Deck 6: Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Question 1

According to Erikson, what happens if parents are neglectful with their infants?

A) They will develop a sense of mistrust.
B) They will develop a feeling of shame and doubt.
C) They will develop feelings of guilt.
D) They will have difficulty controlling their behavior.

Answer 1

They will develop a sense of mistrust.

Question 2

Kenzie is an infant that sucks her thumb when she is anxious. She also chews on toys when she sees other children fighting. As she gets a little older, she will go to her room when her brothers start fighting. Why does Kenzie do all of these behaviors?

A) Kenzie is displaying self-conscious emotions.
B) Kenzie is engaging in emotion mapping.
C) Kenzie is engaging in emotional regulation.
D) Kenzie is engaging in an innate reaction to stress.

Answer 2

Kenzie is engaging in emotional regulation.

Question 3

In order for a toddler to be able to experience self-conscious emotions, they must be able to do all of the following except:

A) The toddler must be able to observe himself and others.
B) The toddler must be aware of standards and rules.
C) The toddler must be able to compare his behavior with the standard.
D) The toddler must be able to use social referencing.

Answer 3

The toddler must be able to use social referencing.

Question 4

Which of the following is not a factor if an infant shows stranger wariness?

A) The infant's ability to regulate emotion.
B) The infant's overall temperament.
C) The infant's past experience.
D) The situation in which the infant meets a stranger.

Question 5

Which of the following is not a basic emotion tied to a reflexive physiological response to stimulation?

A) Surprise
B) Interest
C) Distress
D) Contentment

Question 6

Self-conscious emotions include all of the following except:

A) contentment.
B) embarrassment.
C) empathy.
D) guilt.

Question 7

Tyler is a toddler that throws extreme temper tantrums. He gets angry when he doesn't get to do what he wants. He gets very stressed when his schedule is altered, and his mother can predict that he will throw a temper tantrum at that time, too. Tyler is most likely how old?

A) Two months to 6 months of age.
B) Eight months to 20 months of age.
C) Twenty-four months to 36 months of age.
D) Twenty-one months to 24 months of age.

Question 8

What does an infant or toddler do when they don't know how they should interpret an event and/or how to act?

A) The infant or toddler will smile or run away.
B) The infant or toddler will throw a temper tantrum.
C) The infant or toddler uses social referencing.
D) The infant or toddler uses emotion regulation strategies.

Question 9

At which age do infants begin to display emotional expressions such as anger, sadness, joy, surprise, and fear?

A) At birth.
B) Between birth and 2 months of age.
C) Between 2 and 7 months of age.
D) Between 7 and 12 months of age.

Question 10

At what age can infants discriminate happy faces from fearful ones?

A) At birth.
B) Between 2 and 4 months of age.
C) Between 4 and 6 months of age.
D) Between 6 and 8 months of age.

Question 11

Which of the following is the developmental task for toddlers?

A) Toddlers need to learn to love one another.
B) Toddlers need to take initiative for their own needs.
C) Toddlers need to learn that the world is a trustworthy place.
D) Toddlers need to learn to do things for themselves and feel confident in their ability to maneuver themselves in their environment.

Question 12

What parental technique for helping infants learn to manage their emotions becomes less common as infants get older?

A) Modeling
B) Touching
C) Vocalizing
D) Distracting

Question 13

When does the social smile emerge?

A) Between 6 and 10 weeks.
B) Birth to 2 weeks.
C) Twelve months.
D) Six months.

Question 14

Which of the following is not an emotion that newborns experience?

A) Disgust
B) Distress
C) Joy
D) Interest

Question 15

Basic emotions are also known as:

A) innate emotions.
B) primary emotions.
C) general emotions.
D) foundational emotions.

Question 16

What age are children when they are in the trust versus mistrust stage?

A) Birth to 12 months.
B) Twelve months to 15 months.
C) Fifteen months to 24 months.
D) Twenty-four months to 36 months.

Question 17

According to Erikson, what happens if parents are too overprotective with their toddlers?

A) They will develop a sense of mistrust.
B) They will develop a feeling of shame and doubt.
C) They will develop feelings of guilt.
D) They will have difficulty controlling their behavior.

Question 18

Robert is a 6-month-old infant who has parents that are considered neglectful. They don't change his diaper often enough, don't attend to his medical needs, don't hold him when he is upset, and don't make sure he is fed on a regular basis. What would Erikson say that Robert will develop?

A) Inferiority
B) Shame
C) Sadness
D) Mistrust

Question 19

According to Erikson, which of the following is not an outcome seen in a toddler who is encouraged to be autonomous?

A) Self-reliance
B) Confidence
C) Passivity
D) Self-control

Question 20

Cassie is an infant who has a mother that is very sensitive to her needs and responds to her every time she cries. Cassie grows into a toddler that loves to explore her environment and is very independent. What would Erikson say that Cassie developed in her first year of life to behave like she does as a toddler?

A) Trust
B) Independence
C) Autonomy
D) Love

Question 21

Robert is an infant who is described as having a difficult temperament. His father is insensitive, coercive, and also difficult in temperament. What can we predict Robert's developmental outcome will be?

A) Robert will most likely have behavioral problems and adjustment difficulties that worsen with age, even into early adolescence.
B) Robert will become less extreme in his behavioral tendencies because babies with difficult temperaments become less extreme with age.
C) Babies with difficult temperaments tend to be unpredictable, so we cannot accurately predict what Robert will be like as he ages.
D) Robert will be more likely to get ill as he gets older because difficult temperaments wear down a person's immune system.

Question 22

Hannah is a baby who is fussy, difficult, and slow to adapt to new situations. Her mother is a very sensitive caregiver and makes sure that Hannah has a strict routine and doesn't get upset when Hannah is fussy. What can we predict about Hannah's developmental outcome?

A) Hannah will continue to behave in the same manner throughout life because temperament is an inborn trait.
B) Hannah will probably adapt her temperament style and will in time no longer display behavioral problems.
C) Hannah will, in time, influence her mother to become more frustrated with parenting and become less sensitive to Hannah's needs.
D) Hannah will have difficulty in school and with peers.

Question 23

What concept is defined as a characteristic, predictable style that is influenced by inborn tendencies toward arousal and stimulation, and experiences with adults and contexts?

A) Personality
B) Social referencing
C) Temperament
D) Determination

Question 24

Andrea is an infant who lives in a house with parents who fight all the time and are contemplating divorce. She is exposed to frequent displays of anger. What can we predict about Andrea's emotional regulation?

A) Andrea will be sensitized to stress and will have difficulty managing her physiological reactions.
B) Andrea will become withdrawn and unhappy.
C) Andrea will learn to ignore anger and not become stressed in the future when anger arises.
D) Andrea will develop a difficult temperament.

Question 25

What percentage of babies in the original NYLS sample did not fit well into any of the three temperament categories but displayed a mix of characteristics?

A) 10%.
B) 20%.
C) 50%.
D) 35%.

Question 26

The match between a child's temperament and the parent's temperament and child-rearing methods is called:

A) reactivity.
B) social reciprocity.
C) goodness of fit.
D) temperamental shift.

Question 27

Which of the following statements is true regarding the cultural influences on emotional development?

A) North American infants learn to express positive emotions.
B) North American infants learn to restrain strong emotions.
C) Parents in all cultures share a common way to communicate cultural expectations about emotions.
D) All parents instinctively respond immediately to their babies' cries.

Question 28

A lasting emotional tie between two people who each strive to maintain closeness to the other and act to ensure that the relationship continues is called:

A) attachment.
B) goodness of fit.
C) security.
D) social referencing.

Question 29

Which of the following is not a factor that can influence or change a young infants' temperament?

A) Sensitive caregiving
B) Experience
C) Interaction with peers
D) Neural development

Question 30

Which of the following characteristics is part of the behavioral style of a difficult child?

A) Responds poorly to novelty in food, situations, routines, and strangers
B) Unpleasant moods are mild
C) Slow to accept frustrations
D) Regular in sleep and feeding schedules

Question 31

Which of the following characteristics is not representative of an easy temperamental style?

A) Slow to accept frustration
B) Regular in sleep and feeding schedules
C) Usually positive mood
D) Responds well to novelty in food, situations, routines, and strangers

Question 32

What developmental task of infancy may influence several components of temperament, including rhythmicity, distractibility, intensity of reaction, and attention?

A) The task of learning how to regulate attention and emotions.
B) The task of coordinating reflexes with purposeful behavior.
C) The task of understanding the connection between behaviors and social interaction.
D) The task of developing a sense of trust in the world.

Question 33

Rachel is a baby who is described as more inactive than most other babies. She tends to be fairly moody. She doesn't respond very intensely to anything. Rachel is very hesitant when she meets new people, but she will accept them after a little while. When her mother introduces new foods, Rachel doesn't like them at first. She needs to try them multiple times before she will eat. What temperamental style does Rachel have?

A) Easy
B) Difficult
C) Tenacious
D) Slow to warm up

Question 34

Which culture is more likely to raise babies into autonomous beings and tend to be more active and stimulating?

A) Israeli
B) African
C) North American
D) Japan

Question 35

Jeremy is a baby that has difficulty sleeping. He doesn't follow any predictable schedule. He is an extremely active baby, but tends to be unhappy the majority of the time. He gets very upset when his mother leaves him with any other caregiver, and typically spends most of the time she is away crying. What temperamental style does Jeremy have?

A) Easy
B) Difficult
C) Tenacious
D) Slow to warm up

Question 36

Which of the following characteristics is part of the behavioral style of a slow-to-warm-up child?

A) Accepts frustration with little fuss
B) Usually positive mood
C) Moderately regular in sleep and feeding schedules
D) Cries often

Question 37

Which of the following statements does not reflect the reciprocal nature of temperament?

A) Babies' emotionality and negative emotions predict maternal perceptions of parenting stress.
B) Mothers who, prior to giving birth, believe that they are less well equipped to care for their infant are more likely to have infants who show negative aspects of temperament.
C) Not all babies fit squarely into any of the three categories of temperament but display a mix of characteristics.
D) Easy babies usually get the most positive reactions from others, which reinforces the easy temperamental qualities.

Question 38

Which type of baby is most likely to receive mixed reactions from others?

A) A difficult baby
B) An easy baby
C) A slow-to-warm-up baby
D) A tenacious baby

Question 39

Justin is an infant that is able to use distraction and seeking help when he is frustrated. What can we predict about his mother's parenting strategies?

A) His mother tends to distract him when he starts to cry.
B) His mother tends to respond insensitively to his emotional displays.
C) His mother avoids showing emotion around him.
D) His mother provides more guidance in helping him regulate his emotions.

Question 40

Which culture tends to raise babies to be more passive, less irritable and vocal, and more easily soothed when upset?

A) Israeli
B) African
C) North American
D) Japan

Question 41

Insecure attachment at 12 months of age has been shown to predict:

A) Externalizing behavior problems
B) Educational difficulties
C) Attention problems
D) Independence

Question 42

Roger is a father who is rejecting of his role as a parent. He tends to ignore his baby's needs. What attachment type is his baby most likely to develop?

A) Secure attachment
B) Insecure-avoidant attachment
C) Insecure-resistant attachment
D) Disorganized-disoriented attachment

Question 43

Jennifer is a mother who is described as being inconsistent and unresponsive to her baby's needs. What attachment type is her baby most likely to develop?

A) Secure attachment
B) Insecure-avoidant attachment
C) Insecure-resistant attachment
D) Disorganized-disoriented attachment

Question 44

Why is self-awareness necessary for self-control?

A) A child needs to be aware of himself or herself as separate from others to comply with requests and modify behavior in accordance with caregivers' demands.
B) A child needs to know what it means to be a boy or a girl to develop self-control.
C) A child needs to be aware of what it means to feel out of control to be able to feel in control.
D) A child needs to understand how their behaviors affect others to develop self-control.

Question 45

Carter is an infant taking part in the Strange Situation. He was wary of the stranger when she entered the room. When his mother left, he cried and the stranger tried to comfort him unsuccessfully. When his mother came back into the room, he smiled at her and reached to her. His mother picked him up and he stopped crying and soon was able to sit on the floor and play with the toys. What attachment type is Carter's behavior consistent with?

A) Secure attachment
B) Insecure-avoidant attachment
C) Insecure-resistant attachment
D) Disorganized-disoriented attachment

Question 46

What is the most important determinant of infant attachment?

A) The caregiver's ability to teach the child how to be independent.
B) The caregiver's ability to consistently and sensitively respond to the child's signals.
C) The caregiver's ability to create an atmosphere of structure for the child.
D) The caregiver's ability to allow the child to calm himself without intervention.

Question 47

What area of development does the internal working model of attachment influence in children?

A) The ability to habituate
B) Temperament
C) IQ level
D) The development of self-concept or sense of self

Question 48

At what age does separation protest or separation anxiety tend to peak?

A) 6 months of age
B) 8 months of age
C) 15 months of age
D) 24 months of age

Question 49

Juan is an infant taking part in the Strange Situation. When his father comes back in the room, Juan hides behind a chair. His father picks him up and Juan laughs while hitting his father in the face. What attachment type is Juan's behavior consistent with?

A) Secure attachment
B) Insecure-avoidant attachment
C) Insecure-resistant attachment
D) Disorganized-disoriented attachment

Question 50

Which of the following behaviors is not consistent with a child that is securely attached to his or her caregiver?

A) More sociable with peers and unfamiliar adults
B) Better able to read others' emotions
C) More likely to be cautious of unfamiliar situations
D) More curious

Question 51

Anna is an infant taking part in the Strange Situation. Anna was not interested in playing with the toys and sat next to her mother. When the stranger entered the room, Anna began to cry. After her mother left the room and came back in, Anna cried and signaled for her mother to pick her up. When her mother picked her up, she kicked her feet and wanted to get down. She fussed for the remainder of the procedure. What attachment type is Anna's behavior consistent with?

A) Secure attachment
B) Insecure-avoidant attachment
C) Insecure-resistant attachment
D) Disorganized-disoriented attachment

Question 52

Olivia is an infant taking part in the Strange Situation. When her mother comes back in the room, she ignores her mother and fails to greet her, even when her mother calls her name. When her mother tries to pick her up, she turns away. What attachment type is Olivia's behavior consistent with?

A) Secure attachment
B) Insecure-avoidant attachment
C) Insecure-resistant attachment
D) Disorganized-disoriented attachment

Question 53

Which attachment type is associated with higher rates of antisocial behavior, depression, and anxiety in later childhood and adolescence because of parents who cause unpredictable and potentially fearful home environments?

A) Secure attachment
B) Insecure-avoidant attachment
C) Insecure-resistant attachment
D) Disorganized-disoriented attachment

Question 54

The theorist who developed attachment theory is:

A) Ainsworth.
B) Bowlby.
C) Erikson.
D) Vygotsky.

Question 55

When does self-awareness emerge?

A) In the early months of life
B) 18-24 months
C) 12-15 months
D) 24-36 months

Question 56

Why is crying an effective signal to ensure that the caregiver cares for the baby?

A) Because it is the only signal that babies have to call to the parent.
B) Because it is annoying to most adults and they want the baby to stop.
C) Because it conveys negative emotion that adults can judge reliably.
D) Because it triggers an innate signal in the parent.

Question 57

Which theoretical perspective emphasized that feeding was a critical context for infants and caregivers to interact and for infants to have their needs met and thereby develop a sense of trust?

A) Psychoanalytic
B) Behaviorist
C) Ethological
D) Cognitive-developmental

Question 58

What allows toddlers to experience more complex emotions, such as self-conscious emotions?

A) Self-awareness
B) Social referencing
C) Secure attachment
D) Autonomy

Question 59

In which phase of Bowlby's ethological perspective on attachment do babies begin to show a preference for familiar people and make discriminations among adults?

A) Attachments
B) Discriminating sociability
C) Reciprocal relationships
D) Indiscriminate social responsiveness

Question 60

Donna is a mother who behaves in a frightening way around her child. She has been reported to child protection services for possibly abusing her child. What attachment type is her baby most likely to develop?

A) Secure attachment
B) Insecure-avoidant attachment
C) Insecure-resistant attachment
D) Disorganized-disoriented attachment

Question 61

What is considered to be a self-description and thoughts about the self?

A) Self-awareness
B) Self-concept
C) Self-recognition
D) Self-involvement

Question 62

The majority of babies are described as having an easy temperament.

Question 63

Annabelle looks in the mirror, sees that the reflection in the mirror has a mark on her nose, and touches her own nose. What can we conclude?

A) Annabelle has a categorical self.
B) Annabelle does not have self-recognition yet.
C) Annabelle understands that she is a girl.
D) Annabelle has self-recognition.

Question 64

Temperament is primarily thought to be influenced only by inborn biological determinants and is not susceptible to environmental factors.

Question 65

Temperament tends to become less stable as children age, which is especially apparent in early childhood.

Question 66

Stranger wariness is a universal behavior in infants and is thought to be based on evolution.

Question 67

When parents respond promptly to their infants' cries at 2 months of age, the infants will cry for shorter durations as they get older.

Question 68

Toddlers who have parents that are too overprotective will not develop self-reliance.

Question 69

Infants and young children often need outside assistance in regulating their emotions.

Question 70

Virtually all infants are attached to their parents.

Question 71

Thomas walks up to his preschool teacher and says, "I am a big boy." What does this describe?

A) Self-concept
B) Self-control
C) Self-recognition
D) A categorical self

Question 72

If an infant does not develop a sense of trust in the first psychosocial stage, they will have difficulty with subsequent stages.

Question 73

Adjustment difficulties are more likely when children do not develop a sense of individuality and confidence in their own abilities to meet new challenges.

Question 74

Emotion regulation is related to children's increasing ability to use language.

Question 75

The social smile is an important milestone in infant development because it indicates a maturation of the amygdala in the brain.

Question 76

Infants with difficult temperaments who live in hostile living conditions (such as nonindustrial countries plagued by drought) tend to survive at higher rates than do those with easy temperaments.

Question 77

Temperament tends to be stable over months and even years, even into adulthood.

Question 78

Disorganized attachment orientation is a reliable predictor of social and emotional maladjustment from childhood into adulthood.

Question 79

At what age do children develop self-recognition?

A) 2-4 months of age
B) 4-6 months of age
C) 8-12 months of age
D) 18-24 months of age

Question 80

Jack's mother made some cookies. Jack asks if he can have one. His mother tells him that he needs to wait until after lunch. Jack isn't happy about it, but he complies with his mother and waits to eat his cookie until he is done with lunch. Based on what we know about delay of gratification and age, how old does Jack need to be?

A) 6-12 months of age
B) At least 18-36 months of age
C) 12-15 months of age
D) Over 3 years of age