they bully others with some frequency during the school year.

A)5%
B)10%
C)25%
D)35%

Question 30

__________ theorists believe that tracking seriously affects many students' educational performance and their overall academic accomplishments. In elementary schools, tracking is often referred to as "ability grouping" and is based on the assumption that it is easier to teach a group of students who have similar abilities.

A)Functionalist
B)Conflict
C)Symbolic interactionist
D)Postmodernist

Question 31

According to conflict theorists, the __________ is the transmission of cultural values and attitudes, such as conformity and obedience to authority, through implied demands found in the rules, routines, and regulations of schools.

A)tracking system
B)hidden curriculum
C)latent function of education
D)educational indoctrination

Question 32

__________ refers to the practice of assigning students to specific curriculum groups and courses on the basis of their test scores, previous grades, or other criteria.

A)Age grading
B)Intelligence grouping
C)Tracking
D)Ability segregation

Question 33

Clearly, test scores are subject to a variety of interpretations; however, for most __________ analysts, lagging test scores are a sign that problems exist in the nation's educational systems. Accordingly, improvements will occur only when more stringent academic requirements are implemented for students.

A)conflict
B)postmodern
C)functionalist
D)symbolic interactionist

Question 34

Standardized tests that are used to group students by ability and to assign them to classes often measure students' __________ rather than their "natural" intelligence or aptitude.

A)cultural mystique
B)ability segregation
C)cultural capital
D)cultural baggage

Question 35

__________ involves "proper" attitudes toward education, socially approved dress and manners, and knowledge about books, art, music, and other forms of high and popular culture.

A)Cultural mystique
B)Proper social grace
C)Accumulated social wisdom
D)Cultural capital

Question 36

Education keeps students off the street and out of the full-time job market for a number of years, thus helping keep unemployment within reasonable bounds. This illustrates the latent function of education referred to as __________.

A)restricting some activities
B)matchmaking and production of social networks
C)creation of a generation gap
D)social placement

Question 37

Some social scientists believe that __________ is one of the most obvious mechanisms through which students of color and those from low-income families receive a diluted academic program, making it much more likely that they will fall even further behind their white, middle-class counterparts.

A)ability segregation
B)intelligence grouping
C)age grading
D)tracking

Question 38

Studies reveal that anywhere from _____ to _____ of U.S. students are bullied during the school year.

A)3% to 5%
B)10% to 15%
C)15% to 25%
D)30% to 40%

Question 39

According to French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, students from diverse class backgrounds come to school with different amounts of __________, which refers to social assets that include values, beliefs, attitudes, and competencies in language and culture.

A)cultural capital
B)proper social grace
C)accumulated social wisdom
D)cultural baggage

Question 40

Which of the following statement relating to bullying is false?

A)It is an act of aggression.
B)It is rarely repeated.
C)The victim has a difficult time defending him or herself.
D)It is common not only in the U.S.but around the world.

Question 41

According to __________, the process of labeling is directly related to the power and status of those persons who do the labeling and those who are being labeled.

A)conflict theorists
B)symbolic interactionists
C)functionalists
D)postmodernists

Question 42

A classic form of labeling and the self-fulfilling prophecy occurs through the use of __________ tests, which claim to measure a person's inherent intelligence, apart from any family or school influences on the individual.

A)personality
B)emotional
C)developmental
D)intelligence

Question 43

Although there has been a decrease in the overall school dropout rate over the past two decades, about __________ percent of people between the ages of 14 and 24 have left school before earning a high school diploma.

A)5
B)10
C)15
D)20

Question 44

In their controversial book "The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life," Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray argue that intelligence is __________.

A)strictly an environmental phenomenon
B)genetically inherited
C)not related to a person's racial-ethnic group "intelligence genes"
D)not something that can be measured accurately

Question 45

__________ is a process of social selection in which class advantage and social status are linked to the possession of academic qualifications.

A)Credentialism
B)Tracking
C)The hidden curriculum
D)Ability grouping

Question 46

__________ is the process whereby a person is identified by others as possessing a specific characteristic or exhibiting a certain pattern of behavior (such as being deviant).

A)Marking
B)Tagging
C)Categorizing
D)Labeling

Question 47

In schools, teachers and administrators are empowered to label children in various ways, including grades, written comments on deportment (classroom behavior), and placement in classes. This example would be associated with __________ theorists.

A)symbolic interactionist
B)postmodernist
C)functionalist
D)conflict

Question 48

Efforts to bring about __________, which is the implementation of specific action to change the racial/ethnic and/or class composition of the student body, have failed in many districts throughout the country.

A)integration
B)assimilation
C)desegregation
D)accommodation

Question 49

In many areas of the United States, schools remain racially segregated or have become resegregated after earlier attempts at integration failed. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in __________ that "separate but equal" segregated schools are unconstitutional because they are inherently unequal.

A)Frager v.the Board of Education of Houston, Texas
B)Jordan v.the Board of Education of Montgomery, Alabama
C)Brown v.the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
D)Bollinger v.the Board of Education of Lansing, Michigan

Question 50

According to Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, certain racial/ethnic groups differ in average IQ and are likely to differ in "intelligence genes" as well. For example, they point out that, on average, people living in Asia score higher on IQ tests than white Americans and that African Americans score __________ on average than white Americans.

A)10 points higher
B)10 points lower
C)15 points lower
D)15 points higher

Question 51

__________ theorists examine educational practices that undermine female students' self-esteem and discouraged them from taking certain courses, such as math and science, which were usually dominated by male teachers and students.

A)Conflict
B)Postmodernist
C)Symbolic interactionist
D)Functionalist

Question 52

__________ is a social system in which status is assumed to be acquired through individual ability and effort.

A)Tracking
B)Credentialism
C)Meritocracy
D)Educational bureaucracy

Question 53

Ethnic and class differences are significant in dropout rates. For example, __________ have the highest dropout rate (24.0 percent) in U.S. schools.

A)Latinos/as (Hispanics)
B)African-Americans
C)Native Americans
D)non-Hispanic Whites

Question 54

A teacher who believes (as a result of stereotypes based on the relationship between IQ and race) that some students of color are less capable of learning and treats them accordingly may contribute to __________.

A)the iron law of oligarchy
B)the labeling process
C)tracking
D)the hidden curriculum

Question 55

Efforts to bring about __________, which is the abolition of legally sanctioned racial/ethnic segregation, have failed in many districts throughout the country.

A)assimilation
B)integration
C)accommodation
D)desegregation

Question 56

According to the text's discussion of unequal funding as a source of inequality in education, __________.

A)of the small proportion of school funding that comes from the federal government, most funds are earmarked for special programs that specifically target disadvantaged students or students with disabilities
B)most educational funds are derived from state and federal income taxes
C)the property tax base for central city schools has continued to grow in most regions
D)recent redistribution of funds has made many schools' resources more equitable than in the past

Question 57

The __________ focus on the classroom communication patterns and educational practices, such as labeling that affect students' self-concept and aspirations.

A)conflict theorists
B)functionalists
C)symbolic interactionists
D)postmodernists

Question 58

A __________ is an unsubstantiated belief or prediction resulting in behavior that makes the originally false belief come true.

A)self-fulfilling prophecy
B)learning disability
C)defeating perception
D)fallacy of reasoning

Question 59

Recently, __________ programs, which would allow students and their families to spend a specific sum of government money to purchase education at the school of their choice, have gained many supporters, who believe that this system might be an answer to some of the problems that plague public education today.

A)school tracking
B)school voucher
C)school ability grouping
D)school labeling

Question 60

According to __________ theorists, gender bias is embedded in both the formal and the hidden curricula of schools. For many years, reading materials, classroom activities, and treatment by teachers and peers contributed to a feeling among many girls and young women that they were less important than male students.

A)symbolic interactionist
B)functionalist
C)postmodernist
D)conflict

Question 61

Census data reflect that the highest levels of educational attainment are held by __________.

A)Hispanic Americans
B)Asian Americans
C)African Americans
D)Native Americans

Question 62

__________ offer pre-baccalaureate programs for students planning to transfer to a four-year university, occupational education leading directly to employment, adult education and literacy programs, work-force and workplace development services, and support services to help students succeed.

A)Technical colleges
B)Administrative colleges
C)Community colleges
D)Preparatory colleges

Question 63

The __________ refers to the everyday, secular, or "worldly" aspects of life. Secular beliefs have their foundation in scientific knowledge or everyday explanations.

A)profane
B)anti-spiritual
C)sacred
D)mundane

Question 64

People often act out their religious beliefs in the form of __________, which are symbolic actions that represent religious meanings.

A)sacred ceremonies
B)supernatural rites
C)rituals
D)magical rites

Question 65

Anthropologists have concluded that all known groups over the past 100,000 years have had some form of religion. Which of the following was not as a form of religion?

A)simple supernaturalism
B)transubstantiation
C)theism
D)animism

Question 66

In the debate over creationism and evolutionism, advocates of creationism view their belief as founded in __________ (Biblical) teachings.

A)spiritual
B)profane
C)ritual
D)sacred

Question 67

Horticultural societies were among the first to practice __________, which is a belief in a single, supreme being or god who is responsible for significant events such as the creation of the world.

A)nontheistic
B)monotheism
C)polytheism
D)unitheism

Question 68

__________ is a philosophy of education that aims to empower individuals, free the mind from ignorance, and cultivate social responsibility. For this reason, four-year schools typically offer a general education curriculum that gives students exposure to multiple disciplines and ways of knowing, along with more in-depth study (known as a "major") in at least one area of concentration.

A)Traditional education
B)Liberal education
C)Conservative education
D)Contemporary education

Question 69

__________ is associated with early hunting and gathering societies and with many Native American societies, in which everyday life was not separated from the elements of the natural world.

A)Transcendent idealism
B)Theism
C)Animism
D)Simple supernaturalism

Question 70

A category of religion, __________ refers to a belief in a god or gods.

A)animism
B)simple supernaturalism
C)transcendent idealism
D)theism

Question 71

Across cultures and in different eras, many things have been considered __________, including invisible gods, spirits, specific animals or trees, altars, crosses, holy books, and special words or songs that only the initiated could speak or sing.

A)magical
B)profane
C)spiritual
D)sacred

Question 72

In the debate over creationism and evolutionism, advocates of evolutionism argue that their beliefs are based on __________ (provable scientific) facts.

A)ritual
B)sacred
C)spiritual
D)profane

Question 73

Which statement concerning Native Americans college enrollment is true?

A)Enrollment in all colleges has increased significantly in the past decade.
B)Two year colleges have experienced an increase in enrollments.
C)Tribal colleges receive much of their funding from state and local grants.
D)There are now over 100 colleges solely operated by Native American ?

Question 74

Some analysts believe that the high cost of education reinforces the existing social class system. Which sociological perspective would be most likely to argue this?

A)functional
B)conflict
C)symbolic interaction
D)postmodern

Question 75

__________ does not acknowledge specific gods or supernatural spirits but focuses nstead on impersonal forces that may exist in people or natural objects.

A)Theism
B)Transcendent idealism
C)Animism
D)Simple supernaturalism

Question 76

According to sociologist Emile Durkheim, __________ refers to those aspects of life that are extraordinary or supernatural - in other words, those things that are set apart as "holy."

A)profane
B)sacred
C)spiritual
D)magical

Question 77

When Muslims bow toward Mecca, the holy city of Islam, five times a day at fixed times to pray to God, and Christians participate in the celebration of communion to commemorate the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus, they are engaging in __________.

A)sacred ceremonies
B)magical rites
C)supernatural rites
D)rituals

Question 78

In very simple preindustrial societies, religions often take the form of __________, which is the belief that supernatural forces affect people's lives either positively or negatively.

A)simple supernaturalism
B)animism
C)theism
D)transcendent idealism

Question 79

__________ is the belief that plants, animals, or other elements of the natural world are endowed with spirits or life forces having an impact on events in society.

A)Theism
B)Animism
C)Simple supernaturalism
D)Transcendent idealism

Question 80

__________ is a system of beliefs, symbols, and rituals, based on some sacred or supernatural realm that guides human behavior, gives meaning to life, and unites believers into a community.

A)Secularization
B)Spirituality
C)Religion
D)Liberation theology