Deck 3: The Prenatal Period, Birth, and the Newborn

Question 1

_____ stem cells are made up of blood stem cells, primarily, but also contain stem cells that may generate into bone, cartilage, heart muscle, brain, and liver.

A) Embryonic
B) Adult
C) Umbilical-cord
D) Chemically-altered

Answer 1

Umbilical-cord

Question 2

What occurs as soon as a single sperm penetrates the ovum?

A) The sperm dies.
B) An embryo is formed.
C) The sperm's tail falls off.
D) The ovum collapses.

Answer 2

The sperm's tail falls off.

Question 3

About 30 hours after conception, the zygote splits and:

A) forms three embryos.
B) then reconnects.
C) forms two identical cells.
D) attaches to different parts of the uterus.

Answer 3

forms two identical cells.

Question 4

Dr. Li conducts research with adult stem cells. These cells are used to:

A) increase the success rates of in vitro fertilization.
B) repair the tissues in which they are found.
C) treat lung and stomach cancers.
D) generate embryonic stem cells.

Question 5

Approximately how long can sperm live if they complete their journey up the fallopian tube?

A) Six hours
B) Ten hours
C) Three days
D) Six days

Question 6

The _____ is the largest cell in the human body.

A) zygote
B) ovum
C) sperm
D) embryo

Question 7

The germinal period is also known as the period of the ______.

A) zygote
B) embryo
C) trimester
D) fetus

Question 8

The _______ is a fluid-filled sphere with cells forming a protective circle around an inner cluster of cells from which the _____ will develop.

A) placenta; embryo
B) ectoderm; zygote
C) blastocyst; embryo
D) mesoderm; zygote

Question 9

Ovulation occurs approximately every _____ days.

A) 15
B) 22
C) 28
D) 34

Question 10

The ___________ in the female reproductive system guides sperm toward the ovum.

A) temperature gradient
B) shape of the fallopian tubes
C) movement of the uterus
D) timing of ovulation

Question 11

A newborn baby is also called a(n) _____.

A) organism
B) neonate
C) zygote
D) fetus

Question 12

_____ begins at about Day 6 and is complete by about Day 11.

A) The embryonic period
B) Implantation
C) The fetal period
D) Conception

Question 13

Renee, pregnant for the first time, wonders how the developing organism receives nutrients and oxygen and rids itself of waste. This principal organ of exchange between the mother and the developing organism is the ______.

A) placenta
B) embryo
C) endoderm
D) mesoderm

Question 14

______ are master cells that have the capacity to generate into muscle cells, blood cells, brain cells, and more.

A) Endoderm cells
B) Stem cells
C) Ectoderm cells
D) Nuclei

Question 15

Rachel and Kevin have been trying to have a baby for the past 2 years. Unsuccessful, they have turned to fertility treatments. Next month, Rachel will undergo in vitro fertilization. Which type of stem cells will be used in this treatment?

A) Embryonic
B) Adult
C) Umbilical-cord
D) Ectoderm

Question 16

Cell differentiation occurs roughly ____ hours after fertilization.

A) 6
B) 12
C) 24
D) 72

Question 17

Sperm contain _____ chromosomes' worth of genetic material.

A) 8
B) 23
C) 46
D) 62

Question 18

A zygote is also called a(n) ______.

A) neonate
B) fetus
C) embryo
D) fertilized ovum

Question 19

The human zygote contains ____ chromosomes.

A) 13
B) 23
C) 46
D) 64

Question 20

Cleavage refers to the process in which:

A) the organism divides into 32 cells.
B) a hollow ball called a blastocyst forms.
C) the blastocyst begins to develop into part of the placenta.
D) the zygote splits down the middle, forming two identical cells.

Question 21

The indifferent gonad develops into:

A) the circulatory system.
B) the ovaries and testes.
C) the central nervous system.
D) the male or female genitals.

Question 22

During the _____ period, all of the organs and major body systems are formed.

A) neonatal
B) germinal
C) embryonic
D) fetal

Question 23

The ______ becomes the digestive system, liver, lungs, pancreas, salivary glands, and respiratory system.

A) placenta
B) ectoderm
C) endoderm
D) mesoderm

Question 24

The most rapid stage of prenatal development occurs during the ______ period.

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) neonatal

Question 25

Eileen is pregnant with her first child. She wonders when she will be able to feel the fetus moving. The doctor will tell her the fetal movements can be felt between ____ to ____ weeks.

A) 5; 10
B) 8; 13
C) 10; 15
D) 17; 20

Question 26

The _______ becomes the skin, nails, hair, teeth, sensory organs, and the nervous system.

A) placenta
B) ectoderm
C) endoderm
D) mesoderm

Question 27

The ______ becomes the muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, and internal organs.

A) placenta
B) ectoderm
C) endoderm
D) mesoderm

Question 28

During the last three months of pregnancy, the fetal body gains over ____ pounds and grows ____ inches.

A) 2; 4
B) 4; 9
C) 5; 7
D) 7; 10

Question 29

Up to ___ percent of all conceptions abort spontaneously, with most occurring before the pregnancy is detected.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 45
D) 60

Question 30

_____ is a fine, down-like hair that covers the fetus's body.

A) Vernix caseosa
B) Lanugo
C) The amnion
D) The mesoderm

Question 31

When does the neural tube form?

A) During the germinal period
B) About 22 days after conception
C) Toward the end of the second trimester
D) At the beginning of the fetal period

Question 32

When serious defects occur during the embryonic period, they often:

A) are reversible with fetal surgery.
B) result in spontaneous abortion.
C) cause life-threatening illness in the mother.
D) affect the developing sex organs.

Question 33

Marla is 4 weeks pregnant. She is in the ______ period of pregnancy.

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) neonatal

Question 34

During the fifth week of development, the _____ grow(s) faster than other parts of the body.

A) head
B) torso
C) feet
D) skin

Question 35

Felipe's wife is pregnant with their first baby. Felipe is anxious to have a boy and wants to know when he'll be able to see the external genital organs on an ultrasound. The genital organs will become apparent at about ____ weeks.

A) 6
B) 8
C) 12
D) 16

Question 36

Diane has been a neonatal nurse for over 30 years. She is often asked questions about the age of viability. The period begins at about ___ weeks after conception.

A) 12
B) 18
C) 22
D) 27

Question 37

The fetal period is marked by the appearance of _____.

A) bone
B) muscle tissue
C) the brain
D) the indifferent gonad

Question 38

_____ is a greasy material that protects the fetal skin from abrasions, chapping, and hardening that can occur with exposure to amniotic fluid.

A) Vernix caseosa
B) Lanugo
C) The amnion
D) The mesoderm

Question 39

The placenta allows the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and wastes through the _______.

A) mesoderm
B) endoderm
C) umbilical cord
D) blastocyst

Question 40

In the United States, about 1 in every ____ babies is born premature.

A) 5
B) 8
C) 10
D) 20

Question 41

Marty's mother drank during her pregnancy. She often consumed a beer in the evenings, followed by an occasional glass of wine. Marty is shorter and lighter than his peers, he has a below-average head circumference, and has difficulty attending to directions. Marty most likely has:

A) fetal alcohol syndrome.
B) alcohol-induced dwarfism.
C) partial fetal alcohol syndrome.
D) cerebral palsy.

Question 42

Each year, about ____ percent of infants are born without defects.

A) 50
B) 75
C) 88
D) 97

Question 43

Globally, _____ accounts for 30 to 50% of HIV transmission in newborns.

A) cesarean delivery
B) breast-feeding
C) lack of immunization
D) mother-infant contact after birth

Question 44

Baby Dante was born blind and deaf and has undergone four surgeries on his heart, with more surgeries planned in the future. Dante was likely exposed to _____ within the first 10 weeks of his mother's pregnancy.

A) mumps
B) inadequate nutrition
C) rubella
D) gonorrhea

Question 45

Which of the following has reduced mother-to-child HIV transmission during childbirth?

A) Cesarean delivery
B) Vaginal delivery
C) Antibiotics during delivery
D) Water birth

Question 46

Why is it difficult to determine the effects of prenatal exposure to cocaine and heroin?

A) Most cocaine- and heroin-addicted infants are never identified by health-care workers.
B) Many of these babies were exposed in the first trimester, making it difficult to determine its effects on older fetuses.
C) Most of these babies were exposed to other substances, making it difficult to isolate the effect of each drug on prenatal development.
D) Drug-abusing mothers often refuse to have their babies tested for illegal drugs.

Question 47

Which of the following is an example of involuntary exposure to a teratogen?

A) Smoking cigarettes
B) Maternal illness
C) A low-calorie diet to prevent excessive weight gain
D) Not alerting medical staff to a pregnancy prior to receiving an X-ray

Question 48

Evidence on the effects of marijuana on prenatal development:

A) are not well understood.
B) show long-lasting effects of physical and cognitive development.
C) conclusively show no lasting, negative consequences.
D) show similar outcomes as cocaine and heroin use.

Question 49

In the 1950s and early 1960s, many women were prescribed thalidomide to prevent morning sickness. This drug, often taken in early pregnancy, was associated with:

A) juvenile diabetes.
B) high birth weight.
C) deformities of the arms and legs.
D) stomach cancer.

Question 50

Children with fetal alcohol syndrome:

A) generally recover with intense home-based early intervention.
B) have a distinct pattern of facial characteristics and deficits in intellectual development.
C) have a distinct pattern of facial characteristics but generally have average to above-average intelligence.
D) score slightly lower on cognitive assessments than their unexposed age-mates.

Question 51

Research on the effects of caffeine use during pregnancy:

A) indicate that caffeine is not a human teratogen.
B) show that even one cup of coffee can cause permanent damage.
C) suggest that moderate doses predict low birth weight and prematurity.
D) indicate that it supports cardiovascular development.

Question 52

Denise has been using cocaine throughout her pregnancy. Denise's baby is at risk for:

A) cataracts and hearing loss.
B) childhood cancer and blood vessel abnormalities.
C) restricted physical growth and autism.
D) microcephaly and neurobehavioral disturbances.

Question 53

One-month-old Nolan has difficulty regulating his arousal states, shows poor movement skills, poor reflexes, and greater excitability than most infants his age. Nolan was likely exposed to _____ during his mother's pregnancy.

A) aspirin
B) large doses of caffeine
C) marijuana
D) cocaine

Question 54

Bianca recently found out that she's pregnant. Prior to confirming the pregnancy, Bianca was a heavy smoker. However, she plans to cut back to no more than five cigarettes a day. Bianca:

A) will have a healthy, full-term infant.
B) is at risk for having a low birth weight baby.
C) is likely consuming other harmful teratogens.
D) will likely have a baby with subtle physical defects.

Question 55

A(n) ______ is an agent that causes damage to prenatal development, producing a birth defect.

A) teratogen
B) chemical
C) organism
D) compound

Question 56

During the embryonic period:

A) teratogens have little impact on the developing organism.
B) teratogens primarily affect limb growth.
C) the organism is especially vulnerable to damage from teratogens.
D) the developing organism is at high risk for miscarriage.

Question 57

_____-exposed newborns often show signs of addiction and withdrawal symptoms, including tremors, irritability, abnormal crying, disturbed sleep, and impaired motor control.

A) Nicotine
B) Heroin
C) Mercury
D) Marijuana

Question 58

_____ use during pregnancy has been identified as the leading cause of developmental disabilities.

A) Caffeine
B) Tobacco
C) Alcohol
D) Over-the-counter drugs

Question 59

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders:

A) affect between 10% and 15% of American school-age children.
B) have been mostly eradicated due to public health campaigns.
C) have a more negative impact on girls than boys.
D) refer to the continuum of effects of exposure to alcohol.

Question 60

Which of the following statements about teratogens is true?

A) During the last few months of pregnancy, teratogens have minimal impact on the fetus.
B) Teratogens always result in observable birth defects, such as facial or limb deformities.
C) The effects of exposure to drugs or alcohol are universal and primarily influenced by genetic factors.
D) Different teratogens can cause the same birth defect, and a variety of birth defects can result from the same teratogen.

Question 61

The majority of women over the age of 35:

A) give birth to healthy babies.
B) experience pregnancy complications.
C) have infants with developmental disabilities.
D) do not seek out prenatal health care.

Question 62

About ____% of the world's birth defects occur in developing countries.

A) 25
B) 40
C) 62
D) 85

Question 63

Most children who are malnourished before birth:

A) grow up in enriched environments.
B) catch up in physical and cognitive development, regardless of their environment.
C) die within the first 6 months of life.
D) remain malnourished, and few have the opportunity to be raised in an enriched environment.

Question 64

About ____ of U.S. states require physicians to test for or report drug-exposed newborns to child protective services or other agencies.

A) one tenth
B) one half
C) two thirds
D) three fourths

Question 65

_____ helps protect against spina bifida and anencephaly.

A) Vitamin C
B) Vitamin D
C) Calcium
D) Folic acid

Question 66

Which of the following contextual factors often co-occur with prenatal substance abuse?

A) Poverty
B) Single parenthood
C) Being enabled by loved ones
D) Having a controlling spouse

Question 67

Which of the following women is most vulnerable to pregnancy-related illnesses, such as hypertension and diabetes, as well as an increased risk for miscarriage or stillbirth?

A) Mai, who is 19-years-old
B) Jaycee, who is 30-years-old
C) Gia, who is 35-years-old
D) London, who is 41-years-old

Question 68

Exposure to chronic and severe stress during pregnancy is linked to:

A) spinal cord defects.
B) premature birth.
C) childhood obesity.
D) diabetes.

Question 69

Benji was prenatally exposed to mercury. Children like Benji who are exposed to heavy metals:

A) often experience withdrawal symptoms similar to those of cocaine-exposed babies.
B) are at high risk for childhood cancers, such as leukemia.
C) score lower on tests of cognitive ability and intelligence and have higher rates of illness.
D) are at risk for severe mental health problems, which persist into adulthood.

Question 70

In the past five months, Delilah, who is currently pregnant, lost her grandmother to cancer and separated from her partner. According to research on exposure to stress during pregnancy, Delilah is at risk for:

A) spontaneous miscarriage.
B) high birth weight.
C) anoxia.
D) amniotic syndrome.

Question 71

Which U.S. state is the only one to specifically criminalize drug use during pregnancy?

A) Illinois
B) New Jersey
C) North Dakota
D) Tennessee

Question 72

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the American Medical Association argue that criminal sanctions for maternal drug use are ineffective because:

A) most prosecutors will not take these cases to court.
B) many of the drugs quickly wash out of the mother's system, making it impossible to establish regular use.
C) they increase the risks of harm by discouraging prenatal and postnatal care.
D) only three U.S. states view prenatal substance abuse as an illegal act.

Question 73

A neural tube defect called _______ occurs when the top part of the neural tube fails to close.

A) spina bifida
B) cerebral palsy
C) anencephaly
D) sciatica

Question 74

Maecy was prenatally exposed to marijuana and cocaine. Both of her parents continue to struggle with substance abuse. At age 5, Maecy is at risk for:

A) nonmaternal child care.
B) parenting that is overly controlling.
C) obesity.
D) overly harsh discipline.

Question 75

The second stage of childbirth is _____.

A) labor
B) delivery
C) contractions
D) elimination of the placenta

Question 76

The first stage of childbirth, labor, typically lasts ____ to ____ hours for a woman having her first child.

A) 2; 4
B) 6; 10
C) 8: 14
D) 12; 20

Question 77

The risk of Down syndrome increases sharply, especially after age ____.

A) 30
B) 33
C) 35
D) 40

Question 78

Which of the following is an example of how stress influences prenatal development in indirect ways?

A) Excessive stress can cause spontaneous miscarriage.
B) Maternal stress increases the production of stress hormones in the fetus.
C) Stress weakens the immune system, making the mother and fetus more susceptible to disease.
D) Stress can lead to neural tube defects and anoxia.

Question 79

_____ occurs when the lower part of the neural tube fails to close.

A) Spina bifida
B) Cerebral palsy
C) Anencephaly
D) Sciatica

Question 80

Caroline is pregnant with her first child. She often feels hungry but worries about excessive weight gain during pregnancy. Caroline's doctor will likely tell her that she should consume between _____ and ______ calories per day.

A) 1,500; 1,800
B) 2,000; 2,300
C) 2,200; 2,900
D) 3,000; 3,500