Deck 10: Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

Ramona (a white girl) and Juanita (a Hispanic girl) are best friends. They met when Ramona moved to the same neighborhood in third grade. Based on what we know about cross-race friendships, what can we conclude about Ramona's and Juanita's social development?

A) Ramona and Juanita may become victims of bullies in the school.
B) Ramona and Juanita will let anyone who wants to be friends with them to join them.
C) Ramona and Juanita will feel emotionally unsafe at school and will always be on guard.
D) Ramona and Juanita will hide their friendship in order to feel less vulnerable at school.

Answer 1

Ramona and Juanita will let anyone who wants to be friends with them to join them.

Question 2

Peer evaluations are important sources of:

A) self-validation.
B) academic success.
C) empathy.
D) sympathy.

Answer 2

self-validation.

Question 3

Daniel doesn't understand how others feel. He assumes that everyone is trying to be mean to him. He reacts aggressively toward his peers. He is described by his teachers as impulsive and hyperactive. What peer status does Daniel's behavior describe?

A) Withdrawn-rejected
B) Popular
C) Aggressive-neglected
D) Aggressive-rejected

Answer 3

Aggressive-rejected

Question 4

Jeffrey describes himself as someone who is a really good athlete but not so good at academics. He says he is happy with who he is and isn't worried about his lower grades in school. Jeffrey is describing:

A) self-concept.
B) social comparison.
C) self-esteem.
D) self-complexity.

Question 5

Self-esteem is influenced by children's self-conceptions as well as:

A) the number of things they are good at.
B) the importance they assign to the particular ability.
C) the feedback they get from teachers.
D) the age that they are.

Question 6

Isaac tends to sit by himself at lunch and plays alone on the playground. He is described as timid and anxious. He only talks to teachers at school and only if he is called on. He expects that other children don't like him, and he is usually correct. He has never been invited to a birthday party or sleepover. What peer status does Isaac's behavior describe?

A) Withdrawn-rejected
B) Popular
C) Aggressive-neglected
D) Aggressive-rejected

Question 7

How are rejected-aggressive and withdrawn children similar?

A) They both misinterpret other children's behaviors and motives.
B) They both engage in relational aggression.
C) They both engage in overt aggression.
D) They both have at least one friend they can count on.

Question 8

Older children tend to choose friends who have all of the following characteristics except:

A) similarity in interests.
B) similarity in sibling structure.
C) similarity in play preferences.
D) similarity in ethnicity.

Question 9

Which of the following is not a characteristic seen prior to a child becoming a target of peer victimization?

A) Social withdrawal
B) Depression
C) Poor grades
D) Shyness

Question 10

Jeannie thinks that she is a good friend. She explains that she is popular because she helps other people and smiles at people. She understands that when she is in a bad mood she is more likely to be rude, but she apologizes afterward. Jeannie's description is describing:

A) social comparison.
B) self-complexity.
C) self-esteem.
D) self-concept.

Question 11

The degree to which a child is viewed as a worthy social partner by his or her peers is called:

A) popularity.
B) social referencing.
C) peer acceptance.
D) peer support.

Question 12

Which of the following characteristics is not consistent with children who engage in physically aggressive forms of bullying?

A) Hyperactive behavior
B) Poor school achievement
C) Higher rates of depression
D) Parents who are intrusive

Question 13

Based on what we know about school-age children's friendships, which of the following girls is most likely a friend to Teresa, a white school-age girl from the suburbs whose parents are considered to be upper middle class?

A) Julio, a school-age boy from the inner city who moved to the United States from Mexico 3 years ago.
B) Jeffrey, a school-age white boy who lives down the street from Teresa and is friends with Julio.
C) Tanya, a school-age white girl who sits next to Teresa in homeroom, goes to the same church, and lives next door.
D) Monica, an African American girl who is one year younger than Teresa and lives on the other side of Teresa.

Question 14

Which of the following advances in cognitive development lead children to make more complex descriptions and evaluations of themselves?

A) Perspective taking and social comparison.
B) Social referencing and habituation.
C) Selective attention and greater working memory.
D) Divided attention and a reduction in impulsivity.

Question 15

Industry in childhood means that children:

A) learn and master skills that are valued in their society.
B) make things that benefit society.
C) need to volunteer in business and in the community.
D) are productive citizens in their community and school.

Question 16

Randy is the tallest boy in his class. He is very assertive and impulsive. He is not insecure when it comes to talking to other people. He tends to make friends easily. Randy tends to get angry very quickly when he perceives someone criticizing him. Randy is most likely a:

A) child of an overprotective parent.
B) bystander in a classroom with bullies.
C) victim of bullying behavior.
D) bully.

Question 17

According to Erik Erikson, school-age children face the task of developing a sense of:

A) generativity versus stagnation.
B) industry versus inferiority.
C) initiative versus guilt.
D) autonomy versus shame and doubt.

Question 18

Ryan's parents are both very intrusive. They are so overprotective that they don't let him go outside alone, even though he is 9 years old. They are very critical of him and nag him daily about trivial things. Based on Ryan's home environment, he is most likely:

A) going to be a bully.
B) going to become aggressive against others.
C) going to be a victim of a bully.
D) going to get poor grades.

Question 19

An aggressive response that is preceded by an insult, confrontation, or frustration is called:

A) overt aggression.
B) passive aggression.
C) reactive aggression.
D) relational aggression.

Question 20

Which of the following is not a common characteristic of popular children?

A) Helpfulness
B) Cliquish exclusion
C) Assertiveness
D) Trustworthiness

Question 21

Which of the following ethnicities is more likely to show disrespect for parents?

A) African American children
B) Latino children
C) European American children
D) Asian American children

Question 22

Consensual unions and childbearing within cohabiting unions are more common among:

A) white families.
B) African American families.
C) Asian families.
D) Eastern European families.

Question 23

Which of the following children living in single-parent homes will be better adjusted?

A) Trina lives in a house with her mother and her live-in boyfriend.
B) Jessica lives in a house with her older adult sister and her husband.
C) Devin lives in a house with his mother, grandmother, uncle, aunt, and siblings. They have a very close extended family network.
D) Michael lives in a house with his mother in an urban area.

Question 24

Diane is the mother of twin 8-year-olds. She has found that when she explains the consequences of their actions, such as telling them if they don't wear their coats they will be cold, they are more likely to comply with her requests. What discipline technique does Diane use?

A) Indirect technique
B) Authoritarian technique
C) Conventional technique
D) Inductive technique

Question 25

LGBT parents are more likely to raise:

A) foster children.
B) adopted children.
C) biological children.
D) children of relatives.

Question 26

What is the challenge to cohabitation?

A) Relationships between unmarried cohabiting couples tend to be less emotional than those of married couples.
B) Relationships between unmarried cohabiting couples tend to be more conflictual than those of single-parent households.
C) Relationships between unmarried cohabiting couples tend to be more likely to live in poverty than those of single-parent households.
D) Relationships between unmarried cohabiting couples tend to be less stable than those of married couples.

Question 27

Which of the following variables is least important for a child's development and well-being when raised by same-sex parents?

A) The strength of the relationships among members of the family.
B) The presence of stigma.
C) The presence of siblings in the family.
D) The family's social and economic resources.

Question 28

Who is going to quarrel more in a family?

A) Same-sex siblings who are close in age.
B) Same-sex siblings who are at least 5 years apart in age.
C) Opposite-sex siblings who are close in age.
D) Opposite-sex siblings who are at least 5 years apart in age.

Question 29

In terms of socioeconomic status, who is more likely to live in poverty?

A) Children raised in single-mother homes.
B) Children raised in single-father homes.
C) Children raised in homes headed by a married couple.
D) Children raised in homes with two same-sex parents.

Question 30

Which of the following statements accurately describe the outcomes children of divorce experience?

A) Divorce is detrimental to both boys and girls to such a degree that more children who graduate from high school are from intact families.
B) Boys and girls equally experience negative outcomes of divorce.
C) Divorce results in some internalizing and externalizing problems, but the effects are small.
D) Girls are more likely to engage in delinquent behavior following their parents' divorce.

Question 31

Children in single-parent families display all of the following except:

A) poorer academic achievement.
B) physical problems.
C) greater dependence on peers.
D) more behavior problems.

Question 32

What is associated with a single mother's greater ability to provide emotional support for her children?

A) The level of social support afforded single mothers.
B) The respect the child provides her.
C) The education level of the mother.
D) The job status of the mother.

Question 33

Parents of school-age children are more likely to:

A) use less direct management and begin to share power with their children.
B) become more strict and direct with their children as they tend to rebel.
C) use an authoritarian style of parenting to combat the disrespect shown to them.
D) use a conventional technique of discipline where they try to motivate the child to behave because of how the family is viewed.

Question 34

Which of the following children are more likely to show behavior problems following divorce?

A) Brian, a boy whose parents divorced during infancy.
B) Andrew, a boy whose parents divorced during elementary school.
C) Rachel, a girl whose parents divorced during high school.
D) Olivia, a girl whose parents divorced during early childhood.

Question 35

In 2013, how many U.S. children under the age of 18 lived with a single parent?

A) 10%
B) 35%
C) 50%
D) 70%

Question 36

How are children raised by LGBT parents different from those raised by other-sex parents?

A) Children raised by LGBT parents are more empathetic and better at emotional regulation.
B) Children raised by LGBT parents tend to score higher in social and academic competence.
C) Children raised by LGBT parents have more flexible gender role development.
D) Children raised by LGBT parents are more likely to display a gay orientation in adulthood.

Question 37

What happens when school-age children become more independent?

A) The parent-child relationship becomes friendlier, and children go to their parents more for advice.
B) They spend less time with parents, but when they do, it is in task-oriented activities.
C) They spend more time with parents.
D) They show more respect for parental authority than they did when they were younger.

Question 38

What happens between school-age children and their siblings when they reach middle childhood?

A) They spend more time with siblings than with parents.
B) They spend less time with siblings than with parents.
C) They tend to ignore each other the majority of the time.
D) They fight more with opposite-sex siblings.

Question 39

Which of the following is an example of a child's response to growing up in a same-sex family?

A) Jenna reports difficulty with school work.
B) David says that he is excluded by his peers and feels lonely at school.
C) Taren scores lower on measures of social competence.
D) Monica is reported to be very aggressive at school.

Question 40

What happens in parenting when a lesbian mother with a biological child from a previous heterosexual relationship enters into a same-sex relationship?

A) The partners will equally split the household and child-rearing duties.
B) The partners will give up custody to the heterosexual biological parent due to laws.
C) The biological parent will assume most of the parenting responsibility.
D) The partners will take on a more traditional split where the nonworking parent, regardless of biological relation to the child, will take on caregiving duties.

Question 41

Which of the following is not an individual competency associated with resilience?

A) Religiosity
B) Coping skills
C) Easy temperament
D) Close relationships with parents

Question 42

Who is at the highest risk of becoming a victim of child sexual abuse?

A) Monica, a 7-year-old girl who lives with her mother and her mother's boyfriend.
B) Dylan, a 3-year-old boy who lives with his uncle.
C) Andy, a 9-year-old boy who lives in an economically disadvantaged neighborhood.
D) Andrea, a 2-year-old girl who doesn't have any siblings.

Question 43

Which statement is false regarding resilience in school-age children?

A) Child factors are more important than any other factor associated with resilience.
B) Temperament is related to resilience.
C) Children who have available health care are more likely to be resilient.
D) Children who have parents who go to college are more likely to be resilient.

Question 44

What is critical for the positive adjustment of a child who has been sexually abused?

A) Love from caring adults
B) The ability to discuss what happened
C) Identification and being stopped early
D) The availability of supportive peers

Question 45

What percentage of children under the age of 17 have experienced sexual abuse?

A) 5%
B) 12%
C) 27%
D) 32%

Question 46

Children who are _____ tend to display more difficulties in adjusting to remarriage than do younger children.

A) school age
B) adolescents
C) preschool age
D) infants

Question 47

Children who express many worries and anxieties tend to have:

A) a lower sense of self-confidence and perceived control.
B) fewer friends and more feelings of loneliness.
C) difficulties with parents.
D) problems respecting authority figures.

Question 48

What is a fundamental characteristic of resilient children?

A) They are successful in regulating their emotions and behavior.
B) They are good in school.
C) They have a stable home.
D) They have a close-knit peer group.

Question 49

Children who experience anxiety about attending school end up staying home because:

A) their parents let them in order to reduce their anxiety.
B) they display physical complaints such as dizziness, nausea, and stomachaches.
C) their clinicians think that it is better for them to be homeschooled.
D) they misbehave at school in order to get sent home.

Question 50

Which of the following individuals is most likely to be a perpetrator of sexual abuse?

A) The man driving through town who sees a child on a playground.
B) David, the boyfriend of the victim's mother.
C) Jennifer, the victim's teacher.
D) Ann, the victim's next-door neighbor.

Question 51

What important finding do resilient children illustrate?

A) Resilience does not become relevant until the school-age years.
B) Having friends is an important factor in resiliency.
C) Most children who have adversity in their lives do not have resilience.
D) Exposure to adversity in childhood does not necessarily lead to maladjustment.

Question 52

Grace lives with her mother, but her mother and father equally make decisions about things that affect her. She visits her dad every other weekend. What type of custody arrangement does Grace's parents have?

A) Independent legal custody
B) Sole legal child custody
C) Joint physical custody
D) Joint legal child custody

Question 53

Jada lives in a high crime area. Her father and brother both were in a gang and are now in prison. She gets good grades in school and has a best friend that lives next door. She knows when she is about to get upset so she talks about it with her friend or her mother. Jada has:

A) autonomy.
B) industry.
C) resilience.
D) collectivism.

Question 54

Who is likely to express more worries?

A) Anne, a girl in fifth grade.
B) Jackie, a preschool girl.
C) David, a boy in fourth grade.
D) Jon, a boy in preschool.

Question 55

What is a more important factor to a child's outcome of divorce than the divorce itself?

A) Social support for the children
B) Education level of the family
C) Income level of the family
D) Conflict between parents

Question 56

Steven attends the Boys and Girls Club in his neighborhood every day after school. They help to foster his resilience. What characteristic associated with resilience does that fall under?

A) Family factors
B) Community factors
C) School factors
D) Individual factors

Question 57

The capacity to adapt and bounce back is called:

A) autonomy.
B) industry.
C) resilience.
D) collectivism.

Question 58

Which of the following risk factors are not common in homes with reported cases of child sexual abuse?

A) Poverty
B) Three or more children under the age of 5
C) Marital instability
D) Drug and alcohol abuse

Question 59

Friendships tend to remain stable from middle childhood into adolescence, especially among girls.

Question 60

School-age children are more likely than preschoolers to say that they have lots of friends.

Question 61

All popular children show prosocial and empathic characteristics.

Question 62

Authoritarian parenting skills will help to reduce the incidence of bullying behavior and peer victimization.

Question 63

Most children who live within a joint physical custody arrangement typically adjust well.

Question 64

In industrialized nations, families tend to be smaller, and siblings tend to be closer in age.

Question 65

There is no difference in the adjustment or development of children and adolescents reared by same-sex couples compared to those reared by other-sex couples.

Question 66

Children in all cultures experience the same reaction to being raised by same-sex parents.

Question 67

Parents who divorce show similar changes in their parenting strategies and interactions with children.

Question 68

Younger children spend more time with peers than older children.

Question 69

Children who live with unmarried cohabiting parents who have close, caring relationships with them and whose union is stable still do not develop as well as their counterparts whose parents' marriage is stable.

Question 70

The United States has the highest divorce rate of all industrialized nations.

Question 71

Single-father families have child outcomes more similar to two-parent families on measures of mental health, physical health, and academic achievement.

Question 72

Frequent victimization may result in the victim demonstrating reactive aggression.

Question 73

Who is likely to keep more of their friendships across the school year-first graders or fourth graders?

Question 74

A minority of popular children are labeled by peers and teachers as tough and show antisocial and aggressive behavior.

Question 75

There is a high victimization rate in classrooms of teachers who attribute bullying to external factors outside of their control.

Question 76

The most negative outcomes of child sexual abuse are seen in children who are young at the onset of abuse.

Question 77

Relationally aggressive children, including bullies, are frequently perceived by peers as cool, powerful, and popular.

Question 78

Perpetrators of sexual abuse are most often males whom the child does not know.

Question 79

A child who says, "I am a good friend," is referring to his or her:

Question 80

Another name for bullying is peer victimization.