Deck 11: Sexual Orientation

Question 1

What is the basic premise of reparative therapy?

A) Homosexual orientation is a form of social adjustment disorder.
B) Homosexual orientation is an illness to be cured.
C) Homosexual orientation leads to additional physical and emotional diseases.
D) The research evidence shows that a person can choose to change their sexual orientation.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In addition to incorporating seven dimensions of sexual orientation into his model of sexual orientation, what else does Klein include as an important factor?

A) The concept of time - past, present, future
B) The difference between a person's moral beliefs and their actual behaviors
C) The number of same-sex partners someone has before being considered homosexual
D) If a person's first sexual experience was same-sex or other-sex

Answer 2

A

Question 3

How did many scientists during the 1930s and 1940s try to explain homosexual orientation?

A) By exploring physical differences between male and female gay and straight people
B) By exploring men's and women's motivations to identify as gay or lesbian
C) By exploring brain differences between gay and straight men and lesbian and straight women
D) By exploring the family backgrounds of gay men and lesbian women

Answer 3

A

Question 4

How did Kinsey define sexual orientation?

A) More dependent on emotions and fantasies than on behavior
B) Best understood as a continuum of behavior
C) As two separate dichotomous categories
D) Based on past and present behavior

Question 5

What statement is TRUE related to the rates of gay, lesbian, and bisexual relationships among males and females?

A) There are more lesbian women than gay men.
B) There are about equal numbers of gay men, lesbian women, and people who identify as bisexual.
C) There are more gay men than lesbian women.
D) There are more people who identify as bisexual than gay men and lesbian women combined.

Question 6

What best describes the current conclusion of much of the gender-role nonconformity research?

A) The findings show a cause-and-effect relationship between conformity to gender roles during early childhood and later sexual orientation.
B) The findings show no connection between conformity to gender roles during early childhood and later sexual orientation, but there is a connection related to gender
C) The findings are primarily correlational in nature.
D) None of these

Question 7

Physiological research related to sexual orientation has focused the most on which of these characteristics?

A) Body shape
B) Voice tone
C) Amount of body hair
D) Finger-length patterns

Question 8

When people's behavior and beliefs about their sexual orientation are in conflict, social scientists usually define them by their:

A) Emotional attachments
B) Sexual fantasies.
C) Sexual behaviors.
D) Sexual self-concept.

Question 9

Within the animal kingdom what statement is best supported by evidence?

A) Non-human animals rarely engage in same-sex behaviors.
B) Some non-human animals, such as penguins, will form lifelong same-sex partnerships.
C) Individual animals within non-human species who show same-sex behavior do not engage in other-sex behavior.
D) Non-human female animals do exhibit same-sex behaviors, such as mounting another female. This behavior is most common in the presence of other males competing for attention.

Question 10

Which theory would contend that homosexual orientation is the result of various reinforcements and punishments?

A) Sociological
B) Systems
C) Behavioral
D) Interactional

Question 11

What percent of variance in sexual orientation does current evidence suggest that genes account for?

A) 5
B) 15
C) 50
D) 75

Question 12

What is one criticism of the current theories that attempt to explain sexual orientation?

A) They ignore gender differences.
B) They ignore the interaction between biology, social, and cultural factors.
C) They ignore bisexual identity.
D) They ignore physical differences between gay and straight people.

Question 13

Evidence from studies of biological differences in sexual orientation is most likely to lead to what conclusion?

A) Biological factors are much stronger for lesbian women than for gay men.
B) Biology allows us to predict sexual orientation for almost 90% of people.
C) Biology probably interacts with social influences in predicting sexual orientation.
D) Biology plays no role in influencing sexual orientation.

Question 14

What has been found related to birth order and sexual orientation?

A) Gay men have more older brothers than heterosexual men.
B) Gay men have more older sisters than heterosexual men.
C) Gay men are typically the oldest child.
D) Gay men are more likely to be only children.

Question 15

What can be concluded about reparative therapy?

A) Research has found that in time, it is possible to change sexual orientation in about 80% of patients.
B) Reparative therapy may do more harm than good.
C) It is recommended by the American Psychological Association.
D) Although sexual orientation may not change, many patients report being happier as a result of the therapy.

Question 16

What is a major limitation of "nationally representative" survey data?

A) Minority groups are typically underrepresented.
B) When minority groups are included, it is often from groups that are experiencing significant problems.
C) In order to appear representative, researchers often over-include people from minority groups resulting in skewed data.
D) Most people in minority groups refuse to participate in research studies.

Question 17

Related to the role of prenatal hormones and development of sexual orientation, which statement gives the best description?

A) Prenatal hormone levels, especially those related to stress, seem to have a significant influence on the development of sexual orientation.
B) Prenatal hormones seem to be a strong predictor for females related to development of lesbian, bisexual or heterosexual development; however, there is not evidence to support an impact for males.
C) Males embryos are most impacted by prenatal hormones as a predictor of sexual orientation.
D) The overall evidence for the effect of prenatal hormones on both male and female sexual orientation development is weak.

Question 18

All of the following are true of psychoanalytic theory and sexual orientation EXCEPT:

A) Freud believed people were inherently bisexual at birth.
B) Freud saw male heterosexuality as the result of normal maturation and homosexuality as a result of unresolved issues with one's other-sex parent.
C) Evelyn Hooker was an influential researcher who tried to combat the psychoanalytic view of homosexuality by proving that people who are homosexual are as welladjusted as people who are heterosexuals.
D) Males who were abandoned by their mother were more likely to be gay.

Question 19

How has the frequency of same-sex behavior in the United States changed over the years?

A) It has increased over the years due to changes in the social status of people who identify across the spectrum of sexual orientation.
B) It has decreased over the years due to increased homophobia.
C) It has only increased among men, not among women.
D) It has remained constant over the years in spite of the changes in the social status of same-sex relationships.

Question 20

Sexual orientation refers to the gender that a person is attracted to:

A) Emotionally.
B) Physically.
C) Sexually.
D) All of these

Question 21

According to the six-stage model of gay and lesbian identity formation, what is the last stage in which the individual becomes fully comfortable with his or her sexual orientation and considers all aspects of his or her personality?

A) Identity tolerance
B) Identity acceptance
C) Identity pride
D) Identity synthesis

Question 22

If you wanted to live in a Latin American country with more openness to same-sex relationships and with the longest history of legalization of same-sex behavior, where would you live?

A) Uruguay
B) Columbia
C) Nicaragua
D) Brazil

Question 23

According to your text, homophobia is:

A) An anxiety about being in the presence of homosexuals.
B) Hatred and violence towards homosexuals.
C) A fear of homosexuals and homosexuality.
D) It could encompass all of these.

Question 24

All of the following statements about same-sex sexual relations and Asian countries are true EXCEPT:

A) It wasn't until 2001 that the Chinese Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from its list of mental disorders.
B) Homosexuality is often seen as a result of Western influences, considered a "Western social disease."
C) Buddhist countries generally accept homosexuality although they may have different laws for homosexuals and heterosexuals.
D) In India, which is a patriarchal country, lesbian women are generally more accepted than gay men.

Question 25

Studies have shown the following benefit(s) for LGB teens who attend gay-straight alliance (GSA) clubs in high school:

A) Higher GPAs
B) Lower rates of substance abuse
C) Decreased suicidal thoughts for heterosexual boys who experience bullying
D) All of these

Question 26

What state struck down its laws against same-sex adoption in 2010?

A) Iowa
B) Connecticut
C) Florida
D) Utah

Question 27

According to your textbook, what is a practice used in South Africa to punish lesbian women?

A) Corrective rape
B) Community isolation
C) Spiritual ceremonies
D) Genital mutilation

Question 28

What statement best describes the Church's stance on same-sex relationships through the first 1,000 years of Christianity?

A) Initially the Church was concerned with only male same-sex relationships.
B) Initially the Church was concerned with only female same-sex relationships.
C) From the very beginning, the Church enforced strict sanctions against same-sex relationships.
D) For the first 1,000 years of Christianity, the Church was fairly indifferent towards same-sex relationships.

Question 29

What is the Harvey Milk School?

A) A seminar series specifically developed to help parents of gay youth understand homosexuality
B) A school that offers conversion therapy to gay and lesbian youth
C) The first public school for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning youth
D) A graduate institution founded to encourage gay and lesbian students to enter politics

Question 30

Which of the following is TRUE about children raised by same-sex parents?

A) When compared to those of heterosexual parents, children of same-sex parents have higher levels of psychological problems.
B) Children raised by same-sex couples are more likely to engage in sexual experimentation.
C) Children raised by same-sex couples are less likely to succeed academically compared to their peers raised by heterosexual parents.
D) Children of same-sex parents have been found to be equally well socially, emotionally, and cognitively compared to children of heterosexual parents.

Question 31

In the Sambian culture, males practice sequential homosexuality primarily through what sexual activity?

A) Extramarital affairs
B) Oral sex
C) Father-son sexual contact
D) Anal intercourse

Question 32

Statistically speaking, which of the following individuals would be more likely to experience thoughts of suicide as well as higher levels of binge drinking?

A) Samantha, a 20-year old heterosexual female
B) Sheila, a 20-year old lesbian female
C) Daniel, a 20-year-old gay male
D) Derrick, a 20-year old bisexual male

Question 33

Which statement below is TRUE regarding lesbian, gay, and bisexual seniors?

A) Most seniors who are gay or lesbian report higher levels of happiness when they have not disclosed their sexual orientation to others.
B) Seniors tend to be more comfortable with their identity and experience low levels of internalized homophobia.
C) Nursing home staff has been found to be intolerant or condemning toward residents with homosexual or bisexual orientation.
D) Gay and lesbian seniors are more likely to become involved in another long-term relationship if their partner dies than their heterosexual peers.

Question 34

If I am a teenager and considering who to come out to first, which of the following is most likely?

A) Tell a friend first, followed by my mother.
B) First tell my mom, then a friend, and typically wait longer to tell my dad.
C) Tell a close family relative, such as an aunt, first, followed by my mom, then my dad.
D) Tell a friend first, then a teacher or trusted adult outside of my family.

Question 35

Low family acceptance during the coming out process is related to increased risk of:

A) Suicide
B) Use of illegal drugs
C) Unprotected sexual activity
D) All of these

Question 36

What is the largest and best-known magazine dedicated to gay and lesbian issues?

A) The Source
B) Pride
C) The Advocate
D) Coming Out

Question 37

What greatly influenced the harsh attitude toward same-sex behaviors in the early American colonies?

A) The strong influence of the Catholic Church
B) The Puritanical origins of the early settlers
C) Interaction with Native Americans who condoned homosexuality
D) Early venereal diseases spread in the colonies by men who were gay

Question 38

What is a problem often faced by parents who are gay or lesbian?

A) A nonbiological parent may not be able to get benefits for his or her child through work.
B) Couples may have trouble gaining joint custody of a child.
C) A nonbiological parent may not be granted parental leave.
D) All of these

Question 39

Which statement describes many Central and South American countries' views of same-sex sexual behavior?

A) Any sexual contact between men is considered homosexual.
B) A man is not considered gay if he takes an active, penetrating role with male sexual partners.
C) Masculine and feminine roles are equally valued, therefore homosexual orientation is not looked down upon.
D) A man is not considered a gay if he takes a passive role in anal intercourse with another man.

Question 40

What is one of the potential reasons discussed in your text for why lesbian women tend to earn more money than heterosexual women?

A) They are more likely to work in sex-industry jobs, such as strip clubs or pornography, in which women earn large amounts of money.
B) They are often thought of as "one of the guys."
C) They are less likely to leave the workforce to raise children.
D) Male employers tend to hire them because of the girl-on-girl fantasies that permeate male culture.

Question 41

Which of the following is an example of heterosexism, most likely based on lack of awareness as opposed to stemming from homophobia?

A) Refusing to hire someone who is gay
B) Asking a little girl if she is going to marry a prince when she grows up
C) Writing on invitations: "Feel free to bring a friend"
D) Beating up a young man because he is homosexual

Question 42

According to Storm's developmental theory, there are more gay men than lesbian women because the male sex drive emerges earlier than females.

Question 43

As of 2014, Facebook relationship status options included "in a civil union" and "in a domestic partnership."

Question 44

What is the term used to describe the assumption that everyone has heterosexual attraction and will eventually form a long-term relationship with a member of the othersex?

A) Homophobia
B) Heterosexism
C) Heterophobia
D) Homosexism

Question 45

What is sequential bisexuality?

A) Having sexual partners of both sexes during the same period
B) Having sex exclusively with one gender followed by sex exclusively with the other
C) Identifies those who were in long-term heterosexual relationships before coming out as homosexual
D) Individuals (primarily men) who are married and have homosexual sexual relationships on the side

Question 46

Cultures with more permissive attitudes about same-sex behavior have higher reports of homosexual orientation than do cultures with more restrictive attitudes.

Question 47

What has been considered a victory for gay rights advocates during the Obama administration?

A) Repeal of the Don't Ask Don't Tell policy
B) Reinstatement of the Defense of Marriage Act
C) Repeal of all 50 states' sodomy laws
D) Federal protection of worker benefits for gay and lesbian couples

Question 48

Who would likely be most at-risk for physical and emotional health issues?

A) Nicole, a White bisexual female
B) Neesha, a Black lesbian female
C) Nick, a White gay man
D) Dean, a Black heterosexual man

Question 49

If you wanted to find a religious denomination that is the most accepting of homosexuality, you would most likely become a member of which congregation?

A) Methodist
B) Pentecostal
C) United Church of Christ
D) None of these; there isno Christian-based denomination accepting of homosexuality.

Question 50

Lesbian relationships have been found to have which of the following characteristics in comparison to heterosexual relationships?

A) More egalitarian relationships
B) Less empathy for each other
C) Higher levels of conflict
D) Less overall relationship satisfaction

Question 51

Which of the following describes hate crimes?

A) Hate crimes include crimes motivated by hatred of religion, sex, race, and sexual orientation.
B) According to the APA, hate crimes against people who identify as LGBT are the most socially acceptable crimes.
C) Hate crimes are known as "message crimes."
D) All of these are true.

Question 52

In most European cultures, homosexuality was an accepted part of the general culture until the late Middle Ages.

Question 53

People who experiment with same-sex sexual contact in the early teenage years are most likely to go on to identify as gay or lesbian.

Question 54

Your campus is required to report all hate crimes thanks to the:

A) Harvey Milk Foundation.
B) Matthew Shepard Bill.
C) Hate Crimes Right to Know Act.
D) Advocates for Gay and Lesbian Rights Association.

Question 55

All of the following are true of bisexual sexual orientation and identity EXCEPT:

A) People who identify as bisexual tend to self-label later in life than gay or lesbian individuals.
B) Bisexual individuals are more accepted than lesbian women in both the heterosexual and LGBT communities.
C) Bisexuality is a relatively new "categorization" of sexual identity.
D) Compared to gay men and lesbian women, bisexual individuals have been found to have decreased social well-being.

Question 56

What is the term for the idea that all standards of correct behavior are determined by one's own cultural background?

A) Ethnocentrism
B) Self-centrism
C) Heterocentrism
D) Culturalism

Question 57

New research in the area of prenatal and adult hormone levels is providing strong evidence for biological theories of sexual orientation.

Question 58

What is the term for the practice of engaging in same-sex sexual behaviors while excluded from heterosexual encounters (such as in prison) with the plan to return to heterosexual relationships?

A) Situational homosexuality
B) Confinement homosexuality
C) Opportunist homosexuality
D) Isolated homosexuality

Question 59

The conceptualization of homosexuality is consistent across cultures.

Question 60

Who would be more likely to hold a NEGATIVE view of homosexuals?

A) Sara, a 25-year old female college graduate who's had five male sexual partners and is a Christian
B) Jarrod, a 25-year-old male college graduate who's had only one female partner and is an Atheist
C) Doug, a 40-year-old male college graduate who is not married, is Catholic, and holds very traditional attitudes about gender roles
D) Joyce, a 40-year-old female doctoral student who is divorced and does not subscribe to any specific religious affiliation

Question 61

Reports of same-sex behavior among males have been increasing at a higher rate than reports of same-sex behavior among females.

Question 62

The Defense of Marriage Act provides support for equality in marriage rights for all regardless of sexual orientation.

Question 63

Explain how the legal landscape has been changing for gay rights in the U.S. and give two examples.

Question 64

Sexual experimentation is highly correlated with sexual orientation.

Question 65

Today's teens are coming out at earlier ages than during other times in history.

Question 66

Explain how our views on sexual orientation have changed from ancient times through the Middle Ages to current times. Be sure to include specific examples from each era to support your answer.

Question 67

After being introduced in every session of Congress since 1994, the Employment Non-Discrimination Act finally passed in 2013.

Question 68

The age of first awareness of sexual orientation is typically within 1-2 years of when a person chooses to come out to others.

Question 69

Discuss some key points related to the issue of homosexuality across cultures. Be sure to illustrate your answer with examples from different cultures.

Question 70

Similar to many Latin American countries, many Middle Eastern countries do not view the active, penetrating male sexual partner as homosexual.

Question 71

Explain how laws, the media, and education have all helped reduce homophobia and hate crimes. Be sure to use examples.

Question 72

Rates of victimization from hate crimes are higher for boys than girls.

Question 73

Discuss some of the factors discussed in your text that commonly contribute to a person becoming homophobic.

Question 74

Outline both the Kinsey model of sexual orientation and the Klein model of sexual orientation. What is similar? What is different?

Question 75

Lesbian women in the workforce earn more than their heterosexual female peers.

Question 76

Identify three different and common assumptions (perhaps myths) about gay and lesbian parents, and then describe what research studies show about these assumptions.

Question 77

In India, there is more acceptance for lesbian women than for gay men.

Question 78

Describe and discuss two of the following theories of sexual orientation: Biological; Developmental; Behavioral; Sociological; Interactional.

Question 79

Identify the 6 stages of gay and lesbian identity development. Briefly describe what happens at each stage.

Question 80

Discuss how the medical model's view of homosexuality during the 19th and early 20th century influenced modern ideas of sexual orientation.