Deck 12: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence

Question 1

The _____ is characterized by traits that adolescents value.

A) egocentric
B) actual
C) ideal self
D) abstract

Answer 1

ideal self

Question 2

Professor Merkel conducts research on identity development in adolescents and emerging adults. Which research method will Professor Merkel most likely use to assess identity status?

A) Naturalistic observation
B) Surveys
C) Case study
D) Meta-analysis

Answer 2

Surveys

Question 3

In order to establish a sense of identity, 16-year-old Max must:

A) develop a religious ideology.
B) learn to separate his values from those of his family.
C) reconcile all of his weaknesses and doubts.
D) consider both his past and his future.

Answer 3

consider both his past and his future.

Question 4

Low self-esteem:

A) is associated with depression in adolescence and adulthood.
B) peaks in middle-to late adolescence.
C) occurs more often in adolescent boys than adolescent girls.
D) motivates adolescents to try harder at school.

Question 5

Global self-esteem tends to decline at about ___ years of age.

A) 11
B) 14
C) 16
D) 18

Question 6

Among Latino adolescents in the United States, high self-esteem is predicted by authoritative parenting coupled with ______ and ______.

A) strict discipline; parent-time employment
B) athletic competence; peer acceptance
C) biculturalism; familism
D) identity moratorium; global self-worth

Question 7

Seventeen-year-old Janell has not yet committed to an identity but she is exploring her alternatives. Janell is excited about her future, is open to experience, and is an active problem solver. Janell demonstrates characteristics of identity _____.

A) moratorium
B) achievement
C) foreclosure
D) diffusion

Question 8

Which of the following self-descriptions is typical of an adolescent?

A) "I am a girl, I like to play basketball, and I'm not very good at social studies."
B) "I am really serious and shy at school, but I'm the funny and crazy one with my friends."
C) "I have three brothers, my parents both work, and I love video games."
D) "I love scary movies, and I really like fishing with my parents."

Question 9

Adolescents with a mismatch between ideal and actual selves:

A) often have overly high self-esteem.
B) are at-risk for depression, low self-esteem, and poor grades.
C) tend to be high achievers but have difficulty making friends.
D) are motivated to reconcile inconsistencies in their self-concept.

Question 10

Nineteen-year-old Angelo spent most of his adolescence exploring his values, possible career options, and political beliefs. Angelo has high self-esteem, strong moral values, and favorable views toward college and work. Angelo demonstrates characteristics of identity _____.

A) moratorium
B) achievement
C) foreclosure
D) diffusion

Question 11

_____ refers to an overall evaluation of self-worth.

A) Idealism
B) Identity development
C) Global self-esteem
D) Self-concept

Question 12

Adolescents' personal characteristics are called the _____ self.

A) egocentric
B) actual
C) ideal self
D) abstract

Question 13

_____ refers to valuing the family over the individual and community.

A) Individualism
B) Familism
C) Connectedness
D) Biculturalism

Question 14

______ is/are often associated with declines in self-esteem.

A) Dating
B) Authoritative parenting
C) School transitions
D) Crowd membership

Question 15

Adolescents' self-descriptions are often:

A) concrete and egocentric.
B) overly negative or overly positive.
C) broad, primarily focusing on personal characteristics.
D) abstract and contradictory.

Question 16

Which of the following statements reflects a typical adolescent's self-esteem?

A) "I am really bad at school, and I'm not into team sports."
B) "I am pretty good at math and English, but I have trouble understanding science."
C) "I can't think of anything that I'm really good at."
D) "I'm good at everything-school, sports, and being popular."

Question 17

_____ is the degree to which individuals have explored possible selves and whether they have committed to specific beliefs and goals.

A) Moratorium
B) Identity status
C) Foreclosure
D) The actual self

Question 18

____ is a coherent sense of self.

A) Global self-worth
B) Individualism
C) Collectivism
D) Identity

Question 19

_____ parenting helps adolescents develop a healthy self-concept.

A) Authoritarian
B) Authoritative
C) Permissive
D) Strict

Question 20

When asked about her plans for the future, 18-year-old Segora replies, "I am going to school to become a teacher. Both of my parents are teachers, my grandfather was a college professor, and two of my cousins are special education teachers. It's just sort of expected in my family." Segora demonstrates characteristics of identity _____.

A) moratorium
B) achievement
C) foreclosure
D) diffusion

Question 21

Which of the following statements about parent-adolescent conflict is true?

A) Parent-adolescent conflict peaks in late adolescence.
B) Although conflict is normal, most parents and adolescents remain close.
C) Conflict tends to be higher among adolescent boys and their fathers.
D) Parent-adolescent conflict often focuses on moral issues, such as sex and substance use.

Question 22

Identity ____ and ____ become less common in late adolescence.

A) diffusion; foreclosure
B) moratorium; achievement
C) achievement; foreclosure
D) diffusion; achievement

Question 23

______ refers to a sense of membership to an ethnic group and includes the attitudes, values, and culture associated with that group.

A) Collectivism
B) Ethnocentrism
C) Ethnic gloss
D) Ethnic identity

Question 24

Conflict with peers:

A) harms identity development.
B) actually facilitates identity development.
C) is linked to identity moratorium.
D) is unrelated to identity development.

Question 25

Identity foreclosure is common in ______.

A) teenage boys
B) emerging adulthood
C) early adolescence
D) late adolescence

Question 26

Across ethnic and socioeconomic groups and in countries around the world, ________ foster(s) autonomy, self-reliance, self-esteem, a positive view of the value of work, and academic competence in adolescents.

A) dating relationships
B) authoritarian parenting
C) authoritative parenting
D) sibling rivalry

Question 27

Conflict-filled parent-adolescent relationships and chronic escalating conflict occurs in ____% of families.

A) less than 10
B) approximately 25
C) nearly 50
D) more than 70

Question 28

Which of the following statements about parenting and culture is true?

A) Authoritarian parenting predicts negative outcomes in adolescents, regardless of cultural values.
B) Among Chinese, Turkish, and Arab adolescents raised in collectivist cultures, authoritarian parenting does not predict negative outcomes.
C) Authoritarian parenting is especially harmful among adolescents raised in collectivist cultures.
D) Among Indonesian adolescents, authoritarian parenting predicts long-term behavioral and social difficulties.

Question 29

Which of the following promotes adolescents' sense of identity, self-esteem, family cohesion, and resistance to substance use?

A) Regular family meals
B) Strict, no-nonsense parenting
C) Attending a private high school
D) Having younger siblings

Question 30

_____ inhibits the development of autonomy and is linked with low self-esteem, depression, low academic competence, and antisocial behavior in adolescence through early adulthood.

A) Individualism
B) Collectivism
C) Authoritative parenting
D) Psychological control

Question 31

____ and ____ underlie the process of establishing a sense of ethnic identity.

A) Exploration; commitment
B) Moratorium; diffusion
C) Acceptance; foreclosure
D) Accountability; mentoring

Question 32

Individuals who are in identity ______ tend to be inflexible and view the world in black and white terms.

A) moratorium
B) achievement
C) foreclosure
D) diffusion

Question 33

Academic difficulties, avoiding problems, general apathy, and alcohol and substance abuse are outcomes associated with identity _____.

A) moratorium
B) achievement
C) foreclosure
D) diffusion

Question 34

Many ethnic minority adolescents:

A) avoid the task of exploring and committing to an identity.
B) become sensitive to negative feedback, discrimination, and inequality from the majority group.
C) hold negative stereotypes of the majority group, which undermines healthy exploration.
D) actively explore and commit to values, beliefs, and future plans in early adolescence.

Question 35

A major milestone of adolescence is the desire for _____, the ability to make and carry out one's own decisions.

A) self-efficacy
B) authority
C) separation
D) autonomy

Question 36

Mario and his parents experience frequent, intense conflict with one another. Mario is:

A) a typical adolescent.
B) likely the cause of the conflict.
C) at-risk for delinquency and poor school achievement.
D) an early-maturing adolescent.

Question 37

Identity achievement is characterized by _____ and _____.

A) commitment; exploration
B) uncertainty; acceptance
C) crisis; commitment
D) exploration; uncertainty

Question 38

Which identity status is most common among adolescents who are raised in authoritarian homes?

A) Achievement
B) Moratorium
C) Foreclosure
D) Diffusion

Question 39

Mrs. Nylund is the mother of 15-year-old Ava. If they are like a typical family, Mrs. Nylund and Ava will experience conflict over:

A) extracurricular activities.
B) moral issues.
C) family values.
D) household responsibilities.

Question 40

When asked about his plans for the future, 18-year-old Kevin replied, "Eh, haven't really thought about it. I don't like school, there are no jobs out there, and I'm only 18. I'll figure things out when the time comes. Right now, I like hanging out with my friends." Kevin demonstrates characteristics of identity_____.

A) moratorium
B) achievement
C) foreclosure
D) diffusion

Question 41

Adolescent friendships are characterized by intimacy, self-disclosure, and ______.

A) trust
B) jealousy
C) familism
D) relational aggression

Question 42

Teenage girls' friendships tend to:

A) be characterized by competition.
B) last only a few months.
C) be closer than teenage boys' friendships.
D) involve low levels of intimacy.

Question 43

The most easily recognizable influence on adolescents is the _______.

A) peer group
B) immediate family
C) Internet
D) school environment

Question 44

______, in which parents are aware of their adolescents' whereabouts and companions, is associated with academic achievement, overall well-being, reduced sexual activity, and deters delinquent activity and substance use in youth of all ethnicities.

A) Authoritarian parenting
B) Parental monitoring
C) Helicopter parenting
D) Familism

Question 45

Mr. and Mrs. Nygen are the parents of 16-year-old Finn. Which approach to parental monitoring will be most effective with Finn?

A) Avoid conflict by not asking Finn about his friends or his whereabouts.
B) Establish a rule that Finn must be home by 8:00 p.m. on weeknights.
C) Read all of Finn's text messages and limit his online activities to 3 hours a week.
D) Respect Finn's autonomy and privacy.

Question 46

If Erin is a typical adolescent, she will have ___ to ___ close friends.

A) 1; 2
B) 4; 6
C) 7; 9
D) 11; 13

Question 47

In early adolescence, cliques tend to be:

A) established for the purposes of dating.
B) characterized by relational aggression.
C) sex segregated.
D) mixed sex.

Question 48

Adolescent members of cross-ethnic friendships:

A) tend to report low levels of intimacy.
B) report high levels of relational aggression.
C) show decreases in depression and delinquent behavior.
D) show decreases in racial prejudice over time.

Question 49

Telling another's secrets or teasing about sensitive topics is called ______ aggression.

A) relational
B) overt
C) reverse
D) volatile

Question 50

Relational aggression is especially common among:

A) boys.
B) older adolescents.
C) girls.
D) emerging adults.

Question 51

_____ are those who receive many peer nominations of likability and therefore experience high levels of peer acceptance.

A) Popular children
B) Controversial children
C) Normals
D) Conformists

Question 52

Jack and Christopher, both 16-years-old, are best friends. How are the boys likely to spend their time together?

A) Sharing thoughts and feelings
B) Talking about girls and other kids at school
C) Playing competitive games
D) Avoiding large group activities

Question 53

Populars, jocks, nonconformists, and deviants are examples of _____.

A) gender norms
B) cliques
C) crowds
D) identity foreclosure

Question 54

Hector is considered part of the athletes crowd at his school. Research on crowd membership and behavior indicates that Hector is:

A) at risk for early sexual activity and drug experimentation.
B) also a member of the nonconformists crowd.
C) unlikely to value academic achievement.
D) unlikely to participate in drug use and deviant behaviors.

Question 55

_____ are not based on intimate friendship.

A) Crowds
B) Cliques
C) Other sex relationships
D) Boys' relationships

Question 56

By ______, cliques become mixed and form the basis for dating.

A) middle childhood
B) early adolescence
C) mid-adolescence
D) the end of high school

Question 57

In one study, about ____ of students placed themselves in a crowd different than that assignment by peers.

A) one tenth
B) one third
C) one half
D) three fourths

Question 58

According to research on characteristics of adolescent friendships, which of the following teenagers are most likely to be friends?

A) Maggie, who comes from an affluent family, and Claire, who comes from a low-SES family
B) Theo, who is African American, and Tanner, who is Caucasian
C) Nate and Parker, who are both high-achieving students in the tenth grade
D) Angela and Andrew, who live in different cities and met at a mutual friend's graduation party

Question 59

Pedro belongs to a tightly knit peer group that consists of six close friends. This groups is called a(n):

A) clique.
B) crowd.
C) gang.
D) affiliation.

Question 60

After early adolescence, young people may retain ____% of their friendships over a school year.

A) 30
B) 50
C) 75
D) 90

Question 61

Early dating, relative to peers, is associated with:

A) higher rates of responsible behavior.
B) high academic achievement.
C) alcohol and substance use.
D) both perceived and actual popularity.

Question 62

The majority of adolescents who experience cyber bullying

A) tell their teachers.
B) turn to their parents for help.
C) do not tell adults.
D) physically attack their tormenters.

Question 63

Between ___% and ___% of adolescents in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia experience cyberbullying during a school year.

A) 10; 15
B) 5; 20
C) 20; 45
D) 50; 70

Question 64

Which of the following statements about the influence of peers and parents in adolescence is true?

A) Most youths report pressure to deviate from parental values and expectations.
B) Parents are less influential in their teenagers' delinquent activities, such as risky sexual behavior and drug use, than are peers.
C) Parents and peers are equally influential on day-to-day activities and personal choices, such as choice of clothes and appearance.
D) Parents tend to have more influence on long-term plans, values, and educational plans than do peers.

Question 65

Overall, romantic relationships in adolescence are _____ romantic experiences in adulthood.

A) unrelated to
B) continuous with
C) inversely related to
D) poor predictors of

Question 66

Valencia is an American teenager. Like most teenagers, Valencia will feel the greatest pressure from peers to conform to:

A) personal choices, such as choice of clothing and music.
B) risky sexual behavior.
C) delinquent activities, such as shoplifting and drug use.
D) her parents' goals and expectations.

Question 67

De'Andre, age 16, is in his first serious relationship. Research shows that De'Andre's relationship will continue for:

A) less than six months.
B) around a year.
C) nearly two years.
D) three or more years.

Question 68

The most frequent forms of online bullying involve:

A) creating fake profiles on Facebook.
B) harassing friends and family of the victim.
C) name-calling and gossip.
D) threatening violence and death.

Question 69

Adolescents tend to turn to _____ when making decisions with long-term future consequences, such as those relating to education.

A) parents
B) siblings
C) teachers
D) peers

Question 70

At first, dating usually involves:

A) the intermingling of mixed-sex peer groups.
B) group dating.
C) one-on-one dating.
D) random "hook-ups."

Question 71

Peer pressure peaks at about age ____.

A) 11
B) 14
C) 16
D) 18

Question 72

According to research on cultural variations in dating, which teenager is likely to begin dating sooner than his or her peers?

A) Frankie, who is Caucasian
B) Tia, who is Latina
C) Li, who is Asian American
D) Alton, who is African American

Question 73

_____ is related to perceived popularity but negatively related with peer nominations of likability.

A) Clique membership
B) Relational aggression
C) Crowd membership
D) Identity achievement

Question 74

Adolescents' reports of unsafe sex are associated with their ______ sexual behavior.

A) parents'
B) siblings'
C) own perception of risky
D) peers'

Question 75

At age 13, Mya is likely dating for:

A) popularity with peers.
B) an escape from parents.
C) intimacy and support.
D) the purposes of finding a long-term partner.

Question 76

______ is an important protective factor against online harassment.

A) Authoritarian parenting
B) Parental monitoring and restriction of Internet use
C) Mandatory jail time for bullies
D) Belonging to a clique

Question 77

______ refers to peer ratings of an adolescent's social status and includes social dominance, influence, and prestige in the peer group.

A) Popularity
B) Perceived popularity
C) A crowd
D) A clique

Question 78

Kaitlyn is perceived as popular by her peers. Perceived popular adolescents like Kaitlyn are often viewed as:

A) everyone's loyal friend.
B) teacher's pets.
C) powerful and arrogant.
D) smart but unattractive.

Question 79

By age ___, 80% of young people have some dating experience.

A) 12
B) 14
C) 16
D) 18

Question 80

Which of the following features of cyberbullying distinguish it from regular bullying?

A) Bullying is generally of a short duration
B) It is difficult for the victim to escape
C) Victims rarely report long-term psychological consequences
D) It is easier for victims to identify their attackers