Deck 16: Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence

Question 1

Current theorists believe that the typical adolescent's approach to forming a mature identity starts with ________ and is then followed by ________.

A) industry; autonomy
B) trust; initiative
C) exploration; commitment
D) confusion; calm

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Defining who you are, what you value, and the directions you choose to pursue in life is part of

A) constructing an identity.
B) moral development.
C) gender intensification.
D) commitment.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Compared to school-age children, adolescents place more emphasis on ________ in their self-descriptions.

A) physical appearance
B) favorite activities
C) social virtues
D) school performance

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Lauren first described herself as "attractive." A moment later she said she was "sort of plain." These contradictory assertions suggest Lauren is about ____ years of age.

A) 10
B) 13
C) 16
D) 18

Question 5

According to Erikson, a temporary period of confusion and distress as adolescents experiment with alternatives before settling on a set of values is known as

A) diffusion.
B) a critical period.
C) identity formation.
D) an identity crisis.

Question 6

According to Erikson, resolution of the adolescent psychological conflict requires

A) successful outcomes at earlier stages.
B) an above-average IQ.
C) a variety of sexual partners.
D) permissive parenting.

Question 7

During the adolescent years, self-esteem generally

A) rises.
B) declines.
C) fluctuates a great deal.
D) remains stable.

Question 8

Kelly has reached adolescence and experiences difficulty having faith in ideals, such as truth, freedom, and honesty. According to Erikson, Kelly

A) has a weak sense of trust.
B) has poor initiative.
C) lacks a sense of industry.
D) recently overcome an identity crisis.

Question 9

________ is/are a key theme in older adolescents' self-concepts.

A) Being smart
B) Wearing the right clothes
C) Personal possessions
D) Personal and moral standards

Question 10

Lou's parents give him feedback that is primarily negative or inconsistent. The chances are high that Lou

A) will become increasingly resilient with age.
B) will rely more on adults than peers to affirm his self-esteem.
C) has a relatively stable, if negative, self-worth.
D) is in need of constant reassurance.

Question 11

Which of the following teenagers will probably experience weekly self-esteem shifts?

A) Sally, who is overly dependent on peer social approval
B) Donald, who is somewhat dependent on peer social approval
C) Anne, who does not depend on peer social approval at all
D) Lisa, who actively despises peer approval

Question 12

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of adolescence is identity versus

A) autonomy.
B) role confusion.
C) exploration.
D) commitment.

Question 13

Identity can be described as an explicit theory of oneself as a(n)

A) complex unit with varying personalities and desires.
B) rational agent who acts on the basis of reason and takes responsibility for those actions.
C) interpersonal being whose decisions are made within a wider social context.
D) entity who must explain its randomly occurring behavior.

Question 14

A study of self-esteem in 13 industrialized countries showed that the majority of teenagers had

A) low self-esteem.
B) a negative attitude toward school and work.
C) a pessimistic outlook on life.
D) confidence in their ability to cope with life's problems.

Question 15

Erin has no real interests or hobbies, and she cannot stay committed to an activity, a part-time job, or her school work. Some of her peers have called her "shallow," and her aunt complains that she is "directionless." Erikson would say that Erin

A) is currently in the commitment phase of identity development.
B) is experiencing role confusion.
C) has successfully resolved the intimacy stage of identity development.
D) is having trouble with her sense of industry.

Question 16

Fifteen-year-old Tyson feels poorly about his academic abilities and family relationships. Tyson is

A) probably an early maturer.
B) at risk for adjustment difficulties.
C) probably experimenting with different identities.
D) a typical teenager.

Question 17

Erikson's theory recognizes ________ as the major personality achievement of adolescence.

A) autonomy
B) identity
C) guilt
D) diffusion

Question 18

Jos, age 16, thinks, "What am I really like? Who will I become?" These remarks

A) are signs of identity development.
B) indicate that Jos lacks self-confidence.
C) reveal that Jos has a serious adjustment problem.
D) indicate that Jos is ready for Erikson's intimacy stage.

Question 19

As Milee transitions from childhood to adolescence, she will likely add several new dimensions of self-evaluations-

A) athletic skill, academic competence, and moral understanding.
B) identity, autonomy, and initiative.
C) close friendship, romantic appeal, and job competence.
D) popularity, future aspirations, and spirituality.

Question 20

According to Erikson, an identity crisis involves

A) questioning the values of one's society and culture.
B) experimenting with alternatives before deciding on values and goals.
C) rejecting previous identities in favor of a new vision of the self.
D) limiting one's choices and desires.

Question 21

After high school, Tom entered college while his brother Jay went to work. Which of the following is true?

A) Jay will probably settle on a self-definition before Tom.
B) Jay is unlikely to reach identity achievement.
C) Tom is at greater risk for identity diffusion than Jay.
D) Tom and Jay are unlikely to differ in their paths to identity.

Question 22

What can happen to identity formation when either an individual or a context changes?

A) There is a possibility for identity reformulation.
B) Identity formation is interrupted.
C) Identity formation is damaged.
D) Individual and contextual changes have no impact on identity formation.

Question 23

Tony has thought long and hard about music as a career. When asked if he would change his mind if something better came along, he replied, "I doubt it." Which identity status characterizes Tony?

A) identity achievement
B) moratorium
C) identity foreclosure
D) identity diffusion

Question 24

When asked about his career plans, Rodney responds, "Haven't thought about it. Doesn't make too much difference to me what I do." What identity status characterizes Rodney?

A) identity achievement
B) moratorium
C) identity foreclosure
D) identity diffusion

Question 25

Tate's father wants to support his identity development. He should

A) limit Tate's participation in extracurricular activities so he has more time to spend at home.
B) discourage Tate from talking to others about identity concerns, as this will be confusing in his own identity search.
C) encourage him to avoid vocational training programs during adolescence because this makes teens feel "locked in" to a certain career choice.
D) collaborate with Tate when solving problems and allow Tate to voice his own opinions.

Question 26

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Caucasian-American adolescents have higher self-esteem than African-American adolescents.
B) Warm, extended families and a strong sense of ethnic pride lead to more positive self-esteem for African-American adolescents than for Caucasian-American adolescents.
C) Caucasian-American girls are more satisfied with their peer relationships than African-American girls.
D) There are no significant SES or ethnic differences in adolescent self-esteem.

Question 27

Hannah has warm, trusting peer ties. Recent research suggests that Hannah will also be

A) more involved in exploring relationship issues.
B) less involved in career exploration.
C) higher in identity diffusion.
D) foreclosed.

Question 28

________ is seen as a psychologically healthy route to a mature identity.

A) Diffusion
B) Foreclosure
C) Moratorium
D) Conventionalism

Question 29

Suzanne questions her parents' religious beliefs and has begun to visit other churches to find out about alternatives. What identity status characterizes Suzanne?

A) identity achievement
B) identity moratorium
C) identity foreclosure
D) identity diffusion

Question 30

Which of the following teenagers is at highest risk for peer pressure and drug abuse?

A) Hayden, who has adopted his parents' values without question
B) Danica, who entrusts her fate to luck but has a sense of hopelessness about the future
C) Deon, who is actively exploring various belief systems but has not yet settled on one that "fits"
D) Makenna, who has committed to a particular religious faith after considering several alternatives

Question 31

Which identity status is associated with a dogmatic, inflexible cognitive style?

A) diffusion
B) foreclosure
C) achievement
D) moratorium

Question 32

Recent research on gender differences in identity development reveals that girls

A) focus on intimacy development before they become concerned with establishing an identity.
B) show less sophisticated reasoning about identity issues related to intimacy than do boys.
C) are fairly similar to boys in that they typically make progress on identity concerns before experiencing genuine intimacy in relationships.
D) are more identity diffused than boys and, therefore, experience intimacy in relationships before boys.

Question 33

A diffused adolescent would most likely say that she

A) shares the political perspective of her parents because "it works for them."
B) is currently considering several different political perspectives.
C) does not really care about politics and is not interested in exploring alternative viewpoints.
D) has considered various viewpoints and has decided to commit to a particular political party.

Question 34

Compared to the other identity statuses, young people who are identity achieved or actively exploring

A) have lower self-esteem.
B) report a larger discrepancy between their ideal selves and their real selves.
C) are more self-conscious and self-focused.
D) are more advanced in moral reasoning.

Question 35

Hillary, an African-American adolescent, would have higher self-esteem

A) if she was the only African-American girl in an otherwise all-white school.
B) in a school with just a few other African-American students.
C) in a school with many other African-American students.
D) if she was home schooled by a female relative.

Question 36

The lowest levels of warm, open communication at home are reported by adolescents who are

A) foreclosed.
B) identity diffused.
C) in a state of moratorium.
D) identity achieved.

Question 37

Heather is a foreclosed teenager. Which of the following statements is Heather likely to make?

A) "I don't care about finding a so-called value system. What does it matter anyway?"
B) "I believe what my parents have taught me and have no reason to doubt that they are right."
C) "I've explored many options and have settled on the value system that makes the most sense to me."
D) "I'm still exploring my options for the future."

Question 38

Adolescents who assume that absolute truth is always attainable tend to be

A) foreclosed.
B) identity diffused.
C) in a state of moratorium.
D) identity achieved.

Question 39

Katy accepts her family's political and religious beliefs without question. Which identity status characterizes Katy?

A) identity achievement
B) moratorium
C) identity foreclosure
D) identity diffusion

Question 40

Which of the following is true?

A) Once adolescents enter an identity status, they tend to remain in that status until early adulthood.
B) Most adolescents start out as foreclosed or diffused, but by late adolescence they move toward moratorium and identity achievement.
C) Most adolescents start out in moratorium, but by late adolescence they move toward foreclosure and diffusion.
D) Most adolescents start out in foreclosure, but by late adolescence they move toward diffusion and identity achievement.

Question 41

Research on Kohlberg's stage sequence indicates that by early adulthood, Stage ____ is the typical response; few people move beyond it.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 42

Maria feels a strong sense of ethnic-group membership and has attitudes and feelings associated with that membership. Maria is displaying

A) a bicultural identity.
B) an ethnic identity.
C) identity foreclosure.
D) identity confusion.

Question 43

Research on Kohlberg's theory indicates that

A) most young people reach Stage 6 by the end of high school.
B) few people move beyond Stage 4.
C) males are more advanced in moral reasoning than females.
D) real-life moral reasoning is based on social conformity.

Question 44

In response to the Heinz dilemma, Oliver explains, "Heinz shouldn't steal the drug because it's his duty as a citizen to obey the law. If everyone started breaking the law, there'd be no civilization!" Oliver is in which of Kohlberg's stages?

A) punishment and obedience orientation
B) instrumental purpose orientation
C) "good boy-good girl" orientation
D) social-order-maintaining orientation

Question 45

Adolescents who immigrate with their family to the United States from a collectivist culture demonstrate ________ the longer their family has been in the United States.

A) increased rejection of mainstream U.S. values
B) increased commitment to fulfilling family obligations and learning about their collectivist culture
C) decreased ability to fit in with mainstream U.S. culture
D) decreased commitment to obeying their parents and fulfilling family obligations

Question 46

In response to the Heinz dilemma, Mara explains, "Heinz ought to steal the drug. Obeying the law in this case goes against the reason for which the law was originally created. The law should be reinterpreted to take account of Heinz's right to save his wife's life." Mara is in which of Kohlberg's stages?

A) instrumental purpose orientation
B) social-order-maintaining orientation
C) social contract orientation
D) universal ethical principle orientation

Question 47

Noelle is an African-American teenager who has explored and adopted the values from her own culture, as well as from the dominant Caucasian-American culture. Noelle has formed a ________ identity.

A) weak
B) diffused
C) foreclosed
D) bicultural

Question 48

According to Kohlberg, which is the most important factor in determining the maturity of responses to moral dilemmas?

A) the reasoning behind the answer
B) whether the child considers anyone else's perspective
C) how the child uses emotion in determining the answer
D) whether the child answers like other children his age

Question 49

At which of Kohlberg's stages would a child reason, "You do this for me, and I'll do this for you"? The ________ orientation.

A) punishment and obedience
B) instrumental purpose
C) good boy-good girl
D) social-order-maintaining

Question 50

In response to the Heinz dilemma, Jolee explains, "If Heinz cares at all about what his family thinks of him, he won't let his wife die. He'd be a disgrace to his family's name." Jolee is in which of Kohlberg's stages?

A) punishment and obedience orientation
B) instrumental purpose orientation
C) "good boy-good girl" orientation
D) social-order-maintaining orientation

Question 51

At which of Kohlberg's levels is morality externally controlled?

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) autonomous

Question 52

Psychological distress resulting from conflict between the minority and host culture is called

A) cognitive dissonance.
B) a culture war.
C) acculturative stress.
D) xenophobia.

Question 53

For teenagers who are members of minority groups, a sense of ethnic-group membership

A) is central to the quest for identity.
B) often leads to distancing from the majority culture.
C) is less important than a secure identity.
D) can interfere with identity development.

Question 54

Kohlberg's moral stages correspond to

A) Selman's perspective-taking stages.
B) Erikson's psychosocial theory.
C) Freud's psychosexual stages.
D) Vygotsky's sociocultural theory.

Question 55

Kohlberg and Piaget both believed that moral understanding

A) continues to evolve over the course of the lifespan.
B) could be reached by adhering closely to parental and cultural directives.
C) was gained by actively grappling with moral issues and perspective taking.
D) could lead to close-mindedness and intolerance if it was not grounded in a religious faith.

Question 56

The Heinz dilemma is a(n)

A) classic example of an adolescent in moratorium, deliberating between two career choices.
B) narrative used to assess adolescents' understanding of social conventions.
C) example of an everyday moral conflict that young people encounter.
D) story that presents a genuine conflict between two moral values.

Question 57

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Responses to moral dilemmas tend to generalize to everyday moral conflicts.
B) Adolescents rarely report feeling confused or tempted over real-life dilemmas.
C) Situational factors seem to play a very small part in people's responses to moral dilemmas.
D) Real-life problems seem to elicit reasoning below a person's actual capacity.

Question 58

Research on Kohlberg's stage sequence

A) supports the order of the stages.
B) indicates that movement through the stages is quite rapid.
C) confirms the existence of Stage 6.
D) shows that postconventional morality is common in adulthood.

Question 59

In response to the Heinz dilemma, Seth explains, "If Heinz doesn't do everything he can to save his wife's life, he's valuing something more than the value of life. People have a mutual duty to save one another from dying." Seth is in which of Kohlberg's stages?

A) instrumental purpose orientation
B) social-order-maintaining orientation
C) social contract orientation
D) universal ethical principle orientation

Question 60

Which of the following statements regarding schools and identity development is true?

A) Over the past 20 years, schools have had an increasingly negative impact on identity development.
B) Schools foster identity development by promoting high-level thinking.
C) Schools often interfere with identity development by emphasizing competition over learning.
D) In school settings, boys tend to receive more encouragement than girls to develop a secure identity.

Question 61

In a study conducted in India, the most morally mature individuals

A) were those who had access to a moral curriculum in high school.
B) reached Stage 5 or 6 during the transition to high school. .
C) were females who grew up in large extended-family households. .
D) explained that a moral solution should not be the burden of a single individual.

Question 62

Teenagers with a sense of civic responsibility are most likely to identify ________ as a cause for homelessness.

A) low intelligence
B) lack of job skills
C) unfair government practices
D) personal problems

Question 63

It is likely that Norwegian males and females score similarly on complex reasoning about care issues because

A) civic engagement is required for graduation in all Norwegian high schools.
B) Norwegian culture induces boys and men to think deeply about interpersonal obligations.
C) Norwegian females are less concerned with the ethic of care than females from other cultures.
D) most public schools incorporate a moral curriculum beginning in the elementary years.

Question 64

Collectivist cultures place moral responsibility on the entire society. This raises a question about whether Kohlberg's highest stages

A) represent a culturally specific rather than universal way of thinking.
B) represent hypothetical constructs or real-life dilemmas.
C) are limited to non-Western societies.
D) can be attained by young people in industrialized nations.

Question 65

Which adolescent is likely to experience greater gains in moral reasoning?

A) Bradley, who is very competitive
B) Brenda, who is open-minded
C) Brady, who is confident
D) Butler, who is introverted

Question 66

Most recent studies ________ Gilligan's claim that Kohlberg's approach underestimates the moral maturity of females.

A) support
B) do not support
C) are inconclusive about
D) have failed to test

Question 67

According to Gilligan, a concern for others is

A) a different, but no less valid, basis of morality.
B) a less valid basis for morality than justice.
C) highly valued in Kohlberg's theory.
D) limited in young women.

Question 68

Research shows that on both hypothetical and real-life moral dilemmas,

A) themes of justice occur more often than caring.
B) males reason at a much lower level than females.
C) females actually emphasize themes of justice over caring.
D) themes of justice and caring appear in the responses of both males and females.

Question 69

In which of the following cultural environments is moral development especially advanced?

A) United States cities
B) tribal and village cultures
C) Israeli cities
D) Israeli kibbutzim

Question 70

Miguel spent a year volunteering in a homeless shelter. At the end of the year, Miguel is likely to

A) attribute homelessness to personal or individual factors.
B) become overwhelmed by social injustices.
C) become desensitized to social injustices.
D) redefine his own identity to include a responsibility to combat the misfortunes of others.

Question 71

Which of the following is true about the impact of peer interaction on moral reasoning?

A) Due to high rates of peer pressure, peer interaction in adolescence often interferes with advanced moral reasoning.
B) The more time young people spend with peers, the less mature their moral reasoning.
C) Interaction among peers who confront and engage each other about moral issues leads to gains in moral reasoning.
D) Throughout adolescence, peers are more influential in moral decision making than parents.

Question 72

Schools that have ________ promote a sense of civic responsibility.

A) a democratic climate
B) a diverse range of mentors
C) vocational courses
D) a range of extracurricular opportunities

Question 73

Like Piaget's cognitive stages, Kohlberg's moral stages

A) are loosely organized and overlapping.
B) facilitate concrete reasoning.
C) are hypothetical.
D) are universal.

Question 74

As they work to reconcile personal rights and community obligations, adolescents increasingly consider the overlap between

A) preconventional morality and racial prejudice.
B) moral education and role confusion.
C) identity development and matters of personal choice.
D) moral imperatives and social conventions.

Question 75

In which country do the greatest percentage of the population report being religious?

A) Italy
B) Great Britain
C) Germany
D) the United States

Question 76

As a teenager, John shows higher-stage thinking on Kohlberg's dilemmas. Compared with his peers, John is likely to

A) state that people should help others, but is unlikely to do so in real life.
B) help others and defend victims of injustice.
C) cheat in school just as much as other teens.
D) emphasize an ethic of care.

Question 77

Research shows that although the morality of males and females taps the orientations of both justice and care, females do tend to stress

A) empathic perspective taking.
B) justice.
C) justice and care equally.
D) rights.

Question 78

Reasoning at Kohlberg's Stage 4 and above depends on

A) understanding the role of larger social structures in resolving moral conflict.
B) understanding the content of hypothetical moral dilemmas.
C) the age and gender of the respondent.
D) the ability to deal with day-to-day conflict, particularly with parents.

Question 79

According to Gilligan, feminine morality is based on

A) rights and justice.
B) an ethic of care.
C) irrational reasoning.
D) the same principles as male morality.

Question 80

A powerful predictor of moral reasoning is

A) personality type.
B) religious affiliation.
C) years of schooling completed.
D) independence from parents.