Deck 14: Developmental Disorders

Question 1

Because the diagnosis of ADHD is comparable across countries,

A) ADHD is considered normal high activity level of children.
B) It is now found to be equally prevalent among boys and girls.
C) this suggests that ADHD is no longer thought to be the result of intolerant parents.
D) this suggests that ADHD has significantly increased and spread worldwide.

Answer 1

this suggests that ADHD is no longer thought to be the result of intolerant parents.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of ADHD?

A) Inattention
B) Learning disabilities
C) Self-control
D) Fidgeting

Answer 2

Self-control

Question 3

The hypothesis that attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)may be influenced by toxins,food additives,or diet

A) is based on well-controlled studies.
B) is not well understood or studied, but generally effective as a treatment.
C) appears true for a small subset of individuals diagnosed with ADHD.
D) has no scientific evidence.

Answer 3

has no scientific evidence.

Question 4

In order to diagnose an individual with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder,it is necessary for symptoms to be present in

A) both symptom clusters.
B) the hyperactivity cluster.
C) the area of impulsivity.
D) either of the symptom clusters.

Question 5

Although not classified as developmental disorders,many,if not most,psychological disorders can be considered developmental because they

A) appear early in life and change over the lifespan.
B) have a genetic component.
C) lack biological causes and are influenced by learning.
D) are unique to children.

Question 6

The main reason that it is so important to identify children with developmental disorders as early as possible is that

A) medications are most effective when administered at an early stage of the disorder.
B) skill deficits can be identified and addressed before they impact later development.
C) family functioning often declines as the developmental disorder progresses.
D) children are more receptive to therapy when they are young.

Question 7

One of the most common reasons that children are referred for mental health services in the United States is ______________.

A) ADHD
B) autism
C) pervasive developmental disorder
D) stuttering

Question 8

The inattention cluster of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms is characterized by _______________.

A) careless mistakes
B) fidgeting
C) not waiting one's turn to answer questions
D) all of these

Question 9

ADHA is found in about _________ of the child populations across all regions of the world.

A) 1%
B) 5%
C) 8%
D) 10%

Question 10

Which of the following often overlaps with ADHD?

A) Oppositional defiant disorder
B) Bipolar disorder
C) Conduct disorder
D) All of the above

Question 11

An individual diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder will always present with

A) hyperactive behavior that alternates with periods of distraction.
B) patterns of inattention or hyperactivity/impulsivity.
C) both patterns of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity.
D) periods of distraction that lead to hyperactive/impulsive behavior.

Question 12

The most accurate statement with regard to the genetic influences of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is

A) there are no known genetic influences.
B) there appears to be a single gene influence.
C) there appear to be multiple genetic influences.
D) defects on the Y chromosome are the major influence.

Question 13

The major reason that developmental disorders are considered to be so serious in terms of their capacity to disrupt later functioning is

A) the fact that medications used in children can have long-term effects.
B) the impact that they have on family functioning.
C) that the purely biological nature of developmental disorders leads to subsequent developmental failures.
D) that failure to develop at one level is thought to inhibit later stages of development.

Question 14

Which of the following is the most likely reason for a child to be referred for mental health treatment?

A) Tourette's syndrome
B) ADHD
C) Obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) Bipolar disorder

Question 15

Psychological disorders are considered developmental disorders when there is a

A) change in symptoms over the lifespan.
B) genetic component to the disorder.
C) significant dysfunction during childhood.
D) general decline in functioning over time.

Question 16

Recent research has shown that ADHD

A) is considered to be highly influenced by genetics with a relatively small role played by environmental influences.
B) is caused by multiple genes
C) appears be related to the neurotransmitter dopamine.
D) all of the above

Question 17

What are the three types of symptoms for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

A) Hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattention
B) Inattention, distraction, hyperactivity
C) Inattention, impulsivity, distraction
D) None of these

Question 18

According to your text,the reason that countries previously reporting lower rates of ADHD than those found in the United States are now finding rates of the disorder closer to the rate reported in the U.S.is

A) improvements in diagnosis.
B) better parent education.
C) the influence of drug companies.
D) poor parenting.

Question 19

Johnny is a 2-year-old boy who has no motivation to interact with other people.His absence of interest in people may also lead to severe deficits in his ability to ______________.

A) amuse himself
B) think
C) communicate
D) walk

Question 20

ADHD tends to occur in families where another family member has ADHD and with increased rates of ____________.

A) conduct disorders
B) mood disorders
C) substance abuse
D) all of the above

Question 21

Children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)tend to be unpopular with other children because

A) of their ADHD behaviors.
B) brain deficits that lead to ADHD negatively influence the desire to socialize.
C) children with ADHD are uninterested in socialization.
D) teachers tend to stigmatize and isolate children with ADHD.

Question 22

Recent research has shown that

A) ADHD is found equally among boys and girls.
B) ADHD is caused by a single gene called DAT 1.
C) the brain of children with ADHD is 3% to 4% smaller than children without ADHD.
D) all of the above

Question 23

Current estimates (CDC,2005)are that approximately ___________ children in the United States are being treated with stimulant medications.

A) 1 million
B) 2.5 million
C) 10 million
D) 14.5 million

Question 24

ADHD is estimated to occur in how many school-aged children in the United States?

A) .25%-.5%
B) 1%-2%
C) 3%-7%
D) 8%-12%

Question 25

Neurotransmitters implicated in the cause of ADHD include all of the following EXCEPT ______________.

A) dopamine
B) endorphins
C) norepinephrine
D) GABA

Question 26

Ritalin and Concerta,medications generally used to treat attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder,are classified as ____________.

A) minor sedatives
B) depressants
C) stimulants
D) antidepressants

Question 27

Ron is a 9-year-old boy recently diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.His parents have chosen a combined approach to treatment,which will most likely involve

A) new experimental medications and behavior therapy.
B) no medication but a combination of behavioral therapy and parent training.
C) medication such as Ritalin and behavior therapy.
D) medication such as Ritalin and psychoanalysis.

Question 28

Clorinda is very concerned about giving her son Mario medication to treat his hyperactivity.She read that the use of prescription medications to treat ADHD places children at increased risk for later substance abuse.If she were to treat her son with medication,which would be the best one to give him that would address these concerns?

A) Ritalin
B) Cylert
C) Adderall
D) Strattera

Question 29

Non-medication treatments for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder usually involve

A) interpersonal therapy.
B) behavioral programs and parent training.
C) brief, inpatient treatment at a specialty hospital.
D) cognitive behavioral therapy and diet control.

Question 30

The study of how your genetic makeup influences your response to certain drugs is called _____________.

A) behavior genetics
B) psychopharmocology
C) psychopharmocogenetics
D) psychogenetics

Question 31

Stimulant medications seem to treat ADHD because they

A) reinforce the brain's ability to focus attention.
B) decrease emotional response.
C) distribute attention.
D) increase dream sleep.

Question 32

All of the following side effects EXCEPT ____________ are associated with the medications Ritalin and Concerta,which are used to treat attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

A) insomnia
B) drowsiness
C) irritability
D) weight gain

Question 33

Recent research has found the following with regard to causes of ADHD:

A) Food colors and additives, which for years were thought to cause ADHD, then later refuted, now appear to have a small but measurable impact on increased levels of hyperactivity.
B) Pesticides found in foods may be a contributing factor to an increased risk of ADHD.
C) Both a and b
D) Neither a or b

Question 34

Which of the following environmental influences has been found to contribute to the development of ADHD?

A) Prenatal smoking
B) Low socioeconomic status
C) Parental marital instability and discord
D) All of the above

Question 35

Medications such as Ritalin and Concerta that are generally used to treat attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder have proven particularly helpful to most patients in

A) temporarily reducing hyperactivity and impulsivity and/or improving concentration.
B) reducing hyperactivity and impulsivity and/or improving concentration with gains maintained after the medication is discontinued.
C) temporarily increasing academic performance and socialization.
D) increasing academic performance and socialization with gains maintained even after the medication is discontinued.

Question 36

Medications such as Ritalin and Concerta that are generally used to treat attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)have proven to be helpful to ___ of ADHD patients.

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 70%
D) 90%

Question 37

Recent ADHD research has focused on endophenotypic correlates of

A) specific attentional characteristics.
B) emotional control.
C) extraverted characteristics.
D) environmental factors.

Question 38

Which best describes the way attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)develops as children grow into adulthood?

A) Children tend to outgrow ADHD.
B) ADHD tends to evolve into more severe forms of pathology.
C) Symptoms remain relatively stable throughout the lifespan for most individuals.
D) Manifestations of ADHD tend to change over time but many problems often persist.

Question 39

The drug Strattera (atomoxetine)appears effective for some children with ADHD,and according to recent research,does not cause the same _______ as stimulant medication when used in larger doses.

A) intolerance
B) withdrawal symptoms
C) "high"
D) academic disturbance

Question 40

A learning disorder is defined as

A) achievement in reading, writing, or math below the level predicted by the individual's age, IQ, and education.
B) achievement in any academic subject below the level predicted by the individual's age, IQ, and education.
C) substandard IQ score in comparison to the individual's family and educational background.
D) the existence of a neurological deficit that interferes with the individual's ability to assimilate new information.

Question 41

Alvin is a 10-year-old boy diagnosed with a mathematics disorder.His treatment plan will most likely involve

A) teaching him different strategies to improve cognitive skills.
B) stimulant medication.
C) developing an educational plan that exempts him from mathematics requirements.
D) placing him in a school for learning disordered children.

Question 42

The restricted pattern of behavior generally observed in autism involves

A) repetitive movements such as spinning in circles.
B) an intense preference for keeping things the same.
C) inappropriate communication patterns.
D) lack of recognition of significant others.

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT an example of a communicative disorder?

A) Stuttering
B) Selective mutism
C) Tic disorder
D) Developmental disorder

Question 44

All of the following are problems observed to result from learning disorders EXCEPT _____________.

A) low employment
B) school drop-out
C) drug abuse
D) suicidal ideation and attempts

Question 45

Studies with identical twins have indicated that reading disorders

A) run in families.
B) have no genetic component.
C) are influenced more by learning than genetics.
D) have a smaller genetic component than mathematics disorders.

Question 46

The fact that reading disorders occur most often in English-speaking individuals may be due to

A) the relative difficulty of English.
B) differences in left-brain dominance across cultures.
C) differences in right-brain dominance across cultures.
D) different educational practices across cultures.

Question 47

Given the available intervention strategies for learning disorders,the method that probably has the best chance of actually removing the learning disorder is

A) development of better study skills.
B) efforts to develop compensating cognitive skills.
C) systematic instruction and teaching for mastery.
D) improving overall intelligence.

Question 48

Ken is a 12-year-old boy of average intelligence as indicated by his IQ scores.He loves school and works hard on his homework.Ken has earned straight As in every subject except math,where he has been achieving grades in the C range.Which of the following statements is correct?

A) Ken does not appear to have a learning disorder because his achievement is consistent with expectations based on his intelligence.
B) Ken appears to have a math disorder because his math grade is so far below his other grades.
C) Ken appears to have a math disorder because there is a discrepancy between his intelligence and his achievement in many subjects
D) Ken does not appear to have a learning disorder because he has shown that he can achieve when he wants to.

Question 49

Treatment for learning disorders generally involves

A) stimulant medication.
B) educational remediation.
C) family therapy.
D) cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Question 50

The term "pervasive" in the title of pervasive developmental disorders relates to the fact that these disorders

A) occur with great frequency.
B) are found in virtually all cultures.
C) significantly affect individuals throughout their lives.
D) are generally terminal.

Question 51

Why would it be incorrect to say that individuals diagnosed with learning disorders are not intelligent?

A) It would confuse learning disorders with intellectual disability .
B) The concept of learning disorder has absolutely nothing to do with intelligence.
C) Learning disorders can be diagnosed in people of below average, average, or high intelligence.
D) Learning disorders are only diagnosed in people of high intelligence.

Question 52

Samantha is a sixth-grade girl who has great difficulty in school.She pays attention and works hard but appears to have trouble remembering facts and concepts that she has read about.Before we can determine whether Samantha has a learning disability,it is most important to know her ____________.

A) family history
B) social skills
C) math skills
D) IQ

Question 53

Which area of learning is affected by a learning disorder in approximately 4% to 10% of the population?

A) Written expression
B) Oral communication
C) Mathematics
D) Reading

Question 54

All of the following are typical behaviors for autistic children EXCEPT

A) spinning a wheel on a toy truck and starring at it for hours.
B) throwing a loud tantrum when prevented from carrying out a ritual.
C) becoming wildly upset when one toy was removed from the shelf.
D) performing complex math calculations that appear well beyond their abilities.

Question 55

One intriguing finding from research involving reading disordered individuals who speak multiple languages is that

A) reading disorders are independent of culture/language.
B) individuals who speak more than one language rarely have learning disorders.
C) evidence of the reading disorder may exist for one or two languages, while the individual may be completely free of the disorder in another language.
D) the complexity of the English language may contribute to the higher rate of reading disorder in English-speaking countries.

Question 56

All of the following are classified as pervasive developmental disorders EXCEPT

A) childhood disintegrative disorder.
B) Rett's disorder.
C) Asperger's disorder.
D) learning disorder.

Question 57

Robin is a 3-year-old girl who appears uninterested in people.She generally interacts with her mom only when she needs something.In some ways,Robin seems to be interested in her mother only as a tool to help her get what she wants.Robin would probably be diagnosed with

A) autistic disorder.
B) Rett's disorder.
C) Asperger's disorder.
D) a learning disorder.

Question 58

Jean is a 14-year-old autistic girl who seems compelled to run around touching each door every time she comes home.If she is prevented from touching each door,Jean has a tantrum.This is an example of

A) restricted behavior pattern.
B) social impairment.
C) ritualistic behavior.
D) maintenance of sameness.

Question 59

An alternative to using the discrepancy between IQ and achievement in identifying children with learning disorders is

A) discrepancy prognosis.
B) learning intervention strategy.
C) response to intervention.
D) none of the above

Question 60

One of the most characteristic patterns for autistic children is that they are generally

A) uninterested in people.
B) very intelligent.
C) extremely talkative.
D) hyperactive.

Question 61

One major distinction between Asperger's disorder and autism is that

A) Asperger's disorder is associated with longer language delays and lower IQ.
B) autism is associated with social impairment and Asperger's disorder is not.
C) autism develops in early childhood and Asperger's develops during adolescence.
D) Asperger's disorder is not associated with severe language delays.

Question 62

While the risk of having an autistic child is approximately .0002 to .0005% for the general population,the risk for parents of an autistic child that another child will be autistic is

A) the same .0002 to .0005% since there is no known genetic component.
B) .002% to .005%.
C) about 1%.
D) 5% to 10%.

Question 63

Most autistic individuals develop symptoms of the disorder ________.

A) at birth
B) by age one
C) by age three
D) by teen years

Question 64

Which of the following is currently being researched as a possible cause of autism?

A) The neuronal structure of the hippocampus
B) The levels of the neuropeptide oxytocin
C) The mercury used as a preservative in childhood vaccines
D) All of these

Question 65

Which treatment approach has been most clearly documented as benefitting children with problems with communication and socialization?

A) Pharmacological treatment
B) Behavioral approaches
C) School education
D) Parent support

Question 66

Researchers,studying the brain of individuals with autism,suggest that one area of the brain that may be involved with the disorder is the ___________.

A) brain stem
B) hypothalamus
C) amygdala
D) reticular formation

Question 67

Research on the social skills of people with autism suggests that people with autism

A) are interested in socialization but do not know how to socialize.
B) are not interested in socialization.
C) enjoy social relationships but cannot express this joy.
D) none of these

Question 68

The ability to perform "computer-like" mathematical calculations and other incredible skills that are sometimes associated with autistic individuals (such as the character in the movie Rain Man)are

A) not typical of the disorder.
B) a defining symptom of the disorder.
C) fairly common but not present in every autistic individual.
D) a complete myth and not possible for any autistic individual.

Question 69

Modern treatment programs for autism generally involve

A) pharmacological treatments.
B) psychological supports for communication and socialization problems.
C) behavioral approaches.
D) all of these

Question 70

Research regarding the behavior of the parents of autistic children suggests that autism is

A) the result of cold and aloof parenting.
B) the result of a complex interaction of genetics and parenting style.
C) the result of overindulgent parenting style.
D) not the result of parenting behaviors.

Question 71

Cross-cultural research has indicated that autism is

A) universal across cultures and countries.
B) predominantly found in the United States.
C) predominantly found in Western cultures and countries.
D) more common in wealthy countries.

Question 72

Some success has been noted in the development of communication skills in autistic children through the use of

A) modeling appropriate communication.
B) behavioral procedures involving shaping and discrimination training.
C) intensive therapy where the patient is placed in many social situations.
D) stimulant medications.

Question 73

The authors of the textbook report an interview with a patient named Robert Edwards.Robert's lucid description of his internal experiences reflects

A) his delusional behavior.
B) his limited cognitive abilities.
C) abnormal sensory experiences.
D) the highly logical and factual of his thinking.

Question 74

Based on the research of Lovaas (1987),improvements in the intellectual and educational functioning of autistic children have been documented for intervention programs that

A) use a group therapy model.
B) provide multiple therapists.
C) meet one-on-one for 40 hours per week.
D) are school based.

Question 75

An appropriate treatment goal for an autistic child is

A) resolution of all autistic symptoms by age 18.
B) immediate cessation of ritualistic behaviors.
C) development of normal social skills by age 18.
D) reduction in tantrums and enhancement of communication skills.

Question 76

In terms of the level of support that will be necessary for an autistic child,which factor is used as a predictor to determine the prognosis?

A) Age of onset
B) Severity of initial symptoms
C) Rate of symptom progression
D) IQ

Question 77

Jim is a teen who has no friends.Although he is quite verbal,he speaks in a strange and formal style of speech.Jim is obsessed with airplanes and behaves in a very strange way.All of his activities center around planes,and he possesses an almost encyclopedic knowledge of aircraft.Jim's constant verbal display of this knowledge interferes with socialization.Most people consider him "weird" and avoid him.The most likely diagnosis for Jim is ____________.

A) autism
B) Asperger's disorder
C) Rett's disorder
D) pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified

Question 78

Jane is a 14-year-old autistic girl currently participating in a behavioral social skills training program for autistic adolescents.Jane's most likely outcome from this program is

A) relatively normal socialization for her age.
B) no progress at all.
C) improvement in her socialization skills.
D) significant improvement in her socialization skills.

Question 79

Monte is a 3-year-old boy recently diagnosed with autism.He appears completely unresponsive to his parents and shows no indication of any language development.Monte seems uninterested in communication of any kind and has significant rituals such as lining up his toys and realigning them every few minutes.He becomes hysterical if anyone interrupts his ritualistic activity.On an IQ assessment designed for very young children,Monte's score was extremely low.His prognosis is poor primarily because of

A) lack of language acquisition and low IQ.
B) low IQ and early age of onset.
C) early age of onset and lack of language acquisition.
D) ritualistic behavior and disinterest in his parents.

Question 80

The results of behavioral treatment targeting the socialization deficits of individuals with autism have shown

A) no improvement.
B) that those with autism can improve their socialization skills.
C) that those with autism can significantly improve their socialization skills.
D) that there is some improvement but it is not permanent.