Deck 2: Understanding Human Sexuality: Theory and Research

Question 1

According to evolutionary theory, we enter a sexual relationship to:

A) Fulfill societal expectations to marry and start a family.
B) Exert power over another person.
C) Receive physical gratification.
D) Pass on our genes.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which theorist would state that the biggest sexual organ is the brain?

A) Humanistic
B) Cognitive
C) Social Learning
D) Evolutionary

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Who conducted most sexuality research in the late 19th century?

A) Biologists
B) Sociologists
C) Physicians
D) Psychoanalysts

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which theory emphasizes the structure of the personality on the unconscious nature of sexuality?

A) Psychoanalytical
B) Behavioral
C) Social Learning
D) Queer

Question 5

According to Sigmund Freud, someone who has frequent casual sexual encounters and refuses to commit long-term to a partner because it would get in the way of his/her own goals, would be stuck in the _____ stage of development:

A) Id
B) Ego
C) Superego
D) Thantos

Question 6

What statement best fits with queer theory?

A) It is important for research to uncover the cause of homosexuality.
B) Sexuality education should focus on teaching gender differences.
C) Sexual orientation categories lead to limited views of sexuality.
D) Research findings should be separated based on sexual orientation.

Question 7

The first time Anna had sex she was 16, and her mom walked in on Anna and her partner resulting in great embarrassment. Now years later, married and living in her own home, Anna is only able to relax in a sexual situation if the door is locked. Which theoretical perspective does this demonstrate?

A) Psychoanalytic
B) Behavioral
C) Humanistic
D) Cognitive

Question 8

What was a primary motivation for the early sexuality research in the United States?

A) A belief that sex was natural and should be approached from an educational perspective
B) A concern that sexuality transmitted infections would negatively impact family life
C) New information that found sexual orientation is a biological aspect of sexuality
D) A desire to change the repressive laws on sexuality at the turn of the century

Question 9

What is TRUE about Evelyn Hooker's research?

A) There was an unusually high rate of STIs among lesbian subjects in her study.
B) Her research confirmed that homosexuality was a mental illness.
C) She found no fundamental psychological differences between gay and straight men.
D) She did the first comprehensive study of bisexuality in women.

Question 10

All of the following are criticisms of Freud's theory EXCEPT:

A) The unconscious is extremely difficult to study.
B) The theory is unscientific.
C) Freud studies mainly "sick" people.
D) He relied on correlational methods.

Question 11

A person says they grew up with the message that only promiscuous people engage in oral sex. The first time they had oral sex they did not enjoy it. They now feel bad because their current partner would like to have oral sex, but they can't stand the thought of it. Which theorist would be most likely to look at the external and internal factors impacting this person?

A) Psychoanalytical
B) Social Learning
C) Feminist
D) Behavioral

Question 12

What statement best fits with feminist theory?

A) The social construction of sexuality is based on power.
B) Women are no longer seen as subordinate and submissive in the U.S. culture.
C) Sexuality is governed by biological gender differences more than other factors.
D) The social construction of sexuality is based on the media.

Question 13

The influence of law and religion and the impact of economic conditions on sexual behaviors are stressed most by which theory?

A) Sociological
B) Behavioral
C) Humanistic
D) Queer

Question 14

Which researcher founded the Institute for Sexology and, believing that homosexuality was genetic, argued for the repeal of laws against homosexuality and bisexuality?

A) Magnus Hirschfeld
B) Richard von Krafft-Ebing
C) Havelock Ellis
D) William Masters

Question 15

What was the religious background of many of the early sexuality researchers?

A) Islam
B) Jewish
C) Christian
D) Agnostic

Question 16

Behavior theory is to operant conditioning as humanistic theory is to:

A) Psychosexual development
B) Aversion therapy
C) Self-actualization
D) Physiology

Question 17

What was the primary focus of sexual research in the 19th century?

A) Woman and orgasms
B) Male sexual response
C) Contraceptive development
D) Atypical and unhealthy sexuality

Question 18

According to sociological theory, what is the first factor that influences our values about what is sexually right or wrong?

A) Peer pressure
B) Family
C) Cultural expectations
D) Media

Question 19

What did Freud believe takes place during the phallic stage of development?

A) Girls develop penis envy.
B) Boys go through the Electra Complex.
C) The id begins to develop.
D) It is the final stage of sexual development.

Question 20

Of the following early sexuality researchers, who would most likely label homosexual behavior as pathological?

A) Magnus Hirschfeld
B) Richard von Krafft-Ebing
C) Katherine Bement Davis
D) Clelia Mosher

Question 21

All of the following statements are true of the 1990's National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS), EXCEPT:

A) A significant factor that led to the design of this study was the HIV/AIDS crisis that began in the 1980s.
B) Original funding included support for 20,000 participants; however, the final study was limited to approximately 3,500 participants.
C) This study was funded through government dollars.
D) This study was funded through private sources.

Question 22

A university student spent hours answering hundreds of questions asked by an interviewer. The questions were easy to understand and the student was assured all responses would remain confidential. The student might have been a participant in a study done by which researcher(s)?

A) William Masters and Virginia Johnson
B) Alfred Kinsey
C) Alan Bell and Martin Weinberg
D) Katherine Bement Davis

Question 23

What was an important finding from Masters and Johnson's research?

A) Sexual desire diminishes significantly in old age.
B) Women are capable of multiple orgasms.
C) Vaginal orgasms are more intense than clitoral orgasms.
D) Males are more likely to experience sexual dysfunction.

Question 24

What do the National Survey of Family Growth, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, and National Survey of Adolescent Males have in common?

A) They are all longitudinal studies.
B) They are all studies intended to reduce teen pregnancy.
C) They were all conducted in the 1970s.
D) They all include survey data from 3 generations of family members.

Question 25

Which researcher sought a medical degree primarily to study sexuality and reported that homosexuality and masturbation were not abnormal?

A) Alfred Kinsey
B) Katherine Bement Davis
C) Albert Moll
D) Havelock Ellis

Question 26

What is a major limitation of the case study method of research?

A) The results cannot be generalized to a larger group of people.
B) It is impossible to get informed consent from the subjects.
C) Researchers cannot guarantee anonymity.
D) They are the most costly of all research methods.

Question 27

What was one reason Morton Hunt's research results were not considered generalizable?

A) His study included only adolescents.
B) His study included only heterosexual males.
C) He only included students enrolled in his courses.
D) He only included people with listed phone numbers.

Question 28

What is one of the findings from the 2013 National College Health Assessment study?

A) The majority of males reported 3 or more sexual partners in the last year, while the majority of females reported only 2.
B) Nearly 25% of students reported engaging in anal sex within the past 30 days.
C) The majority of students reported having only one or zero sexual partners in the previous year.
D) Over 60% of heterosexual students reported that they or their partner did not use contraception during their last sexual encounter.

Question 29

"Women have sexual appetites equal to men and they do not necessarily need men to satisfy those appetites." Which researcher would agree most strongly with this statement?

A) Magnus Hirschfeld
B) Katherine Bement Davis
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Clelia Mosher

Question 30

What is a potential criticism of the research of Masters and Johnson?

A) They did not use random sampling.
B) They did not use measurable assessments.
C) They focused solely on the sexual behaviors of men.
D) They focused only on the experiences of incarcerated women.

Question 31

According to your text, what is one reason the results from the National College Health Assessment study may not be generalizable to all college students?

A) The study is only conducted with students who go to publicly funded colleges and universities.
B) Students from community colleges are not represented in the study.
C) Schools pay to be included in the study.
D) Students complete the survey upon graduation.

Question 32

During the 1970s, Morton Hunt's findings on sexual behaviors were published in:

A) Government reports.
B) Playboy.
C) Better Homes and Gardens.
D) Time magazine.

Question 33

Who was the first researcher to ask Americans about their sexual behavior, finding in his/her study that most of the U.S. women surveyed thought sexual intercourse was for pleasure and reproduction?

A) Clelia Mosher
B) Havelock Ellis
C) Albert Moll
D) Alfred Kinsey

Question 34

How did Alfred Kinsey obtain most of his research data?

A) Laboratory observations
B) Interviews
C) Case studies
D) Online surveys

Question 35

Freud is to case study as Masters and Johnson are to:

A) Questionnaire
B) Interview
C) Experiment
D) Observation

Question 36

A sexologist teaching at a university offers students the option of writing a term paper or participating in a sexuality survey. What challenge would this pose for findings from the survey?

A) Over generalizability
B) Interviewer bias
C) 100% sampling bias
D) Volunteer bias

Question 37

Results from the 2010 National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior (NSSHB) are not generalizable to which of these groups?

A) Gay men
B) Bisexual men and women
C) Individuals living in long-term care facilities
D) All of these

Question 38

A couple comes to a lab and has sexual intercourse first with no one observing, then comes back and has sex while hooked up to a variety of instruments to measure changes in erection and vaginal lubrication. This couple might have been participants in a study done by which researcher(s)?

A) William Masters and Virginia Johnson
B) Alfred Kinsey and Clelia Mosher
C) Alan Bell and Martin Weinberg
D) Evelyn Hooker and Morton Hunt

Question 39

According to your text, who is considered the most influential sex researcher of the 20th century?

A) Havelock Ellis
B) Clelia Mosher
C) Alfred Kinsey
D) Virginia Johnson

Question 40

Related to research and skepticism, what method is thought to elicit greater responses on sensitive questions?

A) Computer-assisted self-interviews
B) Self-administered questionnaires
C) Face-to-face interviews
D) Focus groups

Question 41

A researcher doing in-depth interviews often asks the same questions in different ways during the interview to assure accurate and honest responses. How does this impact the results?

A) It reduces volunteer bias.
B) It reduces interviewer bias.
C) It increases validity.
D) It increases reliability.

Question 42

Behavioral theorists commonly use aversion therapy to change unwanted sexuality-related behaviors.

Question 43

A researcher wants to study people's behavior on first time dates so he/she joins an Internet dating service. What type of research method would this be?

A) Correlational
B) Internet based
C) Participant observation
D) Experimental

Question 44

Sigmund Freud believed that our basic personality is formed by events that happen to us in the first six years of life.

Question 45

If I am having sex at least once a week, chances are greatest that I live in which country?

A) Russia
B) Spain
C) Nigeria
D) United States

Question 46

What best describes the most recent U.S. approach to sex research?

A) Problem driven and underfunded
B) Theory driven and underfunded
C) Theory driven and adequately funded
D) Problem driven and adequately funded

Question 47

What is a disadvantage of correlational research?

A) The results cannot be generalizable to a larger group of people.
B) It is difficult to get informed consent.
C) It provides no information about causation.
D) It is the most time-consuming of all research methods.

Question 48

Sociological theorists analyze gender roles as the most significant way that an individual's sexuality identity is formed.

Question 49

Early sexuality researchers from the 19th century concentrated on the healthy and positive aspects of sexuality.

Question 50

Which of the following best fits the findings of cross-cultural studies?

A) Those with a written language have the lowest rates of masturbation.
B) Sexual intercourse is most common when couples wake up in the morning.
C) Women usually initiate foreplay in heterosexual relationships.
D) Female orgasmic ability varies greatly from culture to culture.

Question 51

A case study is a set of assumptions, principles, and methods that help a researcher understand the nature of the phenomenon being studied.

Question 52

A researcher who wants to study sexual behavior of adults in the U.S. uses a college-level human sexuality class to get participants. What sample method is the researcher using?

A) 100% sampling
B) Random sampling
C) Sample of convenience
D) Sample of variance

Question 53

You are a 21st century sexuality researcher concerned about the sustainability of your work. What is likely the most effective strategy moving forward?

A) Encourage pharmaceutical companies to fill the void in financial support caused by decreased federal funding for research.
B) Quietly conduct your research on normal, healthy sexuality, using minimal research funds and not over-publicizing any controversial findings.
C) Collaborate with researchers across multiple disciplines to gain government funding for sex research and network with them to share resources and knowledge.
D) Collaborate with members of the Traditional Values Coalition to obtain funding from the federal government.

Question 54

In his studies from the 1950s, Kinsey found that the majority of heterosexual couples only had sex in the missionary style.

Question 55

Which person is MOST likely to participate in a sexuality research study?

A) A male who is not sexually experienced and somewhat conservative
B) A female who is sexually experienced and more liberal
C) A male who is sexually experienced and more liberal
D) A female who has minimal sexual experience and is more conservative

Question 56

Sexuality research has become fragmented over the last few decades.

Question 57

In what area(s) is there currently a lack of sexuality research?

A) Development of sexual identity
B) Childhood sexual development
C) What makes couples happy long term
D) All of these

Question 58

Queer theory supports slow, steady social change.

Question 59

In the 2010 National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior, findings showed that the rate of vaginal intercourse among heterosexual teens is increasing rapidly.

Question 60

Masters and Johnson gathered sexuality data primarily through case studies.

Question 61

Compare and contrast three of the following theories using sexuality-related examples: behavioral, social learning, cognitive, humanistic, biological, evolutionary, sociological, feminist, or queer.

Question 62

Describe steps that Kinsey took with his choice of sampling and data collection methods to avoid bias in his findings.

Question 63

Contrast the different perspectives social learning theorists and evolutionary theorists would take towards studying children's gender development.

Question 64

Identify and discuss two findings from Marshall and Suggs' large-scale cross-cultural study of sexuality, one of the largest cultural studies ever done on sexuality.

Question 65

Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using interviews and questionnaires in sexuality-related research.

Question 66

What are four common problems to be considered when conducting sexuality research? For each, discuss how the problem is specific to sexuality-related research.

Question 67

List two sexuality researchers discussed in your text and explain two contributions to the field of sexuality made by each of them.

Question 68

The main limitation of a correlational study is that it doesn't provide any information about cause.

Question 69

Findings from the 2010 National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior found that the majority of adult men and women engage in one or two sexual behaviors during the majority of their sexual interactions.

Question 70

Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of Freud's psychoanalytic theory.

Question 71

The 2010 National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior found condom use was higher among African Americans than among White Americans.

Question 72

Explain how the Internet can be used in sexuality research. What are some of the specific benefits and drawbacks of this method?

Question 73

Explain how sexuality research has been problem driven and give two examples.

Question 74

Across the globe, the most common time for heterosexual people to engage in sexual activity is when they wake up in the morning.

Question 75

Researchers using methods of direct observation find that getting participants for their studies is fairly easy among college student populations.