Deck 3: Origins of Criminal Behavior: Biological Factors

Question 1

The small group of nerve cells in the brain involved in aggressive behavior is called the ________ and is part of the ________ system.

A) amygdala; limbic
B) frontal lobe; central nervous
C) hippocampus; limbic
D) atempora; activating

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Early onset persistent antisocial behavior seems influenced by ________ factors,while late onset offending is influenced by ________ factors.

A) biological; social
B) social; biological
C) risk; protective
D) protective; risk

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Research has suggested that which brain chemical may play a significant role in aggression and violence?

A) Serotonin
B) Epinephrine
C) Dopamine
D) Insulin

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Most contemporary researchers of temperament focus on

A) school-aged children.
B) incarcerated males.
C) families with two or more children.
D) infants.

Question 5

All of the following processes are considered executive functions except

A) logic.
B) reasoning.
C) fidgeting.
D) problem solving.

Question 6

According to biopsychologist Adrian Raine

A) the majority of studies examining the relationship between antisocial behavior are fatally flawed.
B) there is no evidence to suggest that genetics influence antisocial behavior.
C) some children are born destined to become antisocial.
D) there is clear evidence that genetics influence antisocial and aggressive behavior.

Question 7

Which statement most accurately summarizes findings on twin and adoption studies?

A) One's environment significantly impacts the frequency and severity of criminal behavior.
B) Genetic factors have little impact on antisocial behavior.
C) The environment in which a child is raised has little impact on the likelihood of antisocial behavior.
D) Genes may influence one's susceptibility or resistance to environmental risk factors.
E) Genes do not significantly impact one's susceptibility to environmental risk factors.

Question 8

One of the most comprehensive studies on the effects of malnutrition on child development ever undertaken is called the

A) Barbados Nutrition Study.
B) Early Dizygotic Sample.
C) Money Follows the Person.
D) Bobo Doll Experiment.

Question 9

Sarah and Rebecca developed from a single egg,share the same genes,currently live at 517 Huckleberry Lane,and attend the same school.They are examples of

A) monozygotic, monochorionic, identical twins who share an environment.
B) monozygotic, dichorionic, nonshared twins.
C) identical, dichorionic, shared siblings.
D) unichorionic, unizygotic, concordant, monoenvironmental siblings.
E) monochorionic, identical , concordant twins who shared a membrane.

Question 10

Which of the following reflects an assumption of most adoption studies?

A) Adoptive parents and their adopted children are not genetically related.
B) Adoptive children have no information about their biological make-up.
C) Most adopted children are placed with stable and loving parents.
D) Genetics have little influence on human behavior.

Question 11

The term dizygotic twins is synonymous with

A) fraternal twins.
B) identical twins.
C) dichorionic.
D) unifertilization.

Question 12

Dysfunction in the ________ lobe has been strongly linked to violent behavior.

A) frontal
B) temporal
C) occipital
D) parietal

Question 13

Concordance rate is usually expressed in

A) degrees.
B) ectograms.
C) pairs.
D) percentages.

Question 14

All of the following statements are true of the amygdala except

A) it is small and almond shaped.
B) it is located in the limbic system.
C) it is especially hardy and unaffected by developmental experiences.
D) it is associated with impulsive aggression.

Question 15

The phenomenon in which the brain's structure and function are affected by experience is called

A) intelligence quotient.
B) elasticity.
C) durability.
D) plasticity.
E) neural synapse.

Question 16

Two strong indicators of temperament are

A) language and eating patterns.
B) eye contact and intelligence.
C) extraversion and introversion.
D) emotionality and activity.

Question 17

The research on environmental risk factors during infancy indicates that

A) lead exposure may be linked to antisocial behavior.
B) trans fats are closely associated with delinquent behavior.
C) junk foods often lead to persistent and violent criminal behavior.
D) an organic diet can greatly reduce likelihood of antisocial behavior.

Question 18

Most children display aggression in preschool and kindergarten but reduce these behaviors during early school years primarily due to

A) socialization.
B) strict parental discipline.
C) developmental maturity.
D) psychological maturity.

Question 19

Which neurotoxin is also an essential trace element?

A) Lead
B) Manganese
C) Selenium
D) Mercury

Question 20

Most contemporary biopsychologists believe

A) genetic and neuropsychological variables play a part in criminal behavior.
B) genetic components are the sole causal agents of human behavior.
C) understanding the social environment is irrelevant in studying criminal behavior.
D) criminal behavior is an evolutionary throwback to an earlier stage in the evolution of man.

Question 21

Prenatal and life experiences affect that both twins in the same way are known as ________ environments.

Question 22

The amygdala is located in the frontal lobe of the human brain.

Question 23

The link between offending and traumatic brain injury is especially strong if the brain dysfunction is located in the ________ lobe.

Question 24

Research on twin studies has shown that,as twins age,the influence of a shared environment increases while the influence of a nonshared environment wanes.

Question 25

Lead exposure and maternal malnutrition are examples of environmental hazards.

Question 26

TEDS is an acronym for

A) Twins' Early Development Study.
B) Twins Environmental Differentiation Study.
C) Traditional Environmental Development on Siblings.
D) The Early Diyzygotic Sample.

Question 27

Research has consistently suggested that the neurotransmitter serotonin may play the most significant role in aggression and violence.

Question 28

Most developmental experts today believe that temperament has ________ underpinnings that are best identified at birth.

Question 29

Temperament is determined largely by genetics.

Question 30

Steinberg's dual developmental model of brain development focuses on the impulsivity that characterizes the teenage years.

Question 31

As a group,biopsychologists believe that genetics are the sole cause of criminal behavior.

Question 32

Which personality feature,commonly associated with antisocial behavior,shows high hereditability and little environmental influence?

A) Empathy
B) Schizophrenic detachment
C) Temperament
D) Callous-unemotional traits

Question 33

How was the case of Phineas Gage relevant to the chapter?

A) It emphasized the importance of micronutrients to fetal development.
B) It confirmed that adolescent risk taking is related to aggression in adulthood.
C) It suggested that serotonin may play a role in violent behavior.
D) It illustrated the effects of frontal lobe damage.

Question 34

Contemporary molecular biology has focused on specific ________ as foundations for certain patterns of behavior.

Question 35

The ability to control one's behavior in accordance with internal standards is called

A) undoing.
B) scrutinization.
C) self-regulation.
D) frontal-lobe control.

Question 36

Neurological dysfunction due to faulty brain development is strongly linked to pathological violence.

Question 37

Temperament appears in infancy and continues throughout life.

Question 38

Recent research has found that brain stimulation after age five has little impact on growth and development.

Question 39

According to Adrian Raine,how many genes are associated with antisocial behavior in humans?

A) One
B) Four
C) Seven
D) At least twenty

Question 40

The consensus among experts is that ________ responsiveness,nurturance,and warmth have emerged as critical core determinants of the early parent-child relationship.

Question 41

Define the terms dizygotic and monozygotic twins.

Question 42

Research has consistently suggested that the neurotransmitter ________ may play the most significant role in aggression and violence.

Question 43

Compare and contrast behavior and molecular genetics.

Question 44

What does the research tell us about the relationship between neurotransmitters and aggressive behavior? What treatments may be the most effective and what caution should one consider when considering this treatment?

Question 45

The fetus and children less than ________ years of age appear to be the most vulnerable to neurotoxins.

Question 46

What were some concerns with the high concordance rate found among monozygotic twins? Explain how at least one of these concerns can be addressed today.

Question 47

The finding that both structure and ________ of the brain are affected by experience is known as plasticity.

Question 48

Discuss the relationship between birth/pregnancy complications,psychosocial environment and antisocial behavior.

Question 49

The principal target of manganese is the ________ system.

Question 50

Acting without thinking,sometimes referred to as ________,is also believed to be closely associated with deficits in executive function.