Deck 4: Gender Development, Gender Roles, and Gender Identity

Question 1

Sexual differentiation of the genitals begins earlier in pregnancy than sexual differentiation of the brain.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Research shows that parents allow boys more flexibility in toy choices than girls.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Most hormonal secretions are regulated by the brain.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

An androgynous individual has ambiguous genitals.

Question 5

Iran has one of the highest rates of sexual reassignment surgery in the world.

Question 6

What does the term "gender-neutral housing" refer to on college campuses?

A) Allowing transgendered students to have equal access for housing options
B) Allowing male floors and female floors within the same residence hall
C) Allowing male and female students to share rooms in a residence hall
D) Allowing LGBTQIA students to have special room requests

Question 7

Someone with Turner syndrome would look like a genetic female at birth.

Question 8

A child with gonads of one sex but ambiguous external genitalia is referred to as asexual.

Question 9

The gender binary refers to the traditional division of people into two groups as male or female.

Question 10

In typical development, if the male contributes a Y chromosome, the child will be male.

Question 11

If you visually compared the sexual development of third-week female and male embryos, what would you notice?

A) Developing testes in the male and developing ovaries in the female
B) No development yet of testes in the male, but developing ovaries in the female
C) No development yet of ovaries in the female, but developing of testes in the male
D) No development yet of ovaries in the female or testes in the male

Question 12

If a person identifies as a woman, we can assume that person has female genitalia.

Question 13

In the 1500s, King Henry VIII of England divorced Catherine of Aragon because she gave birth to a daughter not a son. Henry VIII's reasoning was:

A) Inaccurate: Embryonic hormones differentiate in the 8th week to determine sex.
B) Inaccurate: Sperm cells carry the Y chromosome.
C) Accurate: Egg cells carry the Y chromosome.
D) Accurate: Once a woman has a daughter, subsequent offspring are more likely to be female.

Question 14

The pairs of chromosomes that determine the sex of the child are the autosomes.

Question 15

Breasts are an example of secondary sexual characteristics.

Question 16

Amenorrhea is a condition in which a female experiences excessive flow during menstruation.

Question 17

In the famous Brenda/Bruce story, it was shown how a transgendered person could find psychological well-being through sex reassignment surgery.

Question 18

What term refers to male and female sex organs which arise from the same tissue?

A) Analogous
B) Haploid
C) Androgens
D) Homologous

Question 19

Androgens are important for sexual development, specifically in males.

Question 20

What person would be diagnosed with a disorder of sex development?

A) Jaden, a man who dresses up as a woman to participate in drag shows
B) Jennifer, a female who has desired to be a male since childhood
C) Jacob, born a female named Amanda who underwent sex reassignment surgery to become a male
D) Jordan, a man who has external male genitalia and internal female organs

Question 21

Paul has feminized body contours, small testes, and some verbal deficits. When he goes in for an infertility evaluation, which of the following conditions is he most likely to be diagnosed with?

A) Klinefelter syndrome
B) Turner syndrome
C) Triple X syndrome
D) Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Question 22

Piaget is to cognitive theory as Bem is to:

A) Social learning theory
B) Evolutionary theory
C) Gender schema theory
D) Feminist theory

Question 23

Related to current research about gender, where do researchers focus more attention?

A) Biological differences between males and females
B) Socialized differences between males and females
C) Children's gender development
D) Gender similarities

Question 24

What is the process called in which an infant is taught the basic skills for functioning in society?

A) Assimilation
B) Differentiation
C) Socialization
D) Acculturation

Question 25

What is the best treatment for Turner's syndrome?

A) Administration of testosterone during puberty
B) Administration of estrogen and progesterone during puberty
C) Administration of androgens at birth
D) There is no known treatment for Turner's syndrome at this time.

Question 26

What statement describes current best practice related to intersex children?

A) Hormonal treatment begun prenatally to prevent problems with the sex differentiation that occurs in the latter stages of pregnancy
B) Surgical intervention to correct external abnormalities at birth
C) Gender assignment at birth with surgical intervention at puberty
D) Gender assignment withheld and surgical intervention delayed until child is of the age to decide

Question 27

What is a common criticism of social learning theory?

A) Children are seen as passive in the way they acquire gendered models of behavior.
B) There is not enough emphasis on how social factors influence a child's socialization.
C) There is too much focus on the child's developmental stages.
D) All of these

Question 28

A woman has just become pregnant. Which hormone below has contributed most directly to her pregnancy?

A) Follicle-stimulating hormone
B) Oxytocin
C) Progesterone
D) Androgen

Question 29

On average, females mature faster than males. This would be most likely considered a:

A) Gender constant
B) Gender role
C) Gender stereotype
D) Gender trait

Question 30

Which of the following is TRUE?

A) Males are more neurologically advanced and mature faster.
B) Males are more neurologically advanced and mature faster.
C) Females die at younger ages than males.
D) Female brains are more asymmetrical than males.

Question 31

All of the following are true about congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) EXCEPT:

A) Even though the body produces excessive amounts of androgens, there is often little effect on a developing male fetus.
B) Girls may be born with masculinized external genitalia which can be corrected with surgery.
C) Most individuals with CAH are not diagnosed until later in life.
D) In girls with CAH, there seems to be an impact on childhood play and sexual orientation.

Question 32

What theory would most likely have the motto, "nature not nurture"?

A) Social learning
B) Cognitive
C) Gender schema
D) Evolutionary

Question 33

If following the pattern of findings in the U.S., which person would be LEAST likely to adhere to gender role stereotyping?

A) Keonna, an African American female
B) Jacob, a Caucasian male
C) Abby, a Caucasian female
D) There are no differences between ethnic groups or genders so all would be equally likely to adhere to gender-role stereotyping.

Question 34

What female sex organ arises from the same tissue as the glans of the penis?

A) Labia majora
B) Vagina
C) Labia minora
D) Clitoris

Question 35

All of the following are true about sex development and brain differentiation EXCEPT:

A) Sexual differentiation of the brain occurs prior to sexual differentiation of the genitals.
B) Male brains signal continuous release of hormones.
C) Female brains signal release of hormones in a cyclical pattern.
D) Hormones influence development of the brain both in the uterus and after birth.

Question 36

If a gender-specific behavior is largely determined by culture, what is that behavior most accurately called?

A) Gender constant
B) Gender role
C) Gender stereotype
D) Gender trait

Question 37

What is true of Turner's syndrome?

A) It affects only males.
B) It affects only females.
C) It affects both males and females equally.
D) It is a condition that makes it impossible to identify a child as male or female.

Question 38

Megan was raised as a female. When she failed to menstruate at puberty, her doctor found that she was genetically male. What is Megan's most likely diagnosis?

A) Klinefelter's syndrome
B) Turner's syndrome
C) Androgen-insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
D) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

Question 39

Children see that on Saturdays their mom spends the day inside cleaning and doing the laundry while their dad does outside work such as mowing the yard and changing the oil. What theory suggests that children learn gender roles through this type of modeling?

A) Social learning
B) Cognitive
C) Feminist
D) Evolutionary

Question 40

What statement below does Margaret Mead's famous discussion about the Tchambuli tribe of New Guinea provide support for?

A) Human culture can transcend biology.
B) Some traits are innate among males and females and not likely to change.
C) Male traits are more likely to be biologically based.
D) Female traits are more likely to be biologically based.

Question 41

Homosocial play:

A) Is an early indication of homosexual orientation.
B) Is universal.
C) Usually begins when children are about 8 years old.
D) Causes children to be rejected by their peers.

Question 42

Cognitive development theory suggests that gender attitudes change predictably as children get older because:

A) Children pass through stages of development related to their ability to process information.
B) Changes in attitude over time are based on hereditary and hormonal influences.
C) They are exposed to consistent gender role models.
D) Their gender schemas are culturally determined.

Question 43

In most cultures, men are more likely than women to have all of the following EXCEPT:

A) Stress-related illnesses
B) Motor vehicle accidents
C) Cirrhosis of the liver
D) Suicide attempts

Question 44

What is an umbrella term used in your text to refer to a range of different sexual orientations, gender behaviors, or ideologies?

A) Gender neutral
B) Transsexual
C) Genderqueer
D) Transvestite

Question 45

What term is used to describe a transgender individual who is experiencing confusion or discomfort about their biological sex and gender identity?

A) Genderqueer
B) Gender dysphoria
C) Gender fluidity
D) Gender binary

Question 46

Generally speaking, a transsexual individual with an "XX" sex chromosome pair is likely to feel:

A) Trapped in a female's body
B) Trapped in a male's body
C) Physically attracted to men
D) Physically attracted to women

Question 47

What is most often true for transsexual people who take cross-sex hormones?

A) If they choose to stop taking hormones, changes up to that point are permanent.
B) If they choose to stop taking hormones, some changes will be reversible and some will be permanent.
C) If they decide to stop taking hormones, they will experience serious side effects because their hormones will no longer be in balance.
D) If they decide to stop taking hormones, all of the changes will be reversed.

Question 48

Research demonstrates that in the typical elementary school classroom in the U.S.:

A) Boys and girls get about the same amount of attention.
B) Girls who ask questions are seen as curious and boys who ask questions are seen as aggressive.
C) Boys get both more praise and more criticism than girls.
D) Girls get more praise and boys get more criticism.

Question 49

In today's society which of the following would be most likely to be the primary breadwinner of the family?

A) Jackie, an upper-class White female
B) Courtney, a lower-class White female
C) Don, a lower-class White male
D) Steve, a lower-class Black male

Question 50

What did Williams and Best find in their cross-cultural research related to gender?

A) People largely agreed on gender role stereotypes.
B) Gender role stereotypes differed greatly from country to country.
C) People generally agreed on feminine stereotypes but not masculine traits.
D) People generally agreed on masculine stereotypes but not feminine traits.

Question 51

Which of the following is true about gender roles in adolescence?

A) Consequences for deviating from gender role behaviors are more severe for girls than boys.
B) Girls have more flexibility with their general behavior.
C) Girls are allowed more deviation from gender stereotypes of sexuality.
D) All of these are true.

Question 52

Students in your class are discussing Sandra Bem's theory of androgyny. Which student has the view most similar to more modern researchers' ideas about androgyny?

A) Mandi: "Masculinity and femininity are on a continuum: the more masculine you are, the less feminine, and vice versa."
B) Arturo: "Androgyny is a great thing! Being androgynous helps resolve the 'battle of the sexes.'"
C) Terrance: "Androgyny allows for greater behavioral flexibility. Androgynous people have a greater repertoire of behavior to draw on in stressful and daily situations."
D) Shauna: "Suggesting that people should combine both 'masculine' and 'feminine' behaviors just reinforces outdated ideas of gender. Besides, what we consider to be masculine and feminine has changed over time."

Question 53

When we say to a little boy, "Hey there tough guy," and we say to a little girl, "Hello sweet little princess," we are interacting based on categories we have deeply engrained related to masculinity and femininity. What theory attributes much of our gender role development to these ways of thinking?

A) Social learning
B) Cognitive
C) Gender schema
D) Evolutionary

Question 54

According to David Gilmore's research related to the evolutionary purpose of masculine and feminine socialization, which statement would be most accurate in societies with plenty of food and the absence of enemies and predators?

A) Women would adopt more masculine roles.
B) Men would adopt more feminine roles
C) Differences between men and women would not be emphasized.
D) Differences between men and women would be exaggerated.

Question 55

In the Native American culture, this person was often biologically male, treated as a female in social functions, and highly respected in the society. What is the term used to describe this person?

A) A hijra
B) A two-spirit
C) A xani-th
D) A kathoey

Question 56

What statement best describes Sheila Rothman's belief about the context of womanhood?

A) What it means to be a woman has remained very constant from one time period to the next.
B) What it means to be a woman is mostly defined by determinants of masculinity during any given time period.
C) What is means to be a woman is understood within the context of motherhood.
D) What it means to be a woman has shifted from one time period to the next.

Question 57

Which surgical procedure based on time, expense, and complications is the more popular option used for female-to-male transitions?

A) Vaginoplasty
B) Phalloplasty
C) Metoidioplasty
D) Scrotoplasty

Question 58

Sandra Bem would define an androgynous individual as one who:

A) Shows neither masculine nor feminine characteristics
B) Is high in masculinity and low in femininity
C) Is low in masculinity and high in femininity
D) Is high in masculinity and high in femininity

Question 59

Using the measure of androgyny developed by Sandra Bem in the 1970's, what did current research find related to perceptions of gender traits?

A) While most of the feminine traits were still accurate, less than half of the masculine traits were still accurate.
B) While most of the masculine traits were still accurate, less than half of the feminine traits were still accurate.
C) Both male and female traits have remained constant over the past 30 years.
D) Both male and female traits have changed significantly over the past 30 years.

Question 60

What do the hijra, kathoey, and xani-th have in common?

A) They are biological males.
B) They are allowed sexual access to women and men.
C) They partake in both male and female work.
D) They are asexual.

Question 61

Define androgyny and give two examples of androgynous behavior.

Question 62

What country has one of the highest rates of sexual reassignment surgeries in the world?

A) Japan
B) India
C) Iran
D) Brazil

Question 63

According to Epstein, what aspect of human behavior perpetuates gender inequalities?

A) Cross-cultural differences
B) Gender role stereotyping
C) Sexual attraction
D) Dichotomous thinking

Question 64

According to information presented in your text and lecture, who will likely experience the LEAST flexibility around gender roles?

A) Jacob,a boy who is 15 years old and expresses an interest in the fashion design club
B) Elly a girl who is 15 years old and tries out for the school hockey team
C) Marcy, a woman who is 40 years old and is the CEO of a Fortune 500 company
D) Kevin, a man who is 30 years old and is a college education instructor

Question 65

Describe two disorders of sex development (DSD) and the recommended treatment for each.

Question 66

How do gender roles affect satisfaction with life in the senior years?

Question 67

Describe what is meant by the term "third gender." Include descriptions of two examples.

Question 68

Differentiate among transgenderism, transsexualism, gender dysphoria, and asexuality.

Question 69

Describe the differences in the way boys and girls are often treated in U.S. classrooms by their teachers

Question 70

Describe the process of sexual differentiation in a developing fetus.

Question 71

Who is likely to hold a more negative attitude about aging?

A) Michelle, a White lesbian woman
B) Courtney, a White heterosexual woman
C) Jesse, a Latino gay man
D) Robert, a Black heterosexual man

Question 72

Maleek was born with typically appearing external male genitalia, however, was also born with one ovary. How would this person be identified?

A) As an intersex person
B) As a transgender person
C) As a bisexual person
D) As a hermaphrodite

Question 73

Explain how a person's development of a "gender schema" influences his or her view of gender. Give two examples to support your answer.

Question 74

Differentiate between sex and gender, and explain how the Bruce/Brenda case shed light on the nature versus nurture debate.

Question 75

Using terms referred to in your textbook, discuss how sex and gender influence people's interactions and relationships with each other.