Deck 6: Emotion

Question 1

Which of the following is a result of feeling sympathy?

A) awareness of our shared humanity with others
B) being more focused on "us versus them" distinctions
C) an accelerated heart rate
D) focusing more on our own needs, rather than the needs of others

Answer 1

awareness of our shared humanity with others

Question 2

All of the following statements about emotions are accurate EXCEPT emotions

A) are associated with physiological changes.
B) last for hours or even days.
C) are reactions to specific people or events.
D) often help individuals achieve goals.

Answer 2

last for hours or even days.

Question 3

Which emotion is more often expressed by those high in power, compared to those low in power?

A) happiness
B) sadness
C) anger
D) disgust

Answer 3

anger

Question 4

Which of the following approaches to understanding emotion assumes that emotions are strongly influenced by values, roles, institutions, and socialization practices?

A) the physiological approach
B) the evolutionary approach
C) the universality approach
D) the cultural approach

Question 5

Darwin's principle of serviceable habits suggests that facial expressions of emotion

A) arose randomly as a result of genetic mutations.
B) reliably solve challenges in contemporary society.
C) derived from behaviors that proved useful and adaptive to our ancestors.
D) are present only in humans because only humans experience emotions.

Question 6

Which hormone promotes closeness and commitment?

A) estrogen
B) oxytocin
C) testosterone
D) serotonin

Question 7

Paul Ekman coined the term Duchenne smile in order to differentiate true, enjoyment smiles from fake, polite smiles. What is present in the Duchenne smile that is NOT present in polite smiles?

A) activity in the zygomatic cheek muscles, which pull the lips upward
B) verbal expressions of happiness
C) duration longer than ten seconds
D) activity in the orbicularis eye muscle

Question 8

According to research, shame is more likely to be a focal emotion for ________ than for ________.

A) members of interdependent cultures; members of independent cultures
B) members of independent cultures; members of interdependent cultures
C) Europeans; the Awlad'Ali of Egypt
D) the Japanese; Utku Inuits

Question 9

Research shows that cultures do NOT tend to vary in

A) the importance of different emotions.
B) when it is appropriate to display an emotion.
C) the number of words used to represent a particular emotion.
D) the facial expressions used to display an emotion.

Question 10

Research by Tracy and colleagues examined the expression of pride in athletes who were sighted versus blind. Which of the following best summarizes the results of this research?

A) Athletes who were blind did not show the nonverbal expressions of pride.
B) Athletes at the Olympic level did not display prideful nonverbal expressions.
C) Blind athletes from the United States displayed nonverbal expressions of pride, but blind athletes from other countries did not.
D) Both sighted and blind athletes equally displayed nonverbal expressions of pride after winning.

Question 11

Carla's boyfriend breaks up with her. She comes up with her own explanation for this unfortunate turn of events during the ________ stage of the appraisal process.

A) primary
B) secondary
C) core-relational
D) cognitive-processing

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that touch promotes closeness between friends and relationship partners?

A) Touch is pleasurable.
B) Touch is soothing in times of stress.
C) Touch communicates prosocial emotions.
D) Touch causes the body to create and release estrogen.

Question 13

Ekman and colleagues' research on the universality of facial expression showed that people from diverse cultures tend to agree in how they label the emotions of

A) anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.
B) frustration, aggression, disgust, happiness, and joy.
C) anger, fear, sadness, love, and joy.
D) disgust, fear, happiness, frustration, sadness, and love.

Question 14

There are two general stages to the appraisal process that gives rise to human emotions. In the first appraisal stage, the person

A) assesses the future implications of an event.
B) evaluates whether an event is congruent or incongruent with his or her goals.
C) arrives at a causal attribution for an event.
D) considers many different ways of responding to an event.

Question 15

Scientific studies of emotional expression support which perspective(s) on emotions?

A) the evolutionary approach, but not the cultural approach
B) the cultural approach, but not the evolutionary approach
C) neither the cultural nor the evolutionary approach
D) both the evolutionary and the cultural approaches

Question 16

Which of the following approaches to understanding emotion assumes that the components of emotion allow adaptive responses to threats to survival?

A) the physiological approach
B) the evolutionary approach
C) the interdependent approach
D) the cultural approach

Question 17

Display rules are

A) principles that govern how experimental research on emotion is conducted.
B) universal facial expressions of emotion that are found in most cultures.
C) genetically determined predispositions to form certain types of facial expressions in response to stimuli.
D) culturally specific principles that govern how and when and to whom we express emotion.

Question 18

Biting the tongue signals embarrassment in India but not in the United States. This is an example of a(n)

A) focal emotion.
B) emotion accent.
C) display rule.
D) appraisal process.

Question 19

There are two general stages to the appraisal process that gives rise to human emotions. In the secondary appraisal stage,

A) a person automatically evaluates an event as positive or negative.
B) a person decides which facial expressions to display.
C) a person determines possible ways of responding to an event and the consequences of those responses.
D) the amygdala responds to an event.

Question 20

Patterns of construal for evaluating events and objects in the environment based on their relation to current goals are known as ________ processes.

A) display
B) affective
C) emotional
D) appraisal

Question 21

Mohammed is at a bar and notices an attractive woman sitting with her friends. According to what you learned about flirtation and nonverbal behavior, what is Mohammed likely to do first to communicate his interest?

A) look her way and then take a broad stance to look large
B) look her way and then smile coyly
C) walk by her and then provocatively brush her arm
D) walk by her and then provocatively raise his eyebrows

Question 22

Ana just watched a scary movie by herself and is feeling afraid. As she is getting into bed after the movie, Ana hears a sound on her roof and jumps up. She thinks someone must be trying to break in. Ana's experience demonstrates how emotions can exert a powerful influence on

A) moral judgments.
B) relationships.
C) reasoning.
D) perception.

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT associated with high emotional intelligence?

A) having more friends
B) being perceived to be better workplace citizens
C) cooperating better with romantic partners
D) being better at mathematics

Question 24

Emotions such as sympathy, concern, or compassion are triggered by appraisals of ________ and motivate prosocial behavior toward people who are vulnerable.

A) fairness
B) harm
C) loyalty/betrayal
D) purity

Question 25

Former President Bill Clinton is known for his public presence. While making speeches he points his fingers and shakes a closed fist to emphasize important points. President Clinton is utilizing which form of nonverbal communication?

A) self-adapters
B) emblems
C) regulators
D) illustrators

Question 26

Recall that Isen studied how emotions might influence cognitive processes. She found that ________ emotions led participants to ________.

A) negative; use stereotypes when forming judgments
B) positive; categorize objects in more inclusive ways
C) negative; produce more unique responses to a word association task
D) positive; behave more selfishly

Question 27

Which of the following examples provides the best evidence for the broaden-and-build hypothesis of how emotions influence cognition?

A) People who watch an amusing film clip rate themselves as more similar to outgroup members.
B) People who are in a bad mood are more creative when working on complicated tasks.
C) People who are given a bag of candy rate their life satisfaction as higher.
D) People who unexpectedly find a dollar on the floor are in a better mood.

Question 28

You are interested in pledging a fraternity. The first time you come by the frat house, you meet Vince as you walk in the door. Vince says hello and then angrily yells at his frat brother down the hall. What are you likely to infer about Vince based on this interaction?

A) Vince is a political science major.
B) Vince has a high status role within the fraternity.
C) Vince is unlikely to get what he wants.
D) Vince is a beloved member of the fraternity.

Question 29

On her way to school, Aisha found a five dollar bill and feels great. In class a little bit later, Aisha is given a problem set on which to work. According to what you know about the broaden-and-build hypothesis, Aisha is more likely to solve the problem set

A) in creative ways.
B) quickly.
C) using what she learned last week.
D) by relying on her classmates for the answers.

Question 30

Someone cut Neha off while she was trying to find a parking spot at the movie theater. She is mad. After a few more minutes, Neha finds another spot and heads inside. When buying popcorn, the attendant spills a bit of it and then moves on to the next person in line. How is Neha likely to interpret the attendant's behavior?

A) Neha is likely to think that the attendant is rude and aggressive.
B) Neha is likely to think that the attendant did not notice he spilled her popcorn.
C) Neha is likely to think that the attendant is absentminded.
D) Neha is likely to think that the attendant is tired.

Question 31

Following the terrorist attacks on 9/11, Josh was very afraid of the possibility of future attacks. How could Josh's fear influence his perception of his environment?

A) Josh is also generally afraid of other potential risks, even those unrelated to terrorism.
B) Josh is afraid of risks from terrorism but not other types of potential risks.
C) Josh is more likely to feel positive and optimistic about his everyday situations.
D) Josh will not be affected by his fear of terrorist attacks.

Question 32

The ________ states that people first have fast emotional reactions to events with moral significance and then recruit more thoughtful reasoning to make a final judgment about right and wrong.

A) broaden-and-build theory
B) social intuitionist model
C) moral foundations theory
D) appraisal process

Question 33

Which is NOT one of the universal moral domains described in Haidt's moral foundations theory?

A) care/harm
B) cleanliness/filth
C) loyalty/betrayal
D) authority/subversion

Question 34

Mary tells Halima about a situation that happened to their mutual friend. This friend's beloved pet cat was run over last week, and rather than waste the corpse, their friend decided to cook the cat and eat it. Even though she knows that their friend did not harm the cat before it died and that their friend felt fine afterward, Halima still feels like this behavior was wrong. Halima is experiencing

A) immune neglect.
B) moral dumbfounding.
C) focalism.
D) moral neglect.

Question 35

John had an enjoyable sexual encounter with his sister last week and decides to tell his friend Mark about it. According to the social intuitionist model, what is the first step in Mark's moral reasoning about John's experience?

A) First, Mark has a quick emotional reaction that this is wrong.
B) First, Mark thinks about whether the behavior did harm to John or his sister.
C) First, Mark uses conscious reasoning to decide whether John's behavior is wrong.
D) First, Mark disregards his emotional reaction that this is wrong.

Question 36

Prior to a basketball game, Coach Keating shakes his players' hands. Each player then gives the others a fist bump and a hug. In contrast, coach Lopez wishes the players luck and then the team goes through a cheer. Based on research by Kraus and colleagues how will the teams do if they follow the same routine over the season?

A) Coach Keating's team will do better because the touch in which they engage coordinates the team.
B) Coach Keating's team will do worse because the touch in which they engage is a distraction.
C) Coach Lopez's team will do better because the team cheer builds solidarity among the players.
D) Coach Lopez's team will do worse because the team cheer distracts players from their opponents.

Question 37

What happens when montane voles are given an injection of oxytocin?

A) They become less dominant in their social groups.
B) They become more dominant in their social groups.
C) They stay close to one sexual partner.
D) They become more promiscuous.

Question 38

Tami is in the lounge of her doctor's office waiting for some very important results. While waiting, Tami nervously shakes her leg. Tami is displaying which form of nonverbal communication?

A) an affective display
B) an emblem
C) a self-adapter
D) a regulator

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a key component of emotional intelligence?

A) accurately perceiving others' emotions
B) understanding one's own emotions
C) using emotions to make decisions
D) preventing emotional feelings

Question 40

Amy and David just had an awesome date. They went to a great restaurant and then played shuffleboard at a new bar. They are feeling close and committed to their relationship. Based on your reading, what physiological change are Amy and David likely experiencing?

A) increases in oxytocin
B) increases in heart rate
C) decreases in progesterone
D) decreases in frontal lobe activation

Question 41

Steve is undergoing a medical procedure that only takes twenty minutes but will be very painful at the end. Deborah is undergoing a medical procedure that takes over two hours and will be very painful at the beginning, but the pain tapers off over the rest of the time. Afterward, which one will remember experiencing more pain?

A) Deborah will remember more pain, because her procedure lasted longer.
B) Steve will remember more pain, because his procedure was more painful at the end.
C) Steve and Deborah will remember equal amounts of pain.
D) Pain memory is impossible to predict.

Question 42

According to John Gottman's research, which married couples are most likely to have long-lasting relationships?

A) those with a higher ratio of positive to negative emotions
B) those with few negative emotions
C) those with many high arousal positive emotions like excitement
D) those with many low arousal positive emotions like contentment

Question 43

Describe how the appraisal processes give rise to the experience of emotion.

Question 44

Davidson studied the effects of mindful meditation for Tibetan monks. Which of the following best summarizes the results of this research?

A) Monks who meditated more were more introspective and less likely to show affective forecasting biases.
B) The Tibetan monks showed greater activity in the left frontal lobes, regions associated with positive emotions.
C) The Tibetan monks showed greater activity in the right frontal lobes, regions associated with negative emotions.
D) Meditation did not seem to affect happiness.

Question 45

What are the two measurable components of happiness?

A) communion with God; life satisfaction
B) life satisfaction; emotional well-being
C) emotional well-being; hedonic experience
D) hedonic experience; communion with God

Question 46

Bill thinks that if he could find a wonderful wife, his entire life would be ideal. He thinks of all the great times he will have but never considers the difficulties that are bound to arise. Bill is engaging in

A) projection.
B) duration neglect.
C) focalism.
D) immune neglect.

Question 47

The concept of duration neglect refers to which of the following phenomena?

A) Immediate reports of pleasure are unrelated to overall reports of pleasure.
B) The beginning of an event exerts a stronger impact on overall reports of pleasure.
C) The length of a pleasurable experience is unrelated to overall reports of pleasure.
D) The number of peak moments during an event has no effect on overall reports of pleasure.

Question 48

Gilbert and colleagues (1998) asked people in a relationship ("Luckies") to predict how they would feel if they broke up. They compared these estimates with the happiness levels of people who had recently ended a relationship ("Leftovers"). What did they find?

A) Luckies estimated they would be happier compared to Leftovers.
B) Luckies estimated they would be less happy compared to Leftovers.
C) There was no difference between the estimated happiness of Luckies and Leftovers.
D) The unhappier the Luckies thought they would be, the less likely they were actually to break up with their relationship partners.

Question 49

The concept of immune neglect suggests that we ________ our capacity to be resilient in responding to negative life events, and therefore ________ the extent to which a negative event will reduce our well-being.

A) overestimate; underestimate
B) underestimate; overestimate
C) overestimate; overestimate
D) underestimate; underestimate

Question 50

Rob is a conservative Republican. Based on your reading, about which moral domain is Rob LESS likely to be concerned?

A) purity/degradation
B) loyalty/betrayal
C) authority/subversion
D) care/harm

Question 51

Challenge the perspective that all aspects of emotion are universal. In what ways might culture influence the display or experience of emotion?

Question 52

Lois has just won a lottery that netted her a great deal of money. According to research on happiness, Lois should be ________ as a result.

A) less happy
B) not much happier, especially if she has attended college
C) much happier
D) happier only if she already lives in a wealthy nation

Question 53

________ is the tendency to experience more positive emotions than negative emotions and is a key component of happiness.

A) Emotional well-being
B) Life satisfaction
C) Hedonic experience
D) An action tendency

Question 54

Which of the following biases best explains the pattern of findings yielded by research on affective forecasting?

A) subjectivism
B) emotion congruence
C) duration neglect
D) immune neglect

Question 55

What is an emotion? Explain how emotions differ from other states such as moods and emotional disorders.

Question 56

What does it mean to say that some emotions are "universal"? In addition, describe how researchers have tested the universality hypothesis and summarize the results of these tests.

Question 57

We may be bad at affective forecasting because of ________, the tendency to focus too much on a central aspect of an event while ignoring the possible impact of associated factors or other events.

A) happiness
B) immune neglect
C) focalism
D) affective forecasting

Question 58

Describe the five components of emotion and give an example of each.

Question 59

Research on affective forecasting suggests that people tend to

A) overestimate the emotional impact of negative life events.
B) underestimate the emotional impact of negative life events.
C) be accurate at predicting the emotional impact of negative life events.
D) be overly optimistic about their abilities to cope with negative life events.

Question 60

Bill and Janet want to take their children on a backpacking trip. Research suggests that if they want to increase the probability that their children will look back on the trip and think it was great fun, Bill and Janet should try to make sure that

A) the trip is as long as possible.
B) peak moments during the trip are emotional.
C) the entire trip is consistently fun.
D) the end of the trip is extremely fun.

Question 61

Describe the four components of emotional intelligence and give an example of each.

Question 62

Describe two effects of emotion on perception that have been documented through research.

Question 63

Explain the concept of affective forecasting and how it is relevant to two biases-namely, immune neglect and focalism. For each bias, write a specific example of how that bias can influence how we think we will feel in response to some future event. What advice would you give to a friend who says, "If only I won the lottery, everything in my life would be great"?

Question 64

Describe how emotions can coordinate action via the modality of touch.

Question 65

Give two examples of how emotions can influence moral judgments.

Question 66

It is Jasmine's thirtieth birthday and her friends want her to remember it as one of the happiest of her life. Design an agenda for Jasmine's birthday that will contribute to her friends' mission, citing research to back up your plan.

Question 67

Cristina and Ron see each other across the way at a bar on Saturday night. According to research on flirtation, how might Cristina and Ron behave if they are interested in each other romantically (make sure to address each phase of flirtation)?

Question 68

Challenge the view that money buys happiness. When might this perspective hold and when does it fall short? Use research to support your position.

Question 69

Your sister comes to you because she has been feeling blue. Generate an action plan she can use to become happier. Connect your recommendations to the results of research studies showing that these work.

Question 70

Research has found that there are many forms nonverbal communication can take. Describe the five forms presented by Ekman and Friesen (1969).