Deck 11: Research and Epidemiology

Question 1

In a case-control study, why are the cases and controls often matched on variables such as age and sex?

A) So that cases and controls are similar except for the disease and health characteristic under study
B) So that cases and controls are similar for all aspects of the study
C) So that cases and controls are similar except for the disease under study only
D) So that cases and controls are similar except for the health characteristic only

Answer 1

So that cases and controls are similar except for the disease and health characteristic under study

Question 2

The independent variable is the disease under study and the dependent variable is the risk factor or characteristic under study.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Results of a clinical trial show that 55 patients who received laser surgery for nearsightedness had severe nausea and vomiting after the procedure. The same local anesthetic was administered to all 55 patients. What information do you need to determine whether the anesthetic led to the nausea and vomiting these laser surgery patients had after their procedure?

A) The denominator
B) The numerator
C) The ratio
D) The proportion

Answer 3

The denominator

Question 4

Epidemiology is the study of disease and the determinants of disease in individual cases.

Question 5

Incidence can be affected by an increase in the risk factor and changes in preventive measures.

Question 6

The hypothesis is an opinion or value judgment.

Question 7

A major advantage of a prospective study is that its results can be measured after a very short time.

Question 8

Which study concurrently describes characteristics and health outcomes at one specific point or period in time?

A) Case-control study
B) Prospective study
C) Prevalence or cross-sectional study
D) Clinical trial

Question 9

A case-control study should find controls similar to the characteristics of the cases (such as age and sex), but without the disease, and obtain histories on them.

Question 10

When conducting a case-control or retrospective study, a researcher should match cases on variables known to be associated with the disease or the exposure under study.

Question 11

The incidence rate of the exposed group divided by the incidence rate of the unexposed group is the formula used to determine the:

A) Relative risk
B) Odds ratio
C) Incidence
D) Prevalence

Question 12

The incidence rate of the exposed group divided by the incidence rate of the unexposed group is the formula to determine the:

A) Relative risk
B) Odds ratio
C) Incidence
D) Prevalence

Question 13

What is a tentative assertion called that is assumed by the researcher but not positively known until it is tested?

A) Specific aims
B) Hypothesis
C) Methodology
D) Significance

Question 14

Healthy People 2010 is an action agenda for the first decade of the twenty-first century and includes priorities and research needs relevant to health information management.

Question 15

In a cohort study, two groups free of disease are followed forward in time.

Question 16

Validity and reliability are really measuring the same thing.

Question 17

The odds ratio is an estimate of the relative risk an individual has if he or she is exposed to a certain characteristic/risk factor. It is determined as part of which study design?

A) Prevalence or cross-sectional study
B) Case-control study
C) Prospective/incidence study
D) Clinical trial

Question 18

Research enables individuals to learn something new and valuable about their professions.

Question 19

Prospective studies are most useful for investigating diseases of high incidence.

Question 20

What should be included in the significance section of a research proposal?

A) Goals or objectives
B) Importance of the research project
C) Step-by-step account of what will be done in the study
D) Data collection instrument

Question 21

Match the descriptor with the correct term. Not all descriptors may be used.
Validity

A)Faulty memory
B)The tendency to select persons under frequent medical care
C)The tendency to ask questions differently or probe more if it is known that the person has the disease
D)Quantifies the amount of risk due to a certain characteristic IRe-IRo
E)The ability of a test instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure
F)Identified by pre-existing records developed in the past
G)Accumulated period of time each person is in the study
H)Percent of all true noncases correctly identified
I)Percent of all true cases correctly identified
J)Reliability between more than one research assistant or observer
K)Examples: all new employees within a hospital, all new students in the first grade
L)The tendency for a certain disease to get a different opinion by different evaluators

Question 22

Life-table analysis is most appropriate for prospective or experimental studies.

Question 23

The odds ratio is an estimate of a confidence interval.

Question 24

Match the descriptor with the correct term. Not all descriptors may be used.
Specificity

A)Faulty memory
B)The tendency to select persons under frequent medical care
C)The tendency to ask questions differently or probe more if it is known that the person has the disease
D)Quantifies the amount of risk due to a certain characteristic IRe-IRo
E)The ability of a test instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure
F)Identified by pre-existing records developed in the past
G)Accumulated period of time each person is in the study
H)Percent of all true noncases correctly identified
I)Percent of all true cases correctly identified
J)Reliability between more than one research assistant or observer
K)Examples: all new employees within a hospital, all new students in the first grade
L)The tendency for a certain disease to get a different opinion by different evaluators

Question 25

Outcomes research focuses on measures of mortality.

Question 26

Match the descriptor with the correct term. Not all descriptors may be used.
Selection bias

A)Faulty memory
B)The tendency to select persons under frequent medical care
C)The tendency to ask questions differently or probe more if it is known that the person has the disease
D)Quantifies the amount of risk due to a certain characteristic IRe-IRo
E)The ability of a test instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure
F)Identified by pre-existing records developed in the past
G)Accumulated period of time each person is in the study
H)Percent of all true noncases correctly identified
I)Percent of all true cases correctly identified
J)Reliability between more than one research assistant or observer
K)Examples: all new employees within a hospital, all new students in the first grade
L)The tendency for a certain disease to get a different opinion by different evaluators

Question 27

The three major types of epidemiologic research study designs are (1) descriptive studies, (2) analytical studies, and (3) experimental studies.

Question 28

Sensitivity is the percentage of all true cases correctly identified.

Question 29

Match the descriptor with the correct term. Not all descriptors may be used.
Interobserver reliability

A)Faulty memory
B)The tendency to select persons under frequent medical care
C)The tendency to ask questions differently or probe more if it is known that the person has the disease
D)Quantifies the amount of risk due to a certain characteristic IRe-IRo
E)The ability of a test instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure
F)Identified by pre-existing records developed in the past
G)Accumulated period of time each person is in the study
H)Percent of all true noncases correctly identified
I)Percent of all true cases correctly identified
J)Reliability between more than one research assistant or observer
K)Examples: all new employees within a hospital, all new students in the first grade
L)The tendency for a certain disease to get a different opinion by different evaluators

Question 30

Match the descriptor with the correct term. Not all descriptors may be used.
Cohort

A)Faulty memory
B)The tendency to select persons under frequent medical care
C)The tendency to ask questions differently or probe more if it is known that the person has the disease
D)Quantifies the amount of risk due to a certain characteristic IRe-IRo
E)The ability of a test instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure
F)Identified by pre-existing records developed in the past
G)Accumulated period of time each person is in the study
H)Percent of all true noncases correctly identified
I)Percent of all true cases correctly identified
J)Reliability between more than one research assistant or observer
K)Examples: all new employees within a hospital, all new students in the first grade
L)The tendency for a certain disease to get a different opinion by different evaluators

Question 31

Reliability assesses relevance, completeness, accuracy, and correctness.

Question 32

The bibliography within a research article may contain many more articles and books than are cited in the article itself.

Question 33

Match the descriptor with the correct term. Not all descriptors may be used.
Relative risk

A)Faulty memory
B)The tendency to select persons under frequent medical care
C)The tendency to ask questions differently or probe more if it is known that the person has the disease
D)Quantifies the amount of risk due to a certain characteristic IRe-IRo
E)The ability of a test instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure
F)Identified by pre-existing records developed in the past
G)Accumulated period of time each person is in the study
H)Percent of all true noncases correctly identified
I)Percent of all true cases correctly identified
J)Reliability between more than one research assistant or observer
K)Examples: all new employees within a hospital, all new students in the first grade
L)The tendency for a certain disease to get a different opinion by different evaluators

Question 34

In a causal relationship, the cause is the independent variable and the effect is the dependent variable.

Question 35

The significance section of the research proposal conveys why the research is needed or important and it is stated succinctly and clearly.

Question 36

"Peer reviewed" means that peers within the specific research area have not reviewed the research article before publication.

Question 37

Specific aims should include a step-by-step process of what is done in the research study and why this process is necessary to test the hypothesis properly.

Question 38

Match the descriptor with the correct term. Not all descriptors may be used.
Historical cohort

A)Faulty memory
B)The tendency to select persons under frequent medical care
C)The tendency to ask questions differently or probe more if it is known that the person has the disease
D)Quantifies the amount of risk due to a certain characteristic IRe-IRo
E)The ability of a test instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure
F)Identified by pre-existing records developed in the past
G)Accumulated period of time each person is in the study
H)Percent of all true noncases correctly identified
I)Percent of all true cases correctly identified
J)Reliability between more than one research assistant or observer
K)Examples: all new employees within a hospital, all new students in the first grade
L)The tendency for a certain disease to get a different opinion by different evaluators

Question 39

Match the descriptor with the correct term. Not all descriptors may be used.
Recall bias

A)Faulty memory
B)The tendency to select persons under frequent medical care
C)The tendency to ask questions differently or probe more if it is known that the person has the disease
D)Quantifies the amount of risk due to a certain characteristic IRe-IRo
E)The ability of a test instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure
F)Identified by pre-existing records developed in the past
G)Accumulated period of time each person is in the study
H)Percent of all true noncases correctly identified
I)Percent of all true cases correctly identified
J)Reliability between more than one research assistant or observer
K)Examples: all new employees within a hospital, all new students in the first grade
L)The tendency for a certain disease to get a different opinion by different evaluators

Question 40

When designing a case-control study, you must always match cases with controls on age, sex, and race.

Question 41

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used.
Intervention tested on selected subjects in a clinical setting

A)Cross-sectional study
B)Descriptive study
C)Analytic study
D)Case-control study
E)Odds ratio
F)Relative risk
G)Prospective study
H)Clinical trial
I)Life-table analysis
J)Outcome measures

Question 42

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used. Some may be used more than once.
Determines what research has been previously conducted

A)Hypothesis
B)Methodology
C)Specific aims
D)Literature review
E)Significance section
F)Validity
G)Reliability
H)Bias
I)Prevalence
J)Incidence

Question 43

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used. Some may be used more than once.
Error

A)Hypothesis
B)Methodology
C)Specific aims
D)Literature review
E)Significance section
F)Validity
G)Reliability
H)Bias
I)Prevalence
J)Incidence

Question 44

Match the descriptor with the correct term. Not all descriptors may be used.
Interviewer bias

A)Faulty memory
B)The tendency to select persons under frequent medical care
C)The tendency to ask questions differently or probe more if it is known that the person has the disease
D)Quantifies the amount of risk due to a certain characteristic IRe-IRo
E)The ability of a test instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure
F)Identified by pre-existing records developed in the past
G)Accumulated period of time each person is in the study
H)Percent of all true noncases correctly identified
I)Percent of all true cases correctly identified
J)Reliability between more than one research assistant or observer
K)Examples: all new employees within a hospital, all new students in the first grade
L)The tendency for a certain disease to get a different opinion by different evaluators

Question 45

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used. Some may be used more than once.
New cases

A)Hypothesis
B)Methodology
C)Specific aims
D)Literature review
E)Significance section
F)Validity
G)Reliability
H)Bias
I)Prevalence
J)Incidence

Question 46

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used. Some may be used more than once.
Assertion to be proved

A)Hypothesis
B)Methodology
C)Specific aims
D)Literature review
E)Significance section
F)Validity
G)Reliability
H)Bias
I)Prevalence
J)Incidence

Question 47

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used.
Concurrently describes characteristics at one point in time

A)Cross-sectional study
B)Descriptive study
C)Analytic study
D)Case-control study
E)Odds ratio
F)Relative risk
G)Prospective study
H)Clinical trial
I)Life-table analysis
J)Outcome measures

Question 48

Match the descriptor with the correct term. Not all descriptors may be used.
Person time/person years

A)Faulty memory
B)The tendency to select persons under frequent medical care
C)The tendency to ask questions differently or probe more if it is known that the person has the disease
D)Quantifies the amount of risk due to a certain characteristic IRe-IRo
E)The ability of a test instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure
F)Identified by pre-existing records developed in the past
G)Accumulated period of time each person is in the study
H)Percent of all true noncases correctly identified
I)Percent of all true cases correctly identified
J)Reliability between more than one research assistant or observer
K)Examples: all new employees within a hospital, all new students in the first grade
L)The tendency for a certain disease to get a different opinion by different evaluators

Question 49

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used.
Incidence rate of exposed/incidence rate of unexposed

A)Cross-sectional study
B)Descriptive study
C)Analytic study
D)Case-control study
E)Odds ratio
F)Relative risk
G)Prospective study
H)Clinical trial
I)Life-table analysis
J)Outcome measures

Question 50

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used. Some may be used more than once.
Should be clear and succinct and show why study is needed

A)Hypothesis
B)Methodology
C)Specific aims
D)Literature review
E)Significance section
F)Validity
G)Reliability
H)Bias
I)Prevalence
J)Incidence

Question 51

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used. Some may be used more than once.
Reproducibility

A)Hypothesis
B)Methodology
C)Specific aims
D)Literature review
E)Significance section
F)Validity
G)Reliability
H)Bias
I)Prevalence
J)Incidence

Question 52

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used.
Retrospective study

A)Cross-sectional study
B)Descriptive study
C)Analytic study
D)Case-control study
E)Odds ratio
F)Relative risk
G)Prospective study
H)Clinical trial
I)Life-table analysis
J)Outcome measures

Question 53

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used. Some may be used more than once.
Goals or objectives within a research proposal

A)Hypothesis
B)Methodology
C)Specific aims
D)Literature review
E)Significance section
F)Validity
G)Reliability
H)Bias
I)Prevalence
J)Incidence

Question 54

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used.
Study used to generate hypotheses

A)Cross-sectional study
B)Descriptive study
C)Analytic study
D)Case-control study
E)Odds ratio
F)Relative risk
G)Prospective study
H)Clinical trial
I)Life-table analysis
J)Outcome measures

Question 55

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used. Some may be used more than once.
Existing cases

A)Hypothesis
B)Methodology
C)Specific aims
D)Literature review
E)Significance section
F)Validity
G)Reliability
H)Bias
I)Prevalence
J)Incidence

Question 56

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used.
Disease is examined to determine possible causes

A)Cross-sectional study
B)Descriptive study
C)Analytic study
D)Case-control study
E)Odds ratio
F)Relative risk
G)Prospective study
H)Clinical trial
I)Life-table analysis
J)Outcome measures

Question 57

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used. Some may be used more than once.
Accuracy

A)Hypothesis
B)Methodology
C)Specific aims
D)Literature review
E)Significance section
F)Validity
G)Reliability
H)Bias
I)Prevalence
J)Incidence

Question 58

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used.
Estimate of relative risk

A)Cross-sectional study
B)Descriptive study
C)Analytic study
D)Case-control study
E)Odds ratio
F)Relative risk
G)Prospective study
H)Clinical trial
I)Life-table analysis
J)Outcome measures

Question 59

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used.
Cohort study

A)Cross-sectional study
B)Descriptive study
C)Analytic study
D)Case-control study
E)Odds ratio
F)Relative risk
G)Prospective study
H)Clinical trial
I)Life-table analysis
J)Outcome measures

Question 60

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used. Some may be used more than once.
Step-by-step of what will be done in the research study

A)Hypothesis
B)Methodology
C)Specific aims
D)Literature review
E)Significance section
F)Validity
G)Reliability
H)Bias
I)Prevalence
J)Incidence

Question 61

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used.
Morbidity, mortality, satisfaction, pain

A)Cross-sectional study
B)Descriptive study
C)Analytic study
D)Case-control study
E)Odds ratio
F)Relative risk
G)Prospective study
H)Clinical trial
I)Life-table analysis
J)Outcome measures

Question 62

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used.
Ovarian cancer

A)Independent variable
B)Dependent variable
C)Institutional review board
D)Risk factors
E)Specificity
F)Confounding variables
G)Case
H)Control
I)Research question
J)Historical-prospective study
K)Recall bias
L)Interviewer bias

Question 63

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used.
Tend to ask questions differently or probe more

A)Independent variable
B)Dependent variable
C)Institutional review board
D)Risk factors
E)Specificity
F)Confounding variables
G)Case
H)Control
I)Research question
J)Historical-prospective study
K)Recall bias
L)Interviewer bias

Question 64

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used.
Used when researcher has loss of subjects

A)Cross-sectional study
B)Descriptive study
C)Analytic study
D)Case-control study
E)Odds ratio
F)Relative risk
G)Prospective study
H)Clinical trial
I)Life-table analysis
J)Outcome measures

Question 65

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used.
Age, sex, race

A)Independent variable
B)Dependent variable
C)Institutional review board
D)Risk factors
E)Specificity
F)Confounding variables
G)Case
H)Control
I)Research question
J)Historical-prospective study
K)Recall bias
L)Interviewer bias

Question 66

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used.
Characteristics that could cause the disease

A)Independent variable
B)Dependent variable
C)Institutional review board
D)Risk factors
E)Specificity
F)Confounding variables
G)Case
H)Control
I)Research question
J)Historical-prospective study
K)Recall bias
L)Interviewer bias

Question 67

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used.
Percent of all true noncases correctly identified

A)Independent variable
B)Dependent variable
C)Institutional review board
D)Risk factors
E)Specificity
F)Confounding variables
G)Case
H)Control
I)Research question
J)Historical-prospective study
K)Recall bias
L)Interviewer bias

Question 68

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used.
Past records used to collect data, then followed over time

A)Independent variable
B)Dependent variable
C)Institutional review board
D)Risk factors
E)Specificity
F)Confounding variables
G)Case
H)Control
I)Research question
J)Historical-prospective study
K)Recall bias
L)Interviewer bias

Question 69

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used.
Individual without the disease under study

A)Independent variable
B)Dependent variable
C)Institutional review board
D)Risk factors
E)Specificity
F)Confounding variables
G)Case
H)Control
I)Research question
J)Historical-prospective study
K)Recall bias
L)Interviewer bias

Question 70

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used.
Research and human rights committee

A)Independent variable
B)Dependent variable
C)Institutional review board
D)Risk factors
E)Specificity
F)Confounding variables
G)Case
H)Control
I)Research question
J)Historical-prospective study
K)Recall bias
L)Interviewer bias

Question 71

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used.
Poor memory when interviewed

A)Independent variable
B)Dependent variable
C)Institutional review board
D)Risk factors
E)Specificity
F)Confounding variables
G)Case
H)Control
I)Research question
J)Historical-prospective study
K)Recall bias
L)Interviewer bias

Question 72

Referring to the data in the table, what was the incidence rate of cancer?

Question 73

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used.
Individual with the disease under study

A)Independent variable
B)Dependent variable
C)Institutional review board
D)Risk factors
E)Specificity
F)Confounding variables
G)Case
H)Control
I)Research question
J)Historical-prospective study
K)Recall bias
L)Interviewer bias

Question 74

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used.
Question to be answered

A)Independent variable
B)Dependent variable
C)Institutional review board
D)Risk factors
E)Specificity
F)Confounding variables
G)Case
H)Control
I)Research question
J)Historical-prospective study
K)Recall bias
L)Interviewer bias

Question 75

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used.
Variable that could be the cause of the disease (alcohol use)

A)Independent variable
B)Dependent variable
C)Institutional review board
D)Risk factors
E)Specificity
F)Confounding variables
G)Case
H)Control
I)Research question
J)Historical-prospective study
K)Recall bias
L)Interviewer bias