Deck 8: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

The concern or sorrow for another person is called:

A) sympathy.
B) empathy.
C) goodness of fit.
D) social referencing.

Answer 1

sympathy.

Question 2

Which theory addresses the advancement of perspective taking that allows for greater empathetic and prosocial behavior?

A) Behaviorism
B) Psychoanalytic theory
C) Theory of mind
D) Information processing theory

Answer 2

Theory of mind

Question 3

When children fail to develop a sense of initiative in early childhood, they develop an overly critical conscience, resulting in:

A) the inability to get along with peers.
B) rigid moral values that cause difficulty in understanding other's perspectives.
C) lower academic performance.
D) a reduction in motivation to exert the effort to master new tasks.

Answer 3

a reduction in motivation to exert the effort to master new tasks.

Question 4

A child's self-description is called a(an):

A) self-esteem.
B) self-concept.
C) identity.
D) self-understanding.

Question 5

Young children tend to be overly optimistic about their skill level. Which of the following is not a reason that young children have an overoptimistic perspective on their skills?

A) Cognitive development
B) Secure attachment with caregivers
C) Easy temperament
D) Positive feedback for their task-related efforts

Question 6

Children around the age of _____ tend to describe themselves in more abstract ways, shifting from concrete descriptions of behavior to trait-like psychological constructs.

A) 4
B) 5
C) 7
D) 9

Question 7

How old are children when they begin to include emotions and attitudes in their self-descriptions?

A) By 2 years of age.
B) By 5 years of age.
C) By 3.5 years of age.
D) By 6 years of age.

Question 8

The task of the psychosocial stage initiative versus guilt involves:

A) the development of motivation and drive to achieve.
B) the development of learning what one is good at.
C) the development of purposefulness and pride in one's accomplishments.
D) the development of independence and ability to engage in self-help skills.

Question 9

Maddie really wants to paint at the easel. She walks up to Jeffrey who is painting and takes his paint brush. What type of aggression is Maddie engaging in?

A) Focused aggression
B) Interfering aggression
C) Inhibited aggression
D) Instrumental aggression

Question 10

When does instrumental aggression typically occur?

A) When interacting with parents
B) During play
C) When the child is tired
D) During meal times

Question 11

Kevin's parents have set the rule that he must clean up his toys every night as part of his bedtime routine. One night, he fell asleep before he cleaned up. He woke up crying after he realized that he didn't put his toys away before bedtime. What stage is Kevin illustrating?

A) Initiative versus guilt
B) Autonomy versus shame and doubt
C) Trust versus mistrust
D) Industry versus inferiority

Question 12

When children demonstrate independence and act purposefully, they are primed to develop a healthy sense of:

A) perspective.
B) self-esteem.
C) direction.
D) morality.

Question 13

Rick is a boy who collects toy cars. His mother donated some of his cars to his preschool. When Rick is introduced to a new child at his preschool, he immediately tells the child which cars are "his" at school (the ones donated from his mom) and talks about his collection of cars at home. What does this describe?

A) Selfishness
B) An inability to share
C) Self-concept
D) Pride

Question 14

Jon's parents are warm and sensitive. They hug him and praise him every day. His parents also are strict in rule setting. When Jon got his first bicycle, they sat down with him and talked about safety and the rules associated with bike riding. They asked Jon what he thought would be a fair distance to ride away from the house and together came up with a route he could take. What type of parenting style describes Jon's parents?

A) Uninvolved
B) Authoritative
C) Permissive
D) Authoritarian

Question 15

Which of the following is not an outcome of developing a sense of initiative?

A) Confident self-image
B) More control over their emotions
C) Social skills
D) Academic ability

Question 16

Jenny tells everyone that she is 4 years old and is blonde with blue eyes. Sometimes she tells people that she has a black dog and a white cat. She also tells people how high she can jump. What is this called?

A) Self-esteem
B) Identity
C) Self-concept
D) Self-understanding

Question 17

Erikson's third stage of psychosocial development is:

A) initiative versus guilt.
B) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
C) trust versus mistrust.
D) industry versus inferiority.

Question 18

Abigail's teacher has witnessed a change in the complexity of Abigail's play. Abigail used to love to stack blocks and then push them over. Recently, Abigail has begun to build houses with the blocks instead of just a stack to knock over. She asks her teacher to keep her houses each time she builds one and not put away the blocks so she can show her father when he picks her up. According to Erikson, what is Abigail developing?

A) Initiative
B) Industry
C) Trust
D) Generativity

Question 19

Andrew's parents are very strict. They expect Andrew to obey them, and he is not allowed to question what they say or he is punished. His parents yell at him often and when he disobeys they spank him. What type of parenting style describes Andrew's parents?

A) Uninvolved
B) Authoritative
C) Permissive
D) Authoritarian

Question 20

A person's general emotional evaluation of one's own worth is called:

A) self-esteem
B) self-concept.
C) self-understanding.
D) self-fulfillment.

Question 21

Who is most likely to be a perpetrator of child maltreatment?

A) Biological parents
B) Boyfriend or girlfriend of a child's parent
C) Babysitter
D) Relatives other than parents

Question 22

Removing a child from the situation for a short period of time is called:

A) time out.
B) isolation.
C) distraction.
D) redirection.

Question 23

Which disciplinary method is most likely going to result in the parent modeling effective conflict resolution for their child?

A) Corporal punishment
B) Redirection
C) Inductive discipline
D) Reinforcement

Question 24

The methods a parent uses to teach and socialize children toward acceptable behavior is called:

A) guided direction.
B) social referencing.
C) discipline.
D) pragmatics.

Question 25

Which parenting style results in a parent most likely responding to a child's question of "why" with the answer "because I say so"?

A) Uninvolved parenting style
B) Authoritarian parenting style
C) Authoritative parenting style
D) Permissive parenting style

Question 26

MacKenzie is a 2-year-old who gets along well with her peers. When she saw another child upset because he didn't have a cookie, she gave him her cookie. Her mother gave her a hug and told her how proud she was of her for sharing her cookie. MacKenzie experienced a form of:

A) redirection.
B) reinforcement.
C) punishment.
D) distraction.

Question 27

Parents who focus on their own needs rather than those of the child have a(an):

A) uninvolved parenting style.
B) authoritarian parenting style.
C) authoritative parenting style.
D) permissive parenting style.

Question 28

Vicky is a parent who does not know a lot about child development. She expects her child to be able to do more than she is developmentally capable of. Vicky has low self-esteem, poor coping skills, and is unhappy most of the time. She yells at her children almost every day. What are Vicky's children at risk for?

A) Schizophrenia
B) Unrealistic belief in their abilities
C) Child maltreatment
D) Dyslexia

Question 29

Which parenting style results in a child displaying confidence, cooperation, self-esteem, social skills, and high academic achievement?

A) Uninvolved parenting style.
B) Authoritarian parenting style.
C) Authoritative parenting style.
D) Permissive parenting style.

Question 30

Which of the following child behaviors is not associated with corporal punishment?

A) Helplessness
B) Hyperactivity
C) Passivity
D) Fear of the parent

Question 31

Which discipline technique is most likely to result in a child showing higher rates of emotional and social problems than other children?

A) Corporal punishment
B) Redirection
C) Inductive discipline
D) Reinforcement

Question 32

Parents who are warm, accepting, indulgent, and have few rules and expectations for their children exhibit the:

A) uninvolved parenting style.
B) authoritarian parenting style.
C) authoritative parenting style.
D) permissive parenting style.

Question 33

What age of child is most likely to die from child maltreatment?

A) Over age 7
B) 5-7 years of age
C) 3-5 years of age
D) Under age 3

Question 34

What characteristic do preschoolers who are raised by permissive parents tend to exhibit?

A) Anger and defiance
B) Overwhelmed by challenging tasks
C) Confidence
D) Socioemotional immaturity

Question 35

Parents who permit their children to make their own decisions at an early age, often before they are able, engage in a(an):

A) uninvolved parenting style.
B) authoritarian parenting style.
C) authoritative parenting style.
D) permissive parenting style.

Question 36

According to the experts, how do children learn best?

A) When they are punished for misbehavior.
B) When they are reinforced for good behavior.
C) When they see others being punished for misbehavior.
D) When they are allowed to make decisions on their own.

Question 37

Michelle is a parent of a 2-year-old boy. At dinnertime, she always gives him choices such as "would you like broccoli or carrots." She tries to help him become aware of the consequences of his actions. When he pulls his cat's tail, she always talks to him about gentle touches and how pulling the cat's tail hurts and will make the cat run away from him. What type of discipline does Michelle use?

A) Corporal punishment
B) Redirection
C) Inductive discipline
D) Reinforcement

Question 38

Parents who emphasize behavioral control and obedience over warmth engage in the:

A) uninvolved parenting style.
B) authoritarian parenting style.
C) authoritative parenting style.
D) permissive parenting style.

Question 39

Which of the following risk factors for child maltreatment falls under the societal level?

A) Legal definitions of violence and abuse
B) Inadequate housing
C) The availability of social support
D) Low family income

Question 40

Which of the following is not considered to be a mandated reporter of child maltreatment?

A) Teachers
B) The everyday citizen who witnesses abuse
C) Law enforcement officers
D) Health care workers

Question 41

Which of the following is an example of gender typing?

A) Jessica says that girls are smart and boys are stupid.
B) Andrea says that when she grows up she is going to take care of babies.
C) Connor says that when he gets married his wife is going to stay at home and clean.
D) Andrew thinks all boys are strong.

Question 42

The view that males have adapted to become more aggressive and competitive because these traits were advantageous in securing a mate and having babies is consistent with a _____ explanation of gender differences.

A) cognitive-developmental explanation.
B) contextual explanation.
C) biological explanation.
D) psychoanalytic explanation.

Question 43

Which of the following is an example of a gender stereotype?

A) Danny tells his mom that she can't lift the box because she is weak, but his dad can because he is strong.
B) Jack only plays with boys on the playground.
C) Olivia likes to play with boys and girls when she plays kickball.
D) Hannah always chooses to play with dolls and doesn't like to play with cars.

Question 44

Rough-and-tumble play peaks at the age of:

A) 2-4 years of age.
B) 4-6 years of age.
C) 6-8 years of age.
D) 8-10 years of age.

Question 45

Children as young as _____ will consistently choose same-sex playmates as well as toys and activities associated with their sex.

A) 1 year of age
B) 2 years of age
C) 6 months of age
D) 3 years of age

Question 46

Margaret is a kindergarten teacher. She has a student who behaves in a very passive manner. The student is overly compliant, misses class often, and has difficulty concentrating. The student is very hesitant to engage with peers and watches everything that goes on as if he is on alert. What should Margaret do?

A) Margaret should report the student's behavior to the local child welfare agency because the child is showing signs of child maltreatment.
B) Margaret should not say anything because the child might become more withdrawn and nervous.
C) Margaret should report her concerns regarding the student to her principal.
D) Margaret should call the student's parents and report her concerns.

Question 47

A child's understanding that gender does not change, he or she will always be the same regardless of appearance, activities, or attitudes, is called:

A) gender stability.
B) gender constancy.
C) gender schema.
D) gender difference.

Question 48

Which theoretical perspective is consistent with a contextual explanation of gender role development?

A) Social learning theory
B) Psychoanalytic theory
C) Ethological theory
D) Theory of mind

Question 49

Natalie and Greta are pretending to be superheroes. They are on the playground finding victims to save (which are really just their peers that they are pretending to save). They are able to get five other children to join along. Natalie, Greta, and their peers are engaging in:

A) parallel play.
B) associative play.
C) cooperative play.
D) solitary play.

Question 50

Lauren (a girl) told her grandma that she is a boy because she likes to wear "boy shirts" and wants to be a football player. Lauren does not yet understand:

A) gender stability.
B) gender constancy.
C) gender schema.
D) gender difference.

Question 51

The ability of infants as young as 3 to 4 months of age to distinguish between male and female faces as shown by habituation and preferential looking studies reflects which explanation of gender role development?

A) Cognitive-developmental explanation
B) Contextual explanation
C) Biological explanation
D) Psychoanalytic explanation

Question 52

Jeffrey tells other children to get out of his yard in a mean voice. His friends cheer him on and praise him for being tough. When his sister asks him to stop being mean, he ignores her. Jeffrey's behavior is consistent with which explanation of gender role development?

A) Cognitive-developmental explanation
B) Contextual explanation
C) Biological explanation
D) Psychoanalytic explanation

Question 53

Rough-and-tumble play includes all of the following except:

A) self-control.
B) fine motor control.
C) emotional regulation.
D) social skills.

Question 54

Activities, attitudes, skills, and characteristics that are considered appropriate for males or females are:

A) gender stereotypes.
B) gender roles.
C) gender typing.
D) gender beliefs.

Question 55

Alex says that he is a boy but when he grows up he is going to be a girl. Alex does not yet understand:

A) gender stability.
B) gender constancy.
C) gender schema.
D) gender difference.

Question 56

Excluding someone from social activities, withdrawing friendship, spreading rumors, or humiliating the person is known as _____ and is more common in _____.

A) overt aggression; boys
B) relational aggression; boys
C) overt aggression; girls
D) relational aggression; girls

Question 57

The cognitive-developmental explanation of gender role development that emphasizes information processing and environmental influences is called:

A) gender preference theory.
B) theory of mind.
C) gender schema theory.
D) information processing theory.

Question 58

Which area is a skill that boys are better at than girls?

A) Mathematical computation tasks
B) Spatial tasks
C) Fine motor skills
D) Verbal tasks

Question 59

Which area shows the largest gender difference between boys and girls?

A) Academic ability
B) Athletic ability
C) Aggression
D) Problem solving

Question 60

Amanda is sitting next to Ben in the block area. They are both building their own tower. They are not talking to one another and they are not sharing blocks. Amanda and Ben are engaging in:

A) parallel play.
B) associative play.
C) cooperative play.
D) solitary play.

Question 61

The effects of child maltreatment are dependent on culture.

Question 62

As women have entered the workforce and men have taken a more active role in the home, gender roles have become more flexible in Western societies.

Question 63

If a parent uses physical punishment, the possible negative effects on the child can be reduced if the parent also displays warmth to the child on other occasions.

Question 64

Three-year-olds are able to accurately assess their abilities when describing themselves.

Question 65

If children do not develop a sense of initiative in early childhood, Erikson says they will instead develop guilt.

Question 66

Mothers tend to show more discomfort with sex-atypical behavior in boys than fathers do.

Question 67

Children in collectivist societies tend to play games that emphasize cooperation.

Question 68

Spanking is against the law in some countries.

Question 69

Most children's levels of aggression increase from 24 months of age to third grade.

Question 70

Boys and girls are more alike than they are different.

Question 71

Children's conceptions of themselves are described in great detail in all cultures.

Question 72

Girls engage in more sociodramatic play than boys.

Question 73

Young children maintain their positive views about themselves because they do not compare their performance with that of other children.

Question 74

Children from collectivist societies are more likely to play competitive games such as dodgeball, follow the leader, and hide and seek.

Question 75

The most common form of aggression seen in early childhood is instrumental aggression.

Question 76

Children who are born premature are not at greater risk for child maltreatment.

Question 77

Taking on adult roles through play is an activity primarily seen in the United States and not typically observed in other societies.

Question 78

The most positive developmental outcomes are associated with the authoritarian parenting style.

Question 79

Preschoolers who view high amounts of violence on television tend to show higher levels of aggression and poorer school achievement in adolescence.

Question 80

Empathy is the capacity to understand another person's emotion.