Deck 7: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Question 1

Newborn babies respond with _______ to too much or too little stimulation.

A) locked gazes
B) generalized distress
C) fear
D) mouth-open smiles

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The rise in ______after 6 months of age keeps nearly mobile babies' enthusiasm for exploration in check.

A) fear
B) sadness
C) anger
D) emotional contagion

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The social smile first appears around ________ of age.

A) 1 to 5 weeks
B) 6 to 10 weeks
C) 3 to 4 months
D) 5 to 7 months

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following statements is supported by research on emotional development?

A) Infants, children, and adults use diverse responses to express a particular emotion.
B) The emotional expressions of blind infants are exaggerated compared to infants with normal vision.
C) Babies on the visual cliff generally display a fearful facial expression, but do not show other signs of fear.
D) Wide cultural differences exist in the facial expressions that people associate with different emotions.

Question 5

The social smile

A) first appears during REM sleep.
B) is evoked by parent-child interaction.
C) emerges during the second week of life.
D) first appears in response to dynamic, eye-catching sights.

Question 6

Expressions of ______ are less common than those of ________.

A) anger; fear
B) anger; sadness
C) sadness; anger
D) happiness; sadness

Question 7

In Erikson's theory, the conflict of toddlerhood is resolved favorably when parents

A) provide suitable guidance and reasonable choices.
B) use appropriate and warm toilet-training techniques.
C) employ an authoritarian child-rearing style.
D) employ a permissive child-rearing style.

Question 8

Infants raised in Israeli kibbutzim

A) are discouraged from developing a strong emotional bond with their mother.
B) display far greater stranger anxiety than their city-reared counterparts.
C) are passed from one adult to another, which reduces their stranger anxiety.
D) show very little stranger anxiety compared with agemates.

Question 9

Emotional expressions are well-organized and specific

A) at birth.
B) by 3 months of age.
C) by the middle of the first year.
D) only after the start of the second year.

Question 10

Sevan, age 11 months, is wary of strangers. However, when his mother sits on the floor, Sevan ventures a few feet away from her for a few minutes at a time, and then returns to her for emotional support. Sevan is

A) engaging in effortful control.
B) exhibiting unusual behavior for a toddler with stranger anxiety.
C) using his mother as a secure base.
D) displaying avoidance rather than approach.

Question 11

Baby Emma is learning to stand. Each time she falls, she looks at her caregiver. If her caregiver looks concerned, Emma cries. If her caregiver smiles, Emma tries again. Emma is using

A) a secure base.
B) emotional self-regulation.
C) social referencing.
D) effortful control.

Question 12

According to Erikson's theory, a healthy outcome during infancy is dependent on the

A) quantity of food offered.
B) amount of oral stimulation provided.
C) quality of caregiving.
D) availability of self-soothing.

Question 13

Sheldon, age 1, will most likely display a ________ smile for a friendly stranger.

A) brief, fleeting
B) broad, "cheek-raised"
C) reserved, muted
D) "mouth-open"

Question 14

Laughter

A) reflects faster processing of information than smiling.
B) appears around 6 to 8 months of age.
C) first occurs in response to very gentle stimuli.
D) occurs more often when babies are interacting with new people.

Question 15

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the first year is

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
B) basic trust versus mistrust.
C) initiative versus guilt.
D) industry versus inferiority.

Question 16

In the first few months, babies

A) master emotional self-regulation.
B) match the feeling tone of the caregiver in face-to-face communication.
C) look longer at an appropriate face-voice pairing than at an inappropriate one.
D) display empathy in most social situations.

Question 17

Babies' earliest emotional life consists of which two global arousal states?

A) happiness and sadness
B) fullness and hunger
C) attraction to pleasant stimuli and withdrawal from unpleasant stimuli
D) happiness and fear

Question 18

When an unfamiliar adult picks up Louisa, age 9 months, the baby begins to cry and struggles to get down. Louisa is exhibiting

A) stranger anxiety.
B) avoidant attachment.
C) insecure attachment.
D) separation anxiety.

Question 19

One of the lasting contributions of psychoanalytic theory is its

A) information regarding the channeling of biological drives.
B) ability to capture the essence of personality development during each period of development.
C) nearly exclusive focus on the importance of experiences in infancy and early childhood.
D) emphasis on quantitative and experimental research.

Question 20

Basic emotions

A) are not evident in nonhuman primates.
B) are all present at birth.
C) have no evolutionary history of promoting survival.
D) are universal in humans.

Question 21

In Mary Rothbart's model of temperament,

A) distractibility and irritable distress are considered opposite ends of the same dimension.
B) persistence and fearful distress are considered opposite ends of the same dimension.
C) fearful distress and irritable distress distinguish between reactivity triggered by fear and reactivity due to frustration.
D) the dimensions are overly broad, such as regularity of body functions.

Question 22

Self-conscious emotions appear

A) in the middle of the first year.
B) at the end of the first year.
C) in the middle of the second year.
D) at the end of the second year.

Question 23

According to Rothbart, individuals differ not just in their reactivity on each dimension but also in

A) effortful control.
B) self-concept.
C) goodness of fit.
D) interactional synchrony.

Question 24

Effortful control

A) requires adult instruction and modeling.
B) is regarded as a major dimension of temperament.
C) plays a limited role in mental and social development.
D) is an ability that is present at birth.

Question 25

Alice is inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, and adjusts slowly to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's research, Alice would be classified as

A) slow-to-warm-up.
B) uninhibited.
C) difficult.
D) easy.

Question 26

Self-conscious emotions

A) involve distinct facial expressions.
B) do not require self-awareness.
C) are universally experienced in response to the same types of situations.
D) require adult instruction in when to feel proud, ashamed, or guilty.

Question 27

Cross-cultural research indicates that

A) the situations in which adults encourage various self-conscious emotions vary from culture to culture.
B) in collectivist cultures, most children are taught to feel pride over personal achievement.
C) nonverbal expressions of basic emotions differ widely from culture to culture.
D) in Western individualistic nations, most children are taught to feel embarrassment over individual achievement.

Question 28

Which of the following statements is supported by research on emotional self-regulation?

A) Collectivist cultures usually discourage the expression of strong emotion in infants.
B) Beginning in infancy, girls find it harder to regulate negative emotion than boys.
C) By the second year, toddlers are quite skilled at using language to comfort themselves.
D) Beginning in the first few months, mothers imitate their babies' negative feelings far more often than their positive ones.

Question 29

In Thomas and Chess's research, ____ percent of children showed unique blends of temperamental characteristics and could not be classified as easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 35
D) 50

Question 30

According to research on social referencing, which of the following responses from Tanner's mom is the most likely to encourage him to get up and try again after he falls down while learning to walk?

A) a concerned look
B) a cautious smile
C) speaking the words "oh, no!"
D) laughter combined with saying "oopsie-daisy"

Question 31

According to Thomas and Chess, the difficult child

A) shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli.
B) is irregular in daily routines.
C) shows unique blends of temperamental characteristics.
D) displays no identifiable temperamental traits.

Question 32

Self-conscious emotions

A) are present at birth.
B) are universal and basic.
C) include happiness, fear, anger, and sadness.
D) involve injury to or enhancement of our sense of self.

Question 33

Baby Dak quickly establishes regular routines, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. Dak would be classified by Thomas and Chess as

A) slow-to-warm-up.
B) uninhibited.
C) difficult.
D) easy.

Question 34

Emotional self-regulation requires

A) adult instruction on when to use it.
B) goodness of fit.
C) social referencing.
D) effortful control.

Question 35

Which of the following is true about social referencing?

A) By the middle of the second year, it expands to include indirect emotional signals.
B) A parent's use of a facial expression alone is a more effective social reference than the use of the voice.
C) It does not allow young children to compare their own and others' assessments of events.
D) In social referencing, toddlers simply react to others' emotional messages.

Question 36

Evan covered his eyes when the witch appeared on the screen while he was watching The Wizard of Oz. Evan was using

A) a secure base.
B) emotional self-regulation.
C) social referencing.
D) self-soothing.

Question 37

________ are examples of self-conscious emotions.

A) Anger and guilt
B) Happiness and pride
C) Shame and embarrassment
D) Envy and sadness

Question 38

Which of the following is true about the results of the longitudinal study on temperament conducted by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess?

A) Temperament can increase a child's chances of experiencing psychological problems.
B) Because temperament is innate, parenting practices cannot modify children's emotional styles.
C) Temperament cannot protect a child from the negative effects of a highly stressful home life.
D) The psychological traits that make up temperament in childhood play a very small role in adult personality.

Question 39

Gil describes his son as calm and cautious. He describes his daughter as cheerful and energetic. Gil's descriptions refer to the children's

A) ability to use effortful control.
B) ability to use self-soothing.
C) temperaments.
D) level of reactivity.

Question 40

In the early months, infants

A) have only a limited capacity to regulate their emotional stress.
B) are unable to regulate any form of emotional stress.
C) are not very easily overwhelmed.
D) rely primarily on self-soothing for distraction and reorientation of attention.

Question 41

Babies in John Bowlby's _______ phase display separation anxiety.

A) preattachment
B) "attachment in the making"
C) "clear-cut" attachment
D) formation of a reciprocal relationship

Question 42

In which of Bowlby's phases do children use requests and persuasion to alter their caregiver's goals?

A) formation of a reciprocal relationship
B) "clear-cut" attachment
C) "attachment in the making"
D) preattachment

Question 43

The ethological theory of attachment

A) suggests that the infant's emotional tie to the mother is the foundation of all later relationships.
B) recognizes the infant's emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival.
C) emphasizes the importance of feeding as the central context in which caregivers and babies build close emotional bonds.
D) suggests that infants learn to prefer their mother because she functions as both a primary caregiver and a social partner.

Question 44

Which of the following is more likely to be found in shy, inhibited children than in highly sociable, uninhibited children?

A) a higher heart rate from the first few weeks of life
B) lower levels of amygdala activity in response to novel stimuli
C) lower levels of saliva concentration of cortisol
D) a drop in blood pressure in response to novelty

Question 45

Results of Jerome Kagan's longitudinal research on the development of shyness and sociability found that

A) about 70 percent of 4-month-olds were easily upset by novelty.
B) nearly all of the extreme groups retained their temperamental styles over time.
C) most children's dispositions became less extreme over time.
D) as infants, more children were shy than were highly sociable.

Question 46

Brendon reacts negatively to and withdraws from novel stimuli. He could be classified as a(n) ______ child.

A) sociable
B) shy
C) easy
D) uninhibited

Question 47

The overall stability of temperament is

A) high in infancy.
B) low from the preschool years on.
C) low in infancy and toddlerhood.
D) high from the preschool years on.

Question 48

Research on the role of heredity in temperament indicates that

A) heritability estimates derived from twin studies suggest a major role for genetic factors in temperament and personality.
B) identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins across a wide range of temperamental traits and personality measures.
C) only 5 to 10 percent of individual differences in temperament have been attributed to differences in genetic makeup.
D) heritability estimates are much higher for expressions of positive emotion than for negative emotion.

Question 49

Research on sex differences in temperament shows that

A) girls are more daring than boys, and they have a large advantage in effortful control.
B) boys are more anxious and timid than girls, and they are slightly more impulsive.
C) girls' advantage in effortful control contributes to better school performance.
D) boys are more active than girls, but they also tend to be more anxious and timid.

Question 50

In the 1950s, a famous experiment of rhesus monkeys reared with terry-cloth and wire-mesh "surrogate mothers" provided evidence that

A) the development of emotional ties between infant and mother does not depend on hunger satisfaction.
B) the infant's characteristics play a larger role in the relationship than the caregiver's contributions.
C) continuous, sensitive caregiving is key to the development of a secure attachment pattern.
D) attachment security in infancy is highly dependent on hunger satisfaction.

Question 51

Compared to shy infants and preschoolers, highly sociable children show

A) greater EEG activity in the right frontal lobe.
B) greater generalized activation of the cerebral cortex.
C) lower levels of fMRI activity in the amygdala.
D) higher saliva concentrations of the stress hormone cortisol.

Question 52

In families with several children,

A) parents tend to look for similarities between siblings.
B) parents often regard siblings as less distinct than other observers do.
C) both identical and fraternal twins tend to become increasingly similar in personality with age.
D) parents' tendency to emphasize each child's unique qualities affects their child-rearing practices.

Question 53

Baby Jane has begun to develop a sense of trust. She expects that her mother will respond when signaled. But Jane does not protest when separated from her mother. In which of Bowlby's phases does Jane best fit?

A) preattachment
B) "attachment in the making"
C) "clear-cut" attachment
D) formation of a reciprocal relationship

Question 54

An important criticism of the psychoanalytic theory of attachment is that it

A) underemphasizes the importance of the mother-infant bond.
B) overemphasizes the role of the quality of the parent-child relationship.
C) ignores the internal representation of the attachment figure.
D) overemphasizes the importance of feeding in attachment.

Question 55

Jazmin, age 18 months, cries and climbs on her mother when she attempts to leave Jazmin with a babysitter. Jazmin is displaying

A) an internal working model.
B) interactional synchrony.
C) social referencing.
D) separation anxiety.

Question 56

Studies on the cultural differences in temperament demonstrate that

A) Japanese mothers usually say that babies come into the world as independent beings who must learn to rely on their parents through close physical contract.
B) American mothers tend to interact gently, soothingly, and gesturally with their babies.
C) Japanese mothers typically believe that they must wean babies away from dependency toward autonomy.
D) American mothers tend to discourage babies from expressing strong emotion, which contributes to their infants' tranquility.

Question 57

Baby Matthew recognizes his own mother's smell, voice, and face. But Matthew does not mind being left with an unfamiliar adult. In which of Bowlby's phases does Matthew best fit?

A) preattachment
B) "attachment in the making"
C) "clear-cut" attachment
D) formation of a reciprocal relationship

Question 58

Which of the following statements is supported by research on the stability of temperament?

A) Long-term prediction from early temperament is best achieved after age three.
B) Temperament does not develop as the child ages.
C) Most irritable infants become difficult children as they age.
D) Childhood temperament is a fairly good predictor of personality in adulthood.

Question 59

Which of the following is true about measuring temperament?

A) Parental reports provide little information about the way parents view and respond to their babies.
B) Parental reports have a low correlation to researchers' observations of children's behavior.
C) Researchers can better control children's experiences in the home setting as opposed to the laboratory.
D) Most neurophysiological research focuses on the positive-affect and fearful-distress dimensions of temperament.

Question 60

Goodness of fit is

A) only effective with sociable, securely attached children.
B) rarely successful with difficult children.
C) only effective with infants and toddlers.
D) at the heart of infant-caregiver attachment.

Question 61

Studies of adopted children who spent their first year or more in deprived Eastern European orphanages indicate that

A) late adoptees are not able to bond with their adoptive parents.
B) adoptees do not typically show social or emotional problems if adopted before the age of 6.
C) fully normal emotional development depends on establishing a close tie with a caregiver early in life.
D) adoptees' delays and impairments tend to disappear in middle childhood.

Question 62

The Attachment Q-Sort

A) is a quicker and more efficient method of assessing attachment than the Strange Situation.
B) takes place in a specially designed laboratory.
C) taps a wider array of attachment-related behaviors than the Strange Situation.
D) differentiates between the types of insecurity.

Question 63

Drawing on cross-cultural research on attachment, which of the following infants is the most likely to display an avoidant attachment?

A) Gretel from Germany
B) Yuri from Japan
C) Garrett from the United States
D) Sascha from an Israeli kibbutz

Question 64

In the Strange Situation, George clings to his mother and refuses to explore the toys. When his mother leaves, George is distressed. When his mother returns, George continues to cry, yet clings to his mother. He also struggles against her and hits her. George is demonstrating ________ attachment.

A) secure
B) resistant
C) avoidant
D) disorganized/disoriented

Question 65

Sensitive caregiving that involves prompt, consistent, and appropriate responses to infant signals is likely to promote a(n)

A) resistant attachment.
B) avoidant attachment.
C) secure attachment.
D) difficult temperament.

Question 66

________ babies tend to have mothers who overwhelm them with stimulation.

A) Disorganized/disoriented
B) Avoidant
C) Resistant
D) Secure

Question 67

Separation protest declines during which of Bowlby's phases?

A) preattachment
B) "attachment in the making"
C) "clear-cut" attachment
D) formation of a reciprocal relationship

Question 68

__________ adult-infant coordination, in which interactional synchrony occurs, is the best predictor of attachment security.

A) Loose
B) Tight
C) Moderate
D) Variable

Question 69

Japanese infants' reactions in the Strange Situation frequently show _________ attachment, but this reaction may not represent the true attachment pattern.

A) disorganized/disoriented
B) avoidant
C) resistant
D) secure

Question 70

In the Strange Situation, Antwan ignores his mother and displays and odd, frozen posture. He does not cry when his mother leaves the room. When she returns, Antwan looks away when she is holding him. Antwan is displaying characteristics of ________ attachment.

A) avoidant
B) secure
C) disorganized/disoriented
D) resistant

Question 71

Troy, age 3, understands that his father goes to work in the morning and picks Troy up from his babysitter's house after naptime. Troy seeks his father's comfort during times of stress. These examples show that Troy has developed

A) effortful control.
B) an internal working model.
C) interactional synchrony.
D) a categorical self.

Question 72

In designing the Strange Situation, Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues reasoned that securely attached infants and toddlers

A) use the parent as a secure base from which to explore in an unfamiliar setting.
B) are just as comforted by an unfamiliar adult as by the parent.
C) combine anger and clinginess when reunited with a parent who has left the room for a time.
D) do not show distress when the parent leaves the room.

Question 73

Baby Ashley picks up her ball and says, "Ball!" Ashley's father responds with a big smile and an enthusiastic, "That's right! Ball!" In return, Ashley laughs. When Ashley is tired and crying, her father picks her up, rubs her back, and sings softly to her. Ashley and her father are engaged in

A) attachment in the making.
B) social referencing.
C) goodness of fit.
D) interactional synchrony.

Question 74

In the Strange Situation, Juan uses his mother as a secure base. When she leaves the room, Juan cries for a few minutes. When she returns, Juan seeks contact with her and then begins to explore toys once again. Juan is displaying characteristics of ___________ attachment.

A) avoidant
B) secure
C) disorganized/disoriented
D) resistant

Question 75

Research on the stability of attachment indicates that

A) insecurely attached babies more often maintain their attachment status than secure babies.
B) attachment generally moves toward security in low-SES families with many daily stressors.
C) quality of attachment is most stable for low-SES babies experiencing unfavorable family conditions.
D) the disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern is as stable as attachment security.

Question 76

In the Strange Situation, Richard is unresponsive to his mother when she is present. When she leaves, Richard reacts to the stranger in much the same way as to his mother. When his mother returns, Richard pays no attention to her. Richard is demonstrating __________ attachment.

A) avoidant
B) secure
C) disorganized/disoriented
D) resistant

Question 77

According to Bowlby, out of their experiences during the four attachment phases, children

A) learn autonomy and develop self-soothing because they learn that caregivers cannot be relied upon to provide support during times of stress.
B) move from secure attachment to insure attachment and back again.
C) construct enduring affectionate ties to their caregivers that they can use as a secure base in the caregivers' absence.
D) develop either avoidant or resistant attachment styles.

Question 78

Research on infant attachment of the Dogon people of Mali, Africa, revealed no __________ attachment.

A) resistant
B) avoidant
C) secure
D) disorganized/disoriented

Question 79

Studies of institutionalized adoptees indicate that

A) it is imperative that the first attachment bond develop within the first year of life.
B) late adoptees, placed in homes after age 4, do not display social or emotional problems.
C) late adoptees are likely to shy away from adult attention once adopted.
D) a first attachment can develop as late as 4 to 6 years of age.

Question 80

During the Strange Situation, the parent leaves the room in order to assess ________, and returns again to assess the infant's ________.

A) separation anxiety; use of a secure base
B) use of a secure base; reaction to the reunion
C) separation anxiety; reaction to the reunion
D) secure base; separation anxiety