Deck 10: Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Question 1

Within the nucleus,all trans-retinoic acid and/or 9-cis retinoic acid bind to ____.

A)nuclear retinoic acid receptors
B)mannosylated glycoproteins
C)cell aggregates
D)transcription factors

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Nausea,vomiting,double or blurred vision,headaches,vertigo,and muscle incoordination are some of the symptoms of ____.

A)hypervitaminosis A
B)hypervitaminosis D
C)hypervitaminosis K
D)hypovitaminosis A

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Where would you find retinoid X receptors (RXR)?

A)in cytosol
B)in the nucleus
C)in mitochondria
D)in the ​Golgi apparatus

Answer 3

B

Question 4

​Instructions: Use the molecules below to answer the next three questions.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which molecule is β-carotene?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 5

Choose the food that is rich in vitamin A palmitate.

A)spinach
B)liver
C)carrots
D)pumpkin

Question 6

Vitamin A will work in conjunction with which vitamin to help protect cells from singlet oxygen?

A)niacin
B)thiamin
C)pantothenic acid
D)ascorbic acid

Question 7

In order to be carried in the chylomicron,retinol (once in the enterocyte)is _____.

A)esterified by lecithin retinol acyl transferase
B)converted to retinaldehyde by retinaldehyde reductase
C)attached to a VLDL
D)attached to an RXR receptor on the nucleus

Question 8

A deficiency of vitamin A will lead to night blindness.This is due to ____.

A)damage to the retina
B)inability to produce rhodopsin
C)damage to the area of the brain that interprets incoming visual signals
D)damage to the rods

Question 9

​Instructions: Use the molecules below to answer the next three questions.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which is molecule is retinoic acid?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 10

Choose the ONE correct statement.

A)Beta-carotene is hydrolyzed in the jejunum before it is absorbed.
B)Retinol does not need to form a micelle to cross the USW.
C)Beta-carotene dioxygenase activity occurs in the lumen of the ileum.
D)Retinol must be reesterified to be carried in the chylomicron.

Question 11

The overall efficiency of the formation of retinal from beta-carotene is estimated at approximately what percentage?

A)20%
B)35%
C)50%
D)65%

Question 12

Which of the carotenoid pigments has the greatest provitamin A activity?

A)alpha-carotene
B)beta-carotene
C)gamma-carotene
D)delta-carotene

Question 13

In what cells will you find most of the retinol and vitamin A stored?

A)stellate
B)gallbladder
C)fundus
D)antrum

Question 14

Which vitamin directs cellular differentiation of epithelial cells?

A)riboflavin
B)vitamin K
C)vitamin E
D)vitamin A

Question 15

The diet that has shown some promise in reducing the risk of progression to advanced macular degeneration is the ____ diet.

A)Paleo
B)Mediterranean
C)Atkins
D)gluten-free

Question 16

What happens to retinal in the enterocyte?

A)It is esterified.
B)It is reduced to retinol.
C)It is transported into the portal blood.
D)15, 15' dioxygenase acts to form beta-carotene.

Question 17

The majority of vitamin A is stored in the liver,while carotenoids are stored mainly in the ____ tissue.

A)muscle
B)eye
C)adipose
D)skin

Question 18

​Instructions: Use the molecules below to answer the next three questions.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which molecule is retinyl palmitate?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 19

A deficiency of vitamin A,in addition to causing visual problems,might also lead to ____.

A)muscular problems
B)cardiovascular disease
C)impaired height and improperly developed bones
D)damage to the choroid layer of the eye

Question 20

How will retinol,once secreted from the liver,be found in the blood?

A)attached to RBP and transthyretin
B)attached to albumin
C)attached to a chylomicron
D)attached to RBP and stellate cells

Question 21

The vitamin D response element (VDRE)is found ____.

A)on the enterocyte membrane
B)on the renal tubule
C)in the nucleus
D)in the pancreatic duct cell

Question 22

What vitamin is associated with diminished proliferation and enhanced differentiation of cells,which serves as a basis for its use as treatment of skin diseases such as psoriasis?

A)A
B)E
C)K
D)D

Question 23

Structurally,vitamin D is derived from ____.

A)a steroid
B)an amino acid
C)a fatty acid
D)calcium

Question 24

What percentage of vitamin D from the diet is absorbed?

A)20%
B)30%
C)40%
D)50%

Question 25

Dietary cholecalciferol must be further hydroxylated in order to be active vitamin D.The first hydroxylation occurs in the ____ to produce ____.

A)liver; 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
B)kidney; 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
C)skin; 7-dehydrocholesterol
D)kidney; 1-hydrocholesterol

Question 26

Would you recommend β-carotene supplementation to a smoker to decrease the risk of lung cancer?

A)Yes-β-carotene can quench singlet oxygen.
B)Yes-smoking increases free radical formation; β-carotene can decrease free radicals.
C)No-β-carotene supplements may be harmful to smokers and their use is not advised for the general public.
D)No-β-carotene supplements can cause vitamin A toxicity and liver cirrhosis.

Question 27

Which vitamin is considered to be a secosteroid?

A)choline
B)vitamin A
C)vitamin D
D)vitamin E

Question 28

The RDA for vitamin D for people over the age of 70 is how many times greater than that for adolescents?

A)2.0
B)1.33
C)equal
D)0.75

Question 29

Which is the strongest antioxidant?

A)beta-carotene
B)alpha-tocopherol
C)beta-cryptoxanthin
D)lycopene

Question 30

Which vitamin D molecule would you expect to see in fortified foods?

A)ergocalciferol-vitamin D₂
B)calcidiol-25-OH D₃
C)calcitriol-1,25-OH₂ D₃
D)cholecalciferol-vitamin D₃

Question 31

Calcitroic acid and vitamin D metabolites are excreted primarily through ____.

A)urine
B)sweat
C)urine and sweat combined
D)feces

Question 32

The best source of vitamin D per recommended serving is ____.

A)liver
B)tuna fish
C)swordfish
D)cod liver oil

Question 33

Choose the correct statement about the quenching of singlet oxygen by carotenoids.

A)Carotenoids donate an electron to the singlet oxygen to make it stable.
B)Carotenoids covalently bond with the singlet oxygen to make it stable.
C)Carotenoids donate energy so that the excited electron returns to its orbital.
D)Carotenoids absorb the extra energy that is held by the singlet oxygen.

Question 34

Imagine you are a nutritionist working in a country other than the United States.Which is an assumption about vitamin D status that is NOT true?

A)The latitude makes a difference as regards how much vitamin D can be self-synthesized.
B)Customs of dress make a difference as regards how much vitamin D can be self-synthesized.
C)Cow's milk is a reliable source of vitamin D in the food supply.
D)Skin color makes a difference as regards how much sun is needed to synthesize vitamin D.

Question 35

If asked about the relationship of vitamin D to autoimmune disease,the best information for a dietetic professional to provide is ____.

A)that the evidence does not support a relationship at this time
B)that the evidence is only in animals, not humans
C)that some evidence suggests a protective effect of vitamin D
D)to take a supplement containing 2000 IU vitamin D each day

Question 36

Which vitamin is said to be essential for growth and immune system function?

A)K
B)A
C)D
D)E

Question 37

Which vitamin has as its primary function the maintenance of calcium homeostasis?

A)A
B)D
C)E
D)K

Question 38

A deficiency of which vitamin is commonly associated with rickets?

A)A
B)D
C)E
D)K

Question 39

Choose the correct order of the phrases below to explain the response of the body to a decline in serum calcium levels.Choose the BEST answer.
1)increased release of PTH
2)decreased release of PTH
3)increased synthesis of calbindin
4)increased synthesis of 1,25-(OH)₂ D₃
5)increased bone absorption
6)increased calcium absorption
7)decreased bone resorption
8)increased calcium excretion
9)increased bone resorption

A)1, 5, 4, 8
B)1, 3, 5, 9
C)2, 3, 9, 6
D)1, 4, 3, 6

Question 40

Which is NOT related to the functions of vitamin A?

A)neurological function
B)growth
C)immunity
D)cell differentiation

Question 41

Which tocopherol form of vitamin E has biologic activity?

A)alpha
B)beta
C)gamma
D)delta

Question 42

The action of vitamin K in the posttranslational synthesis of blood clotting factors occurs in the____.

A)blood
B)liver
C)small intestine
D)bone marrow

Question 43

Which of the fat-soluble vitamins is consumed in the form of phylloquinone from plant foods?

A)A
B)D
C)E
D)K

Question 44

Risk of vitamin K deficiency is greatest in ____.

A)newborns
B)children
C)adolescents
D)older people

Question 45

How does alpha-tocopherol differ from beta-tocopherol?

A)saturation of side chain
B)number and location of methyl groups
C)source in the diet
D)ionic versus covalent bonding

Question 46

Because β-carotene can be converted into retinol,plant sources are referred to as preformed vitamin A.

Question 47

Anticoagulant drugs that act by inhibiting vitamin K activity do so by which mechanism?

A)inhibiting the formation of the active form of vitamin K
B)interfering with micelle formation such that vitamin K is not absorbed
C)not allowing calcium to interact with Gla residues
D)stimulating osteocalcin synthesis

Question 48

Many anticoagulants inhibit the vitamin K cycle,thereby preventing activation of clotting proteins.

Question 49

Immediately following a balanced meal that contained vitamin E (such as fortified milk),where would you most likely find most of the vitamin E in the body?

A)in the portal blood as α-tocopherol
B)inside cells as free α-tocopherol
C)stored in adipose tissue
D)in chylomicrons in the lymphatic vessels and general circulation 

Question 50

Rhodopsin is simply the opsin protein after it has been activated by 11-cis-retinal.

Question 51

Absorption of vitamins A,D,E,and K is closely associated with the absorption and transport of ingested proteins.

Question 52

For which vitamin is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level set because of increased tendency for bleeding?

A)A
B)D
C)E
D)K

Question 53

Production of active vitamin D requires skin,sunlight,cholesterol,the liver,and the kidneys.

Question 54

Vitamin D increases the abundance of calbindin (Ca++ transporter)in enterocytes by increasing the transcription of the calbindin gene.

Question 55

Who discovered vitamin E?

A)Evans and Bishop
B)McCollum and Davis
C)Mellanby and Hopkins
D)Simon and Garfunkel

Question 56

Calcium homeostasis in the blood depends on intestinal absorption,bone resorption,and kidney reabsorption.

Question 57

All three forms of vitamin A (retinol,retinal,and retinoic acid)are stored in the liver as retinyl esters.

Question 58

All of the functions of vitamin A are carried out by retinoic acid via transcriptional mechanisms.

Question 59

Many anticoagulants work by inhibiting the regeneration of active vitamin K (i.e.,dihydrovitamin KH₂)during the vitamin K cycle.

Question 60

Most of the vitamin E in the blood is carried by ____.

A)water
B)albumin
C)hemoglobin
D)LDLs and HDLs

Question 61

Discuss the role of calcitonin in maintaining normal blood calcium concentration.

Question 62

Although for micronutrients increasing the amount of a protein by directly inducing gene expression is certainly a common mechanism,we have encountered other mechanisms by which vitamins can regulate proteins.Provide one example of posttranslational modification,being as specific as possible.

Question 63

7-dehydrocholesterol is the form of vitamin D that is added to fortify milk.

Question 64

Inadequate vitamin D intake has been associated with autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis,Crohn's disease,multiple sclerosis,and type I diabetes.

Question 65

Match the factor to its correct action.
a.becomes activated in the presence of thromboplastin
b.creates insoluble fibrin for final clot formation
c.converts prothrombin into thrombin
d.works with factor IXa to activate factor X
e.activates factor IX"
XIa

Question 66

Match the factor to its correct action.
a.becomes activated in the presence of thromboplastin
b.creates insoluble fibrin for final clot formation
c.converts prothrombin into thrombin
d.works with factor IXa to activate factor X
e.activates factor IX"
Xa

Question 67

Subclinical vitamin K deficiency may be associated with diminished bone mineral density and increased fracture rates.

Question 68

Indicate: (1)the active form of vitamin K, (2)the general function of vitamin K,and (3)an example of the general function (this could be a specific reaction or simply indicate a pathway/ process where it occurs).Your answers do not need to be long!

Question 69

Match each vitamer with its function.
a.interacts with nuclear VDR to increase calbindin
b.required for carboxylation of glutamic acid
c.needed for binding with opsin in the photoreceptor rod cells
d.transported into nucleus to affect gene transcription of keratin proteins
e.donates hydrogens to terminate propagation of membrane lipid peroxidation chain reactions
11-cis retinal

Question 70

Match the factor to its correct action.
a.becomes activated in the presence of thromboplastin
b.creates insoluble fibrin for final clot formation
c.converts prothrombin into thrombin
d.works with factor IXa to activate factor X
e.activates factor IX"
XIIIa

Question 71

A good source of vitamin D is milk,because it is fortified with 1,25-(OH)₂-vitamin D₃.

Question 72

Match each vitamer with its function.
a.interacts with nuclear VDR to increase calbindin
b.required for carboxylation of glutamic acid
c.needed for binding with opsin in the photoreceptor rod cells
d.transported into nucleus to affect gene transcription of keratin proteins
e.donates hydrogens to terminate propagation of membrane lipid peroxidation chain reactions
retinoic acid

Question 73

Match the factor to its correct action.
a.becomes activated in the presence of thromboplastin
b.creates insoluble fibrin for final clot formation
c.converts prothrombin into thrombin
d.works with factor IXa to activate factor X
e.activates factor IX"
VII

Question 74

Regulation of Proteins by Vitamins: Micronutrients,such as vitamins,typically regulate gene expression (i.e.,induction)directly.Use either vitamin D or vitamin A to illustrate this concept-be complete and thorough in your answer.Do not simply draw a diagram; include some discussion and make sure everything is labeled and/or defined.

Question 75

Match each vitamer with its function.
a.interacts with nuclear VDR to increase calbindin
b.required for carboxylation of glutamic acid
c.needed for binding with opsin in the photoreceptor rod cells
d.transported into nucleus to affect gene transcription of keratin proteins
e.donates hydrogens to terminate propagation of membrane lipid peroxidation chain reactions
alpha-tocopherol

Question 76

Match the factor to its correct action.
a.becomes activated in the presence of thromboplastin
b.creates insoluble fibrin for final clot formation
c.converts prothrombin into thrombin
d.works with factor IXa to activate factor X
e.activates factor IX"
VIIa

Question 77

Vitamin A enhances vitamin K absorption and increases the plasma concentration of vitamin E.

Question 78

Match each vitamer with its function.
a.interacts with nuclear VDR to increase calbindin
b.required for carboxylation of glutamic acid
c.needed for binding with opsin in the photoreceptor rod cells
d.transported into nucleus to affect gene transcription of keratin proteins
e.donates hydrogens to terminate propagation of membrane lipid peroxidation chain reactions
calcitriol

Question 79

Match each vitamer with its function.
a.interacts with nuclear VDR to increase calbindin
b.required for carboxylation of glutamic acid
c.needed for binding with opsin in the photoreceptor rod cells
d.transported into nucleus to affect gene transcription of keratin proteins
e.donates hydrogens to terminate propagation of membrane lipid peroxidation chain reactions
hydroquinone (KH₂)

Question 80

Explain the process by which rhodopsin is formed.