Deck 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood

Question 1

What factor is associated with both free radicals and the shortening of telomeres?

A) Stress
B) Diets low in fat
C) Excessive exercise
D) Genetics

Answer 1

Stress

Question 2

Danica lives in a high-crime neighborhood. She worries about her safety on a daily basis. She has always worried about finances and does not have medical insurance. She could be described as a person with chronic stress. How is the stress affecting her health?

A) Danica will not receive important health checks to moderate the stress because of her lack of health insurance.
B) Danica will experience mental health issues that cause her to choose unhealthy foods more often.
C) Danica will have built up a tolerance for the stress since she has experienced it most of her life and therefore will not have negative health effects.
D) When people experience stress, cortisol is released and the body readies for action, raising blood pressure and heart rate. Danica experiences this on a daily basis.

Answer 2

When people experience stress, cortisol is released and the body readies for action, raising blood pressure and heart rate. Danica experiences this on a daily basis.

Question 3

Andrea engages in about 300 minutes of moderate activity each week. What can we assume will be the result of her weekly activity?

A) She will most likely lose weight.
B) She will probably have damage to muscles and joints if she persists at this level of activity over time.
C) She will increase her dietary intake in order to account for all the activity.
D) She will crave saturated fats.

Answer 3

She will most likely lose weight.

Question 4

Which of the reasons for use of marijuana is least likely to be associated with marijuana-related problems?

A) Social enhancement
B) Enjoyment
C) Relaxation
D) Experimentation

Question 5

Why does substance use tend to decline in young adulthood?

A) Because young adults become parents and transition into new family roles.
B) Because young adults experience more peer pressure to not use substances.
C) Because young adults visit health care providers more often and are aware of their behaviors being monitored.
D) Because young adults do not have as much time as they did in adolescence to engage in substance use.

Question 6

Why is it difficult to avoid overeating as people age?

A) Because as people age they spend more time socializing around meals and eating higher caloric foods.
B) Because more individuals are in a low socioeconomic status (SES) group throughout life, and low SES individuals have higher rates of obesity.
C) Because as people age they get busier and have less time for healthy meals.
D) Because caloric needs drop between the ages of 25 and 50, and the metabolic rate gradually falls as muscle cells decline in number and size.

Question 7

Beverly was diagnosed with ovarian cancer when she was 35. At age 38, Beverly and her partner want to start a family. What should Beverly know about her chances of getting pregnant?

A) Beverly should not have any difficulty conceiving because many women are waiting until later in their 30s to have a child.
B) Beverly should be aware that ovarian cancer increases the likelihood of having multiple births.
C) Beverly may get pregnant fairly easily, but will have difficulty carrying a baby to full term.
D) Ovarian cancer is one of the causes of infertility, so if she is having difficulty conceiving that may be the reason.

Question 8

Which theory best explains the finding that parents' lifespans predict those of their children, and identical twins share more similar lifespans than do fraternal twins?

A) Aging immune system
B) Cellular mutation
C) Programmed genetics
D) Free radicals

Question 9

What percentage of American adults are considered obese?

A) 10%
B) 15%
C) 25%
D) 35%

Question 10

What is the pattern of gradual age-related declines in physical functioning called?

A) Progressive aging
B) Senescence
C) Functional aging
D) Physical maturity

Question 11

What is responsible for 80% of skin changes?

A) The sun
B) Exposure to pollutants
C) Facial expressions
D) Poor nutrition

Question 12

What is weekly marijuana use in adolescence associated with?

A) Frequent use of cocaine at age 21
B) Daily use of alcohol at age 30
C) Daily use and dependence at age 24
D) Daily use of tobacco in adolescence

Question 13

The cellular mutation theory of aging involves:

A) With age, the immune system is less able to differentiate healthy cells from pathology, so the body attacks healthy cells instead of harmful cells.
B) Aging results from damage to DNA and chromosomes, leading to an increase in cellular mutations.
C) The body wears out, aging, from use.
D) The rate of aging is influenced by DNA and heredity.

Question 14

Karen is concerned about losing muscle strength. She speaks to a sports medicine physician to find out what she should do. What will the doctor recommend?

A) Nothing-muscle strength declines with age no matter what a person does.
B) Karen should exercise and start a training program in the same way an athlete does.
C) Karen should find supplements to take in order to maintain muscle strength.
D) Karen should drink more milk and eat healthier.

Question 15

The factor associated with the greatest benefit for stress management is:

A) social support within the context of a relationship characterized by a secure attachment.
B) relaxation training.
C) healthy diet.
D) career and financial stability.

Question 16

What is the difference between adults who are considered athletes versus nonathletes in terms of physical aging?

A) Athletes experience more subtle and gradual declines in physical abilities from the late-30s to the 60s.
B) Nonathletes experience more gradual declines because of less damage to ligaments and tendons.
C) The muscles and motor skills of nonathletes are more susceptible to damage due to infrequent but more strenuous use.
D) Athletes age faster in early adulthood, but the declines are not as noticeable until they reach middle age.

Question 17

Which of the following is not an outcome of heavy marijuana use?

A) Impairs a person's ability to shift attention from one item to another
B) Impairs a person's ability to recognize emotional expression in others
C) Impairs a person's ability to form memories
D) Impairs a person's ability to recall material

Question 18

Which of the following changes in early adulthood physical development peaks around age 30?

A) Muscle development
B) Reproductivity
C) Skin elasticity
D) Cardiovascular health

Question 19

Ben's grandfather died at the age of 85. Ben's father died at the age of 84. Based on the programmed genetics theory of aging, what can Ben predict about his aging future?

A) Ben will live longer than his father and grandfather because of evolutionary changes.
B) Ben will not live as long as his grandfather or father because his father didn't live longer than his grandfather.
C) Ben will probably live to be somewhere around 84 or 85.
D) Ben cannot predict when he will age because genetics are altered due to the environment, leading to unpredictability.

Question 20

Which of the following is not a reason young adults find it difficult to eat healthily?

A) The absence of parental controls
B) Access to an abundance of food
C) Inadequate knowledge on how to eat healthily
D) Busy lives

Question 21

Who is most likely to display dualistic thinking where knowledge is viewed as either right or wrong?

A) Beginning college students
B) Individuals in their mid- to late-20s
C) People in their mid-30s
D) Individuals in their late-30s

Question 22

Pragmatic thought entails acceptance of inconsistency and ambiguity; therefore, it is most like:

A) autonomous judgment.
B) reflective judgment.
C) dualistic thinking.
D) relativistic thinking.

Question 23

Who is most at risk of dropping out of college?

A) Juanita, a Hispanic student who is from a wealthy family where her father attended college.
B) Derrick, a first generation college student who is African American.
C) Anne, a college student attending a 2-year institution.
D) Jeff, a college student attending a 4-year institution.

Question 24

If an institution wanted to retain first-generation and minority students, which of the following would be least beneficial?

A) The institution should facilitate interactions between students and faculty; for instance, assign each student a faculty mentor.
B) The institution should create a support network to help develop study skills for students.
C) The institution should encourage participation in campus events, possibly even requiring participation in the students' first year on campus.
D) The institution should treat first-generation and minority students exactly the same as other students on campus in order to not alienate them and make them feel different.

Question 25

Which statement is true regarding postformal thought?

A) Postformal reasoning is universal across cultures.
B) Ultimately, few adults demonstrate reflective judgment.
C) Social interaction is not related to postformal thought.
D) Beginning college students are more likely to use reflective judgment.

Question 26

Compared to the type of the institution (2-year, 4-year), what is the most important aspect of attending college for developmental outcomes?

A) The size of the institution
B) The rigorousness of the curriculum
C) Student involvement
D) Diversity of the institution

Question 27

What percentage of college students are considered to be nontraditional?

A) 54%
B) 10%
C) 27%
D) 6%

Question 28

David, a 15-year-old boy, smokes marijuana on a daily basis. He thinks that it helps him to talk to friends. Most of his peer group smokes marijuana. What can we predict will happen when David is in his 20s?

A) David will become a heavy drinker with potential alcoholism in his 20s.
B) David will continue using marijuana at the same rate in his 20s as he does in his teens.
C) David will most likely increase to daily use and dependence on marijuana in his 20s.
D) David will most likely quit because he mainly uses it for conformity, and that isn't important in the 20s.

Question 29

Jeannie only smokes cigarettes when she goes out to a bar with friends. According to the data on smokers, when asked if she is a smoker, her response most likely would be:

A) Yes, a person is a smoker if they smoke cigarettes at any time.
B) No, I don't consider myself a smoker because I only smoke occasionally.
C) Yes, but I would only be considered a semi-smoker because it isn't every day.
D) I would be a smoker if I couldn't quit, but I could quit anytime I want.

Question 30

What do nontraditional college students report as their number-one reason to return to college?

A) They are looking to be eligible for higher-paying careers.
B) Mid-life crisis.
C) Children are grown so they have time for college.
D) Interest in learning something new.

Question 31

Which type of thinking is most likely to involve the acceptance of inconsistency and ambiguity?

A) Pragmatic thought
B) Dualistic reasoning
C) Relativistic thinking
D) Autonomous judgment

Question 32

What type of thinking does this question illustrate: "When approaching a problem, there are probably several ways to do it. What are they? Which one's most efficient? Which one will give us the most accurate results?"

A) Autonomous judgment
B) Reflective judgment
C) Dualistic thinking
D) Relativistic thinking

Question 33

Thinking that is dependent on the situation and thinker is called:

A) Autonomous thinking
B) Reflective thinking
C) Dualistic thinking
D) Relativistic thinking

Question 34

Which statement illustrates pragmatic thought?

A) Annie works at a job where she is an assistant to a clothing designer. She is told what to do and is not allowed to make any decisions on her own. At home, she has freedom to come and go and makes all the decisions.
B) Adrian is really good at coming up with several ways to solve a problem, so his coworkers like to have him on their team.
C) Jennifer gets very frustrated in class when the professor asks her what she thinks about an issue. She just wants to be told what idea is correct.
D) Hannah's friend asks her if she should break up with her boyfriend. Hannah tells her that she can't answer that because it all depends on how her friend looks at the situation.

Question 35

Which of the following is not an advancement in social development that is influenced by college attendance?

A) Tolerance of diversity
B) Expanded worldview
C) Interest in art and literature
D) Easier time making friends

Question 36

What is epistemic cognition?

A) The ways in which individuals understand how they arrive at ideas, beliefs, and conclusions.
B) Polar reasoning in which knowledge and accounts of phenomena are viewed as either right or wrong with no in-between.
C) Knowledge is viewed as relative, dependent on the situation and thinker.
D) reasoning that synthesizes contradictions among perspectives.

Question 37

If a person says, "I really can't [choose a point of view] on this issue. It depends on your beliefs since there is no way of proving either one . . . I believe they're both the same as far as accuracy," they are demonstrating:

A) autonomous judgment.
B) reflective judgment.
C) dualistic thinking.
D) relativistic thinking.

Question 38

With respect to family and peer factors, why do first-generation and minority students find it difficult to succeed in college?

A) They don't receive positive support from their family and peers.
B) They are criticized for "selling out" and attending college.
C) They have too much pressure to work and help support the family.
D) They have few family and peer models of how to succeed in college.

Question 39

Why do nontraditional students have strengths that traditional students may not?

A) They have more social support than the traditional college student.
B) They tend to show a readiness to learn and a problem-centered orientation toward learning.
C) They are more likely to have financial stability.
D) They are more driven, so they tend to graduate earlier than traditional students.

Question 40

Who is more likely to engage in postformal reasoning?

A) Students from cultures such as China, who are guided by elders in terms of decision making.
B) Students in graduate school who are challenged to think both philosophically and practically.
C) Students with older siblings that model different forms of reasoning.
D) Students in a high school with a focus on reading, writing, science, and math.

Question 41

Which of the following is not a factor related to the choice of college typical of nontraditional students?

A) Low faculty to student ratio
B) Flexible in course scheduling
C) Readily accessible
D) Training relevant to their current life needs

Question 42

According to Super's model of vocational development, what does vocational maturity reflect?

A) A vocational choice that reflects an understanding of work-life balance.
B) The degree to which an individual's occupation can support the person and their family.
C) The degree to which an individual's occupational behaviors and status match the age-appropriate occupational stage.
D) A vocational choice that has potential for promotion and advancement in order to gain higher status in the career field.

Question 43

What is the focus of Super's implementation stage of vocational development?

A) Individuals accumulate experience and advance up the career ladder.
B) Individuals begin to think about careers in more complex ways, considering their own interests, personality, abilities, and values, as well as the requirements of each career.
C) Individuals complete training, enter the job market, and make the transition to become an employee.
D) Individuals identify specific occupational goals and pursue the education needed to achieve them.

Question 44

What is the focus of Super's consolidation stage of vocational development?

A) Individuals accumulate experience and advance up the career ladder.
B) Individuals begin to think about careers in more complex ways, considering their own interests, personality, abilities, and values, as well as the requirements of each career.
C) Individuals complete training, enter the job market, and make the transition to become an employee.
D) Individuals identify specific occupational goals and pursue the education needed to achieve them.

Question 45

Which statement regarding occupational expectations and reality is accurate?

A) The majority of men and women by age 30 have accomplished occupational goals set in their early 20s.
B) Most individuals in their late teens and early 20s have a clear understanding of what they want to do in life and how to get there.
C) Western culture is shifting in that more women are advancing in careers than men are by the time they reach age 30.
D) At age 25, less than one half of young people have careers that matched their expectations.

Question 46

Ashley is very good at solving problems. She likes working with objects-taking them apart and putting them back together. She once disassembled an engine and put it back together. What personality type is Ashley?

A) Investigative
B) Conventional
C) Social
D) Realistic

Question 47

Which of the following statements is true regarding non-college-bound students?

A) Each year, about one third of high school graduates do not attend college.
B) All students in secondary school receive the same support for life after high school-college or non-college.
C) Most non-college-bound students really want to attend college right after high school, they just are not accepted into schools.
D) Young adults who enter the workforce immediately after high school have an equal number of job opportunities as compared to those of prior generations.

Question 48

Alex has always loved numbers. He wants a job where he has to wear a suit and sit behind a desk. He says a job like that would make him feel important. He decides to go into finance and work toward a job as a bank president. What personality type is Ryan?

A) Investigative
B) Conventional
C) Enterprising
D) Realistic

Question 49

Why are nontraditional students better at making meaning of theoretical concepts?

A) Because their brains have developed more fully and are more capable of understanding abstract concepts.
B) Because they typically have learned the different theoretical concepts previously, and upon coming back to college it is a review.
C) Because they have life experience and knowledge of multiple roles that help.
D) Because they are more ready to learn and focused academically in general.

Question 50

Which person illustrates the crystallization stage of occupational development?

A) Brian just graduated from college and is starting his new job as a software engineer.
B) Andrew is a 16-year-old boy who has met with his guidance counselor to discuss different career choices and possible majors in college.
C) Douglas is a 30-year-old who has been working as a dentist for three years. He is thinking about starting his own practice.
D) MacKenzie switched her major two times and has finally settled on a major in biology.

Question 51

The typical job of a person with only a high school degree spends their first working years in jobs that have all of the following characteristics except:

A) unskilled.
B) low pay.
C) great flexibility.
D) little security.

Question 52

What is the focus of Super's specification stage of vocational development?

A) Individuals accumulate experience and advance up the career ladder.
B) Individuals begin to think about careers in more complex ways, considering their own interests, personality, abilities, and values, as well as the requirements of each career.
C) Individuals complete training, enter the job market, and make the transition to become an employee.
D) Individuals identify specific occupational goals and pursue the education needed to achieve them.

Question 53

In 2015, the rate of unemployment for high school graduates was _____ that of bachelor's degree holders.

A) two times.
B) three times.
C) four times.
D) five times.

Question 54

According to Levinson, what is a young adult's first task in adulthood?

A) Forming an intimate relationship with another person to share in goal setting.
B) Establishing a sense of identity.
C) Forming a dream, which involves defining occupational expectations.
D) Achieving a value base that guides choices in the occupational world.

Question 55

What is the focus of Super's crystallization stage of vocational development?

A) Individuals accumulate experience and advance up the career ladder.
B) Individuals begin to think about careers in more complex ways, considering their own interests, personality, abilities, and values, as well as the requirements of each career.
C) Individuals complete training, enter the job market, and make the transition to become an employee.
D) Individuals identify specific occupational goals and pursue the education needed to achieve them.

Question 56

Which of the following characteristics is not consistent with nontraditional college students?

A) Have dependents (children) that take away time from studying and class.
B) Work full time and have work-related travel that interferes with school.
C) Take a full load of classes in order to complete their education sooner.
D) Financial independence, which can make paying for college difficult.

Question 57

Andrew is an academically prepared, motivated high school student who has chosen not to attend college. What is the most probable reason that he is making that decision?

A) He didn't feel his high school prepared him well enough for the transition to college.
B) Although he is a good student, he is not interested in academics.
C) He has a learning disability that he feels will prevent him from being successful in college.
D) He did not have any other family members who attended college.

Question 58

Individuals who enjoy interacting with people and are more likely to go into a human services career have the _____ personality type.

A) investigative
B) conventional
C) social
D) realistic

Question 59

Why do educators, scholars, and policy makers call the population of non-college-bound youth the "forgotten"?

A) Because employers mainly look to college-educated individuals to fill open jobs.
B) Because individuals who do not go on to college are not valued in Western culture.
C) Because relatively few resources are directed toward learning about and assisting them.
D) Because politicians typically do not focus much energy on non-college-educated individuals.

Question 60

Donna is not planning on attending college after high school. What are schools doing that will result in Donna not being prepared for the job market?

A) They are focusing more energy on college-bound students and no vocational training for students not attending college.
B) They are pressuring students to go on to college and therefore not giving the students time to learn a skill outside of school because of the homework demands.
C) They are isolating non-college-bound students from peers who are going on to college and so Donna does not feel a sense of belonging, which reduces her self-esteem.
D) They are sending the message that non-college-bound students are not worthy to educate, increasing the likelihood Donna that will drop out.

Question 61

The majority of smokers have their first cigarette before age 18.

Question 62

Postformal reasoning is universal across cultures.

Question 63

Weight, either overweight or underweight, does not pose any risk for fertility in women.

Question 64

Obesity is more related to environmental pressures than genetic factors.

Question 65

Young adult women show higher rates of weight gain than women in other age groups.

Question 66

With the large number of nontraditional students reentering college, most institutions are focused on making the transition back into learning oriented toward nontraditional student needs.

Question 67

To obtain health benefits from exercise, national guidelines recommend engaging in at least 300 minutes of moderate activity each week, or 150 minutes of vigorous activity.

Question 68

Only about two thirds of students who enroll in four-year institutions graduate within six years.

Question 69

Advances in reasoning during the adult years entails integrating cognition with emotion.

Question 70

Men experience a decrease in the number and quality of sperm produced beginning at about age 40.

Question 71

Each year about half of high school graduates in the United States transition from high school to work without attending college.

Question 72

Experiments with animals support the role of caloric restriction in longevity.

Question 73

Biological aging begins at maturity.

Question 74

Development beyond formal operation is dependent on metacognition and experience.

Question 75

Attending college is not associated with postformal reasoning.

Question 76

Young adults tend to make the same emotion-fused thinking that adolescents engage in.

Question 77

Student attrition is higher in colleges with open enrollment and less selective admission requirements.

Question 78

Male infertility may be partially caused by free radicals.

Question 79

It is better to live on campus as a college student because peer interaction in academic and social contexts benefits students.

Question 80

Cigarette smoking is responsible for about one in every five deaths in the United States each year.