Deck 15: Peers, Media, and Schooling

Question 1

Eva plays near other children with similar materials, but does not try to influence their behavior. She is involved in

A) nonsocial activity.
B) associative play.
C) parallel play.
D) cooperative play.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following children is most likely to engage in more extended peer exchanges and display more socially competent behavior during the preschool years?

A) Ariel, who was raised in a warm, supportive environment
B) Eric, who was raised in an authoritarian environment
C) Sebastian, who was raised in a permissive environment
D) Melody, who was adopted from a Romanian orphanage

Answer 2

A

Question 3

As two preschoolers play "school," one pretends to be the teacher and the other pretends to be the student. The children are engaged in __________ play.

A) functional
B) constructive
C) parallel
D) cooperative

Answer 3

D

Question 4

While playing at the park, Sam and Carlos run after one another, wrestle, and pretend to fight. The boys are engaged in

A) functional play.
B) a hostile interaction.
C) rough-and-tumble play.
D) repetitive motor action.

Question 5

__________ grants children the confidence, social-cognition understandings, and social skills they need to enter the world and form gratifying peer relationships.

A) A secure attachment bond
B) Authoritarian parenting
C) Emotional support
D) Coregulation

Question 6

Researchers hypothesize that __________ play may help children establish a dominance hierarchy.

A) rough-and-tumble
B) parallel
C) associative
D) cooperative

Question 7

Once a dominance hierarchy is established,

A) hostility is rare.
B) hostility increases.
C) antisocial behavior emerges.
D) cliques begin to form.

Question 8

Although rough-and-tumble play declines in adolescence, when it does occur

A) its meaning is linked to aggression.
B) it is used to reconcile a disagreement.
C) it is often between members of the other sex.
D) it is often accompanied by antisocial behavior.

Question 9

Which of the following types of nonsocial activity are cause for concern?

A) putting together a puzzle and building with blocks
B) drawing a picture and reading a book
C) playing on the computer and talking to an imaginary companion
D) aimless wandering and hovering near peers

Question 10

Which of the following types of peer sociability develops first?

A) coordinated interaction in the form of mutual imitation, such as jumping, chasing, or banging a toy
B) an occasional reciprocal exchange with a grin, gesture, or imitation of a playmate's behavior
C) using words and gestures to influence a peer's behavior
D) imitative, turn-taking gestures and body movement

Question 11

How are peer relationships in mid-adolescence different from those of middle childhood?

A) The amount of peer interaction declines as adolescents become moodier and more independent.
B) Peer interactions decrease, and adolescents spend more time with parents, siblings, and extended-family members.
C) Adolescents spend more time with peers than with any other social partners.
D) Peer relationships become increasingly competitive and hostile.

Question 12

Children first acquire skills for interacting with peers

A) from cartoon characters.
B) from child-care workers.
C) when they begin formal schooling.
D) within the family.

Question 13

Although __________ declines with age, it is still the most frequent form among 3- to 4-year-olds.

A) nonsocial activity
B) parallel play
C) associative play
D) cooperative play

Question 14

__________ and __________ are especially frequent in toddlers' interactions with familiar agemates.

A) Hostility; competition
B) Power assertion; negative emotion
C) Cooperative play; peer collaboration
D) Reciprocal play; positive emotion

Question 15

Nathan is not especially good at disclosing information to his parents. Which of the following is most likely true for Nathan?

A) His parents use an authoritative parenting style.
B) His parents will have difficulty in successfully monitoring Nathan's activities.
C) His parents have established a healthy dominance hierarchy within the family.
D) His parents have been influential in Nathan's prosocial behaviors.

Question 16

__________ seem(s) to be a particularly effective context for promoting peer interaction skills.

A) Child care
B) Preschool
C) Parent-child play
D) Cartoon characters

Question 17

It is the __________, not the __________, of solitary and parallel play that changes during early childhood.

A) amount; type
B) type; amount
C) amount; context
D) theme; context

Question 18

Five-year-old Juan notices that a peer is having difficulty carrying a stack of books to her desk. Juan is likely to

A) move right in and give assistance, regardless of whether it is desired.
B) ignore the peer and reject her request for help.
C) laugh at the peer as she struggles to carry the books.
D) offer assistance and demand a reward for helping.

Question 19

In which of the following situations is the adolescent more likely to exhibit better school achievement and lower levels of antisocial behavior?

A) Terri's social network and her parents' social network overlap.
B) Barry maintains a distinct division between his own and his parents' social networks.
C) Diego's parents provide extensive and frequent guidance on how to manage conflict and discourage teasing.
D) Kalpana's parents' social network includes Kalpana's teachers and other adults in the school community.

Question 20

When pairs of infants are brought together in a laboratory, __________ is/are present at 3 to 4 months.

A) peer-directed smiles and babbles
B) looking accompanied by occasional touching
C) reciprocal exchanges and imitation of behavior
D) viewing one another as playmates

Question 21

Research indicates that by age 10, the most important aspect of friendship is usually

A) mutual interests.
B) trust.
C) loyalty.
D) intimacy.

Question 22

Compared to American preschoolers, Chinese preschoolers are

A) more likely to reject reticent classmates.
B) more aggressive during make-believe play.
C) encouraged to be independent and assertive.
D) more likely to include a quiet, reserved child in play.

Question 23

Ben and Frank have a close companionship where each enjoys and wants to be with the other. Their relationship can be classified as a

A) dominance hierarchy.
B) peer group.
C) friendship.
D) clique.

Question 24

When their teacher asks them what a friend is, Bonita and the other preschoolers in her class will most likely say that a friend is someone

A) "who likes you."
B) "who makes me laugh when I am depressed."
C) like "my mommy."
D) "I can tell my thoughts to."

Question 25

When Mario leans in to take his turn at marbles, his knee repeatedly knocks the marbles askew. Talbot says, "It's frustrating when you do that. Try kneeling over here so that you don't mess up the game." Talbot's statement is reflective of a __________ child.

A) popular-prosocial
B) rejected-aggressive
C) rejected-withdrawn
D) popular-antisocial

Question 26

Early adolescents of both sexes are attracted to __________ as friends, a trend that contributes to a rise in antisocial behavior.

A) high-status, aggressive boys
B) low-status, aggressive boys
C) highly influential, older peers
D) popular boys and girls

Question 27

Among preschoolers, younger children's play is

A) more cognitively and socially mature in single-age classrooms than in mixed-aged classrooms.
B) more cognitively and socially mature in mixed-age classrooms than in single-age classrooms.
C) often characterized by competition and object assertion.
D) often immature and functional, particularly for boys.

Question 28

Twelve-year-old Luca comes from a middle-class Italian-American family. With which of the following individuals is Luca most likely to be friends?

A) 10-year-old Frank, who lives near Luca's cousin
B) 12-year-old Sam, a low-SES Italian immigrant
C) 13-year-old Aiden, who also comes from a middle-class Italian-American family
D) 14-year-old Hannah, a popular Hispanic girl who plays softball with Luca's older sister

Question 29

To assess peer acceptance, researchers usually use self-reports that measure __________ and __________.

A) social prominence; social adjustment
B) social preferences; social prominence
C) positive correspondence; negative correspondence
D) social preferences; social adjustment

Question 30

Children who have no friends usually have

A) undesirable personalities.
B) overprotective parents.
C) an androgynous gender identity.
D) close relationships with siblings.

Question 31

When asked about the meaning of friendship, teenagers stress which of the following three characteristics?

A) popularity, intimacy, and enjoyable interactions
B) similar interests, family values, and trust
C) intimacy, mutual understanding, and loyalty
D) similar moral values, a common peer group, and enjoyable interactions

Question 32

Among __________ without same-sex friends, having an other-sex friend is associated with __________.

A) girls; corumination
B) girls; feelings of competence
C) boys; less positive well-being
D) boys; feelings of competence

Question 33

Observations from the Mayan culture indicate that

A) children who spend little time in pretend play are socially delayed.
B) sociodramatic play is not a critical component of social development in most societies.
C) sociodramatic play is only critical for social development in nonindustrialized cultures.
D) sociodramatic play may be less crucial in cultures where children participate in adult activities from an early age.

Question 34

Close friends behave more prosocially toward each other

A) when they are rewarded for helping and sharing.
B) when other people are observing them.
C) but they also disagree and compete with each other more than nonfriends.
D) but have difficulty expressing hurt feelings during conflict.

Question 35

If Natalie and Jenna are in the Friendship as Mutual Trust and Assistance stage of friendship, which of the following descriptions would apply?

A) Their relationship has become more complex and psychologically based.
B) Their friendship does not have any type of enduring quality.
C) A rift in their friendship would not require an apology or explanation.
D) Only an extreme falling out can terminate their friendship.

Question 36

As mutual trust and loyalty increase in importance, school-age children's friendships become more

A) complex.
B) intimate.
C) unstable.
D) selective.

Question 37

American teenagers spend considerably more of their free time with peers than do Asian adolescents. What cultural factor accounts for this difference?

A) American parents' encouragement of extracurricular activities
B) less demanding academic standards in the United States
C) the different roles of peer interaction in industrialized versus nonindustrialized nations
D) greater access to activities and organizations designed specifically for teenagers in the United States

Question 38

When aggressive children make friends,

A) their aggressive behavior declines and prosocial behavior increases.
B) they often seek playmates of the other sex.
C) the relationship is often riddled with hostile interaction.
D) they develop age-appropriate outlets for their aggressive behavior.

Question 39

Tarah and her friends frequently engage in conversations about sexuality and romance. This aspect of close friendship

A) provides opportunities to explore the self.
B) provides a foundation for future intimate relationships.
C) helps young people deal with the stresses of everyday life.
D) improves attitudes toward and involvement in school.

Question 40

Discussions that focus on recognition and mastery issues are typical of

A) boys.
B) girls.
C) teenagers.
D) young adults.

Question 41

As Aria begins dating, the security of her romantic relationships will be affected by

A) peer pressure to have sex.
B) her comfort with her own sexuality.
C) the intensity of her emotional attachment to her boyfriend.
D) the level and security of her attachment to her parents.

Question 42

Teenagers who utilize a specialized vocabulary, have their own dress code, and "hang out" during leisure hours in specific places are involved in a

A) clique.
B) gang.
C) peer group.
D) club.

Question 43

Rejected children's socially incompetent behaviors often originate in

A) child-care settings.
B) classrooms with poorly trained teachers.
C) a poor fit between the child's temperament and parenting practices.
D) early adolescence.

Question 44

Teenage boys who are "partyers" and "burnouts" tend to have parents who are

A) authoritative.
B) uninvolved.
C) permissive.
D) authoritarian.

Question 45

Kareem is a high risk taker, engages in unprotected sex, and claims that he will "do anything on a dare." Kareem is most likely a member of which of the following groups?

A) nonconformists
B) jocks
C) partyers
D) normals

Question 46

The main difference between a clique and a crowd is that

A) clique membership is based on reputation and stereotype.
B) a crowd is a more loosely organized group.
C) crowd membership predicts academic and social competence.
D) crowd membership is more important to girls than to boys.

Question 47

Bella belongs to a peer group that includes many swim team members. Bella may be ousted from the group if she

A) lacks skills to swim competitively.
B) wears swimsuits that differ from the rest of the group.
C) is unable to spend time with the group on weekends because of family responsibilities.
D) does not have a cell phone or instant messaging capabilities.

Question 48

Research shows that adolescents feel greatest pressure to conform to

A) engaging in antisocial acts.
B) having sex.
C) participating in social activities.
D) using alcohol or drugs.

Question 49

If Evita has a history of drug use, delinquency, and aggression in peer relationships, the likelihood that she will

A) engage in unhealthy weight control tactics decreases.
B) experience a satisfying, long-term relationship increases.
C) experience dating violence increases.
D) engage in risky sexual behavior decreases.

Question 50

Which of the following functions do mixed-sex cliques serve during the teenage years?

A) They provide boys and girls with models for how to interact with the other sex and a chance to do so without having to be intimate.
B) They offer the security of a permanent identity as teenagers separate from the family and begin to construct a coherent sense of self.
C) They offer security based on the notion of "safety in numbers," particularly for teenagers in urban locations.
D) They provide warmth, support, and structure that many teenagers lack in their home environment.

Question 51

Compared with popular-aggressive children, rejected-aggressive children are

A) more socially skilled.
B) more antagonistic.
C) less antagonistic.
D) more likely to be identified as controversial.

Question 52

Selina is a 13-year-old who has just started dating. Selina probably dates

A) to rebel against her parents.
B) for recreation and peer status.
C) to achieve psychological intimacy.
D) for companionship and affection.

Question 53

Chronic victims of bullying tend to

A) require therapy later in life.
B) have parents who use an uninvolved or permissive child-rearing style.
C) be passive and have overprotecting mothers.
D) be relationally aggressive with peers and adults alike.

Question 54

Which of the following interventions is most effective for changing the behavior of victimized children?

A) Use tutors who specialize in social skills.
B) Change victims' negative opinions of themselves.
C) Move aggressive children to an alternative school.
D) Develop a school code against bullying.

Question 55

Many rejected-aggressive children

A) are actually well-adjusted and eventually develop favorable peer relationships.
B) are unaware of their poor social skills.
C) take responsibility for their social failures.
D) are only children who had few opportunities to learn appropriate social skills before starting school.

Question 56

Bullying occurs more often in schools

A) in low-SES communities.
B) that have more boys than girls.
C) that have no school code against bullying.
D) where teachers are viewed as unfair.

Question 57

About __________ percent of adolescents are physically or sexually abused by dating partners.

A) 5 to 10
B) 10 to 20
C) 20 to 30
D) 30 to 40

Question 58

Research on neglected children indicates that they

A) display a blend of positive and negative social behaviors.
B) often report feeling lonely and unhappy.
C) are deficient in social understanding and regulation of negative emotion.
D) are usually well-adjusted.

Question 59

If Ebony is excluded from her peer group, she

A) will probably concentrate more on her schoolwork.
B) may turn to a more popular group for acceptance and support.
C) will easily find another peer group with interests similar to her own.
D) may find it difficult to join other groups if her previous behavior toward them was hostile.

Question 60

A small group of fifth-grade boys frequently picks on Dan, calling him names, hitting and tripping him, and taking his lunch money. Dan is experiencing

A) peer victimization.
B) a dominance hierarchy.
C) gender harassment.
D) typical male aggression.

Question 61

Taylor is under pressure from his peers to experiment with drugs. He is most likely to resist this pressure if his parents use a(n) __________ parenting style.

A) neglectful
B) permissive
C) authoritative
D) authoritarian

Question 62

Hunter watches a lot of violence on television. As a result, when confronted with aggression in real life, Hunter will likely

A) be confused when no protagonist shows up to resolve the situation for him.
B) react passively and try to avoid confrontation.
C) display relationally aggressive behavior.
D) indicate that he does not feel threatened.

Question 63

__________ and __________ use is somewhat greater among European than among U.S. adolescents.

A) Tobacco; alcohol
B) Alcohol; marijuana
C) Tobacco; marijuana
D) Marijuana; other illegal drug

Question 64

In nonaggressive children, violent TV

A) sparks hostile thoughts and behavior.
B) has little or no effect on their behavior.
C) increases their intolerance of aggression in others.
D) actually promotes greater warmth in healthy parent-child relationships.

Question 65

By tenth grade, _____ percent of young people have tried drinking and _____ percent have tried at least one illegal drug.

A) 10; 22
B) 25; 14
C) 46; 40
D) 59; 38

Question 66

Children under the age of _____ seldom grasp the selling purpose of commercials and believe that they are meant to help viewers.

A) 8
B) 10
C) 12
D) 18

Question 67

An increasing number of studies show that playing violent video games

A) is like watching violent TV and increases hostility and aggression.
B) fosters selective attention and spatial abilities.
C) teaches children about the negative consequences of hostility and aggression.
D) is less harmful to children than watching violent TV.

Question 68

Which of the following children probably watches the most TV?

A) Bonita, who comes from a low-SES family
B) Brynn, whose parents only watch the news
C) Brandi, who comes from a small family
D) Brenda, who comes from a high-SES family

Question 69

Children in a preschool classroom are more likely to work in small groups and collaborate when __________ than in other pursuits.

A) trying to read a story without a teacher's assistance
B) working on computer activities
C) playing with technology, such as iPods or iPads,
D) playing in the "home living" area of the classroom

Question 70

When ethnic minorities appear on TV, they are usually depicted

A) as the hero or heroine of action-adventure-type shows.
B) positively and humorously.
C) in secondary or lower-status roles.
D) accurately.

Question 71

Parents with __________ are more likely to engage in practices that heighten TV viewing, including eating family meals in front of the set and failing to limit children's TV access.

A) higher incomes
B) limited education
C) more than one child
D) authoritative child-rearing styles

Question 72

Prosocial TV programs promote children's kind and helpful acts

A) up to several years later.
B) when shown in conjunction with violent programs.
C) only in real-life situations that imitate the TV programs.
D) only when they are free of violent content.

Question 73

Sesame Street has modified its format by

A) showing more leisurely episodes with a clear story line rather than presenting quick, disconnected bits of information.
B) increasing the pace to maintain children's interest and undivided attention.
C) focusing more on basic decoding and grammar skills rather than on letter and number recognition.
D) focusing more on social/emotional issues, such as friendship and self-esteem, rather than academic skills.

Question 74

Which of the following statements is true regarding boys' and girls' use of computers?

A) Girls more often than boys connect to the Internet to download music.
B) Girls more often than boys use spreadsheets and graphics programs.
C) By the end of elementary school, girls spend more time with computers than boys.
D) More boys than girls rate their computer skills as "excellent."

Question 75

Not until age __________ do children acquire an adult-level understanding of the technical complexity of the Internet as a networklike system linking a computing center with many computers.

A) 7 or 8
B) 10 or 11
C) 13 or 15
D) 16 or 17

Question 76

Playing speed-and-action video games fosters

A) spatial skills in boys, but not in girls.
B) selective attention in boys and girls alike.
C) greater selective attention in girls, but not in boys.
D) greater school performance for boys and girls alike.

Question 77

__________ is the current dominant form of youth media, although time consumed by __________ may eventually catch up.

A) Cell-phone usage; computer usage
B) Watching television; cell-phone usage
C) Listening to music; watching television
D) Computer usage; listening to music

Question 78

Gender stereotypes are especially prevalent in

A) late night television.
B) talk shows.
C) cartoons and music television.
D) the news and educational programs.

Question 79

One treatment recommendation for adolescent drug abuse is to

A) place the adolescent in a residential treatment facility as soon as drug use is suspected.
B) start treatment gradually, through support group sessions that focus on reducing drug taking.
C) implement legal procedures, such as arrest and jail time, to deter further drug use.
D) utilize a "wait and see" approach, as most adolescent drug use is experimental and usually fades over time.

Question 80

Cho is just beginning to learn to read and write. If she uses the computer for word processing,

A) the ability to revise her text's meaning and style will cause her to worry less about making mistakes.
B) she will become easily frustrated because her typing skills are slower than writing with a pencil.
C) she will not learn to spell correctly, as she will rely on the computer to correct her mistakes.
D) her attention will be sustained longer, but the quality of her work will be poor.