Deck 15: Population and Urbanization.

Question 1

Changes in population occur as a result of three processes. Which of the following is not a process that results in a change in population?

A)fertility
B)mortality
C)social pathology
D)migration

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The __________ is the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.

A)total fertility rate
B)crude birth rate
C)age-specific rate
D)non-refined fertility

Answer 2

B

Question 3

An important relationship exists between population size and the availability of food, water, energy, and housing. Population size, composition, and distribution are also connected to issues such as poverty, racial and ethnic diversity, shifts in the age structure of society, and concerns about environmental degradation. These issues are of interest to researchers in the field of __________.

A)Graphology
B)Ecology
C)Social psychology
D)Demography

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In 1900, the leading cause of death in the United States was __________.
A)kidney disease

A)influenza/pneumonia
B)tuberculosis
C)diphtheria

Question 5

The __________ is the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.

A)total death rate
B)crude death rate
C)death quota rate
D)refined death rate

Question 6

Which statement concerning immigration into the U.S. is false?

A)The majority of unauthorized adult immigrants consist of males.
B)Over 90 percent of unauthorized male immigrants are in the work force.
C)Undocumented male workers are often younger than legal immigrant or native-born males.
D)The percentage of unauthorized immigrant workers in white-collar occupations has risen substantially in the 2000s.

Question 7

In 2006, the crude birth rate in the United States was __________, as compared with an all-time high rate of 27.0 per 1,000 in 1947 (following World War II).

A)5.3 per 1,000
B)10.4 per 1,000
C)14.1 per 1,000
D)17.6 per 1,000

Question 8

The simplest measure of mortality is the __________ rate.

A)crude death
B)total death
C)death quota
D)refined death

Question 9

__________ is the potential number of children that could be born if every woman reproduced at her maximum biological capacity.

A)Reproduction
B)Fecundity
C)Fertility
D)Fruitfulness

Question 10

__________ is the actual level of childbearing for an individual or a population.

A)Reproduction
B)Fecundity
C)Fertility
D)Fruitfulness

Question 11

In __________ mortality rates have declined dramatically as diseases such as malaria, polio, typhoid, and measles have been virtually eliminated by vaccinations, improved sanitation, and personal hygiene.

A)low-income, less-developed nations
B)high-income, less-developed nations
C)low-income, developed nations
D)high-income, developed nations

Question 12

Most unauthorized immigrants come from _____.

A)Mexico
B)China
C)Canada
D)Brazil

Question 13

The most basic measure of fertility is the __________ rate.

A)total fertility
B)age-specific birth
C)crude birth
D)non-refined fertility

Question 14

As used by demographers, a __________ is a group of people who live in a specified geographic area.

A)society
B)culture
C)sect
D)population

Question 15

The primary cause of world population growth in recent years has been a decline in __________, which is the incidence of death in a population.

A)the crude death rate
B)the total death rate
C)the death quota
D)mortality

Question 16

__________ is a subfield of sociology that examines population size, composition, and distribution.

A)Ecology
B)Demography
C)Social psychology
D)Graphology

Question 17

Approximately ____ percent of the children living in unauthorized immigrant families in the U.S. are U.S. citizens by birth.

A)15
B)46
C)64
D)88

Question 18

The level of fertility in a society is based on biological and social factors, the primary biological factor being __________.

A)the general health and nutrition of the women
B)the roles available to women in a society
C)the prevalent viewpoint regarding what constitutes the "ideal" family size
D)the number of women of childbearing age

Question 19

The world's population of almost 6.6 billion in 2008 is increasing by more than 78 million people per year as a result of the larger number of births than deaths worldwide. Between 2000 and 2030, almost all of the world's 1.4 percent annual population growth will occur __________.

A)in high-income countries in South America and Europe
B)in low-income countries in Africa and Asia
C)in low-income countries in South America and Europe
D)In high-income countries in Africa and Asia

Question 20

In 2000, the leading cause of death in the United States was __________.

A)cancer
B)chronic lung disease
C)diabetes
D)heart disease

Question 21

In urbanized areas, __________ may be measured by the number of people who live per room, per block, or per square mile.

A)density
B)migration
C)distribution
D)emigration

Question 22

Life expectancy varies by sex. Females born in the United States in 2004 could expect to live about __________ years.

A)68.7
B)75.8
C)80.4
D)84.2

Question 23

__________ is an estimate of the average lifetime in years of people born in a specific year.

A)Life expectancy
B)Longevity determination
C)Life prospects
D)Life projection

Question 24

In 2004, the U.S. infant mortality rate for African American infants was __________ live births.

A)7.2 per 1,000
B)10.6 per 1,000
C)13.8 per 1,000
D)19.8 per 1,000

Question 25

__________ usually occurs as a result of political oppression, such as when Jews fled Nazi Germany in the 1930s or when Afghans left their country to escape oppression there in the late 1990s.

A)Internal migration
B)Voluntary migration
C)Involuntary migration
D)External migration

Question 26

Life expectancy varies by race. White males have a life expectancy at birth of about __________ years.

A)65.7
B)70.5
C)75.7
D)80.2

Question 27

Life expectancy varies by sex. Males born in the United States in 2003 could expect to live about __________ years.

A)63.9
B)68.2
C)75.2
D)80.1

Question 28

In 2004, the U.S. infant mortality rate for white infants was __________ live births.

A)3.2 per 1,000
B)5.7 per 1,000
C)7.3 per 1,000
D)9.4 per 1,000

Question 29

__________ refers to the physical location of people throughout a geographic area.

A)Migration
B)Distribution
C)Density
D)Immigration

Question 30

People migrate either voluntarily or involuntarily. Which of the following is not a "pull" factor at the international level?

A)a natural disaster
B)a democratic government
C)religious freedom
D)employment opportunities

Question 31

__________ is the movement of people from one geographic area to another for the purpose of changing residency. It affects the size and distribution of the population in a given area.

A)Immigration
B)Distribution
C)Migration
D)Emigration

Question 32

The __________ refers to the number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year.

A)underage mortality rate
B)infant mortality rate
C)child death index
D)infant death quotient

Question 33

For persons born in the United States in 2006, life expectancy at birth was __________.

A)71.6 years
B)74.3 years
C)77.8 years
D)80.1 years

Question 34

__________ is the movement of people out of a geographic area to take up residency elsewhere.

A)Distribution
B)Migration
C)Immigration
D)Emigration

Question 35

People migrate either voluntarily or involuntarily. Which of the following is not a "push" factor at the international level?

A)political unrest
B)violence
C)war
D)a more temperate climate

Question 36

Life expectancy varies by race. African American men have a life expectancy at birth of about __________ years.

A)64.4
B)69.5
C)72.7
D)75.5

Question 37

The __________ is an important reflection of a society's level of preventive (prenatal) medical care, maternal nutrition, childbirth procedures, and neonatal care for infants.

A)infant death quotient
B)child death index
C)infant mortality rate
D)underage mortality rate

Question 38

__________ migration has occurred throughout U.S. history. In the late 19ᵗʰ and early 20ᵗʰ centuries, a major population shift occurred as thousands of people moved from rural to urban areas.

A)International
B)Extrinsic
C)Internal
D)Intrinsic

Question 39

__________ is the number of people living in a specific geographic area.

A)Distribution
B)Migration
C)Emigration
D)Density

Question 40

__________ is the movement of people into a geographic area to take up residency.

A)Distribution
B)Migration
C)Immigration
D)Emigration

Question 41

According to economist Thomas Malthus, people should practice sexual abstinence before marriage and postpone marriage as long as possible in order to have only a few children. This reflects his views on __________ checks.

A)positive
B)balanced
C)preventive
D)bounced

Question 42

In the United States, the estimated sex ratio for 2006 was __________

A)75.4
B)82.3
C)88.6
D)97.1

Question 43

According to the __________, overpopulation and rapid population growth result in global environmental problems, ranging from global warming and rain-forest destruction to famine and vulnerability to epidemics.

A)Malthusian perspective
B)neo?Malthusian perspective
C)Marxist perspective
D)demographic transition theory

Question 44

Changes in fertility, mortality, and migration affect the __________ which refers to the biological and social characteristics of a population, including age, sex, race, marital status, education, occupation, income, and size of household.

A)gender/sex composition
B)sex ratio
C)population composition
D)rate of natural increase

Question 45

The __________ distribution of a population has a direct bearing on the demand for schooling, health, employment, housing, and pensions.

A)sex
B)age
C)race
D)education

Question 46

English economist Thomas Malthus argued that the population would increase in a geometric (exponential) progression while the food supply would increase only by an arithmetic progression; thus, a __________ occurs.

A)doubling effect
B)positive check
C)preventive check
D)moral restraint

Question 47

According to some contemporary economists using a Marxist perspective, the greatest crisis today facing low-income nations is __________.

A)natural disaster
B)war
C)food shortage
D)capital shortage

Question 48

__________ is the process by which some societies have moved from high birth and death rates to relatively low birth and death rates as a result of technological development.

A)Zero population growth
B)Population lag
C)Demographic transition
D)Cultural lag

Question 49

According to economist Thomas Malthus, which of the following is not a positive check on population?

A)famine
B)disease
C)war
D)moral restraint

Question 50

For economist Thomas Malthus, _________ is the only acceptable preventive check on population.

A)war
B)moral restraint
C)famine
D)disease

Question 51

One measure of population composition is the __________ which is the number of males for every hundred females in a given population.

A)sex ratio
B)rate of gender composition
C)demographic diagrams
D)refined gender rate

Question 52

Slavery is the most striking example of __________; the 10 - 20 million Africans forcibly transported to the Western Hemisphere prior to 1800 did not come by choice.

A)external migration
B)involuntary migration
C)internal migration
D)voluntary migration

Question 53

Sociologist Robert Crosnoe has suggested that

A)recent immigration will produce a major upheaval in our society.
B)putting a wall along the U.S.-Mexico border will do no good.
C)recent immigrants do not show "the American Dream."
D)recent immigrants should be seen not as a threat but as a potential resource for our nation.

Question 54

According to economist Thomas Malthus, the population, if left unchecked, would exceed the __________.

A)earth's carrying capacity
B)available food supply
C)ecological balance
D)earth's water supply

Question 55

English economist __________ was one of the first scholars to systematically study the effects of population. Displeased with societal changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution in Europe, he argued that "the power of population is infinitely greater than the power of the earth to produce subsistence (food) for man."

A)Emile Durkheim
B)Max Weber
C)Karl Marx
D)Thomas Malthus

Question 56

During the demographic transition stage of ____________, little population growth occurs because high birth rates are offset by high death rates. Food shortages, poor sanitation, and lack of adequate medical care contribute to high rates of infant and child mortality.

A)postindustrialization
B)early industrialization
C)advanced industrialization and urbanization
D)preindustrial societies

Question 57

Sociologist Karl Marx provided several views on overpopulation. Which of the following was not a view offered by Marx on overpopulation?

A)The food supply is threatened by overpopulation.
B)Overpopulation occurs because capitalists desire to have a surplus of workers so as to suppress wages and force workers to be more productive.
C)Poverty is a consequence of exploitation of workers by the owners of the means of production.
D)Technology makes it possible to produce the food and other goods needed by a growing population.

Question 58

Neo-Malthusians refer to ___________ as the point at which no population increase occurs from year to year as because the number of births plus immigrants is equal to the number of deaths plus emigrants.

A)population lag
B)zero population growth
C)the transitional point
D)the demographic transition

Question 59

__________ are a series of bar graphs divided into five-year age cohorts, with the left side depicting the number or percentage of males in each age bracket; the right side provides the same information for females.

A)Demographic diagrams
B)Population pyramids
C)Ecological portraits
D)Actuarial graphs

Question 60

According to economist Thomas Malthus, when a __________ occurs, population growth inevitably surpasses the food supply; and the lack of food ultimately ends population growth and perhaps eliminates the existing population.

A)moral restraint
B)positive check
C)doubling effect
D)preventive check

Question 61

Based on sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies' theory, many industrial cities were characterized as being __________, which is a society exhibiting impersonal and specialized relationships with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values. Even neighbors are "strangers" who perceive that they have little in common with one another.

A)Gemeinschaft
B)Oligarchy
C)Gesellschaft
D)Monarchy

Question 62

Several major theories have been developed in an attempt to explain international migration. The __________ assumes that migration patterns occur based on geographic differences in the supply and demand for labor.

A)epidemiological transition
B)neoclassical economic approach
C)new households economics of migration approach
D)split-labor market theory

Question 63

According to urban sociologists, a __________ is a relatively dense and permanent settlement of people who secure their livelihood primarily through nonagricultural activities.

A)metropolitan area
B)township
C)city
D)territory

Question 64

The __________ emphasizes the part the entire family plays in the migration process. By having a diversity of family income (originating from more than one source), the family is cushioned from the economic woes of the nation that most of the family members think of as "home."

A)split-labor market theory
B)world systems theory
C)new households economies of migration approach
D)network theory

Question 65

During the demographic transition stage of __________, very little population growth occurs because both birth rates and death rates are low. The birth rate declines as couples control their fertility through contraceptives and become less likely to adhere to religious directives against their use.

A)postindustrialization
B)early industrialization
C)advanced industrialization and urbanization
D)preindustrial societies

Question 66

__________ is a subfield of sociology that examines social relationships and political and economic structures in the city.

A)Metropolitan sociology
B)Civic sociology
C)Urban sociology
D)Municipal sociology

Question 67

______ framing by the TV industry describes immigrants as nothing more than cheap labor that benefits employers.

A)Sustained
B)Negative
C)Biased
D)Sympathetic

Question 68

The largest preindustrial city was __________.

A)Jericho
B)Athens
C)Rome
D)Babylon

Question 69

According to sociologist Gideon Sjoberg, three preconditions must be present in order for A city to develop. Which of the following is not a precondition cited in order for a city to Develop?

A)a favorable physical environment
B)an advanced technology
C)a wall built around the city for protection
D)a well-developed social organization

Question 70

During the demographic transition stage of __________, birth rates continue to decline as more women gain full-time employment and the cost of raising children continues to increase. The population grows very slowly, if at all, because the decrease in birth rates is coupled with a stable death rate.

A)postindustrialization
B)early industrialization
C)advanced industrialization and urbanization
D)preindustrial societies

Question 71

During the demographic transition stage of __________, significant population growth occurs because birth rates are relatively high whereas death rates decline. Improvements in health, sanitation, and nutrition produce a substantial decline in infant mortality rates. Overpopulation is likely to occur because more people are alive than the society has the ability to support.

A)postindustrialization
B)early industrialization
C)advanced industrialization and urbanization
D)preindustrial societies

Question 72

Known as the __________, this approach suggests that after flows of migration commence, the pattern may continue because potential migrants have personal ties with relatives and friends who now live in the country of destination and can serve as a source of stability when the potential migrants relocate to the new country.

A)world systems theory
B)institutional theory
C)neoclassical economic approach
D)network theory

Question 73

According to sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies, many preindustrial cities could be described as being __________, which is a society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability, such that people have a commitment to the entire group and feel a sense of togetherness.

A)Gemeinschaft
B)Oligarchy
C)Gesellschaft
D)Monarchy

Question 74

__________ views migration as linked to the problems caused by capitalist development around the world. As the natural resources, land, and work force in low-income countries with little or no industrialization have come under the influence of international markets, there has been a corresponding flow of migrants from those nations to the highly industrialized, high-income countries.

A)World Systems theory
B)Split-Labor Market theory
C)Network theory
D)Institutional theory

Question 75

Based on his preconditions for the development of cities, sociologist Gideon Sjoberg places the first cities in __________.

A)Egypt
B)Italy
C)Sicily
D)the Middle Eastern region of Mesopotamia

Question 76

Many preindustrial cities had a sense of __________, which is a set of social relationships operating within given spatial boundaries or locations that provides people with a sense of identity and a feeling of belonging.

A)society
B)community
C)brotherhood
D)companionship

Question 77

A newspaper article portrays recent immigrants sending money back home to their relatives. This is an example of __________ framing by the media.

A)gratuitous
B)biased
C)sympathetic
D)tertiary

Question 78

The __________ suggests that migration may be fostered by groups, such as humanitarian aid organizations relocating refugees or smugglers bringing people into a country illegally, and that the actions of these groups may produce a larger stream of migrants than would otherwise be the case.

A)network theory
B)institutional theory
C)world systems theory
D)neoclassical economic approach

Question 79

Preindustrial cities were limited in size by a number of factors. Which of the following factors was not identified as limiting the size of preindustrial cities?

A)crowded housing conditions and a lack of adequate sewage facilities
B)food supplies were limited
C)migration to the cities was difficult
D)lack of a sense of community

Question 80

A conflict perspective on migration, the __________ suggests that immigrants from low-income countries are often recruited for secondary-labor market positions, dead-end jobs with low wages, unstable employment, and sometimes hazardous working conditions.

A)network theory
B)institutional theory
C)world systems theory
D)split-labor market theory