Deck 3: Tools for Exploring the World: Physical, Perceptual, and Motor Development

Question 1

Gina has just given birth and hears that the Apgar score for her newborn son is a 3. As a person who understands the scoring system, she would most likely

A) panic, as this may indicate that her child is in a life-threatening state.
B) be somewhat concerned, as this score would indicate at least some minor distress.
C) be very happy, as a 3 is the top score on this test.
D) be confused, as Apgar scores must fall between -1.0 and +1.0.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Johanna swaddles her baby in a blanket, puts her in a car seat, and drives around the block for 30 minutes. Johanna is probably trying to

A) stimulate the intellectual skills of her baby.
B) prevent alert inactivity.
C) prevent waking activity.
D) get her baby to stop crying.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Winchester notices that every time he touches his newborn son's cheek, the infant turns his head and tries to suck. This behavior demonstrates the _____ reflex.

A) withdrawal
B) Moro
C) rooting
D) Babinski

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which best describes a basic cry?

A) Starts loudly and becomes less intense
B) Starts softly and becomes more intense
C) Starts loudly and continues loudly
D) Starts softly and continues softly

Question 5

Pain cries can usually be differentiated from basic or mad cries by their

A) intensity.
B) sudden onset.
C) time of occurrence.
D) relationship to REM.

Question 6

Amanda's baby is awake and squirming around, oblivious to anything happening around her. Amanda's baby is most likely in the ____ state.

A) alert inactivity
B) crying
C) waking activity
D) REM

Question 7

Newborn crying typically involves

A) agitation and coordinated movements.
B) calm and coordinated movement.
C) agitation and uncoordinated movements.
D) calm and uncoordinated movement.

Question 8

A _____ is best described as any unlearned response triggered by a specific form of stimulation.

A) reflex
B) thought
C) theory of mind
D) memory

Question 9

Which is not an Apgar factor?

A) Size
B) Skin tone
C) Breathing
D) Muscle tone

Question 10

If you were going to check for the Babinski reflex in a newborn, which part of the newborn's body would you be observing?

A) Eyes
B) Arms
C) Mouth
D) Toes

Question 11

Donnie slipped his little finger into the hand of his newborn infant, who immediately grasped onto it. The infant was exhibiting the ____ reflex.

A) moro
B) stepping
C) rooting
D) palmar

Question 12

In order to assess newborn June with the NBAS, Dr. Lee is determining how long she stays awake. Which system is Dr. Lee assessing?

A) Social
B) State
C) Motor
D) Autonomic

Question 13

Dr. Lewinski decides that she wants to perform a complete evaluation of the health of a newborn infant she has just delivered. Which of these is most likely to provide the most thorough assessment of the infant's health?

A) Apgar score
B) fMRI score
C) NBAS
D) EEG score

Question 14

Two-month-old Joanne is lying quietly with her eyes wide open and appears very interested in a toy dangling in front of her face. Joanne is exhibiting

A) alert inactivity.
B) crying.
C) waking activity.
D) non-REM sleep.

Question 15

Of all the behavioral states, newborns spend the most time each day in the ____ state.

A) waking activity
B) sleeping
C) crying
D) alert inactivity

Question 16

Which of these is not an example of a newborn reflex?

A) Thinking
B) Stepping
C) Rooting
D) Withdrawal

Question 17

Five-day-old Max has his eyes closed and a breathing pattern that alternates between regularity and irregularity. This indicates that he is currently in the _____ newborn state.

A) alert inactivity
B) waking activity
C) crying
D) sleeping

Question 18

Experts define a mad cry as a

A) less intense version of a pain cry.
B) more intense version of a pain cry.
C) less intense version of a basic cry.
D) more intense version of a basic cry.

Question 19

Two-month-old Chucky does not exhibit the Moro reflex. What kind of problem is he most likely to exhibit?

A) He will be less able to grasp objects.
B) He will be less able to eat.
C) He will be less able to cling to his mother.
D) His eyes will not be well protected.

Question 20

What differentiates a basic cry from a mad cry?

A) Mad cries are more intense.
B) Basic cries are more intense.
C) Mad cries have a more sudden onset.
D) Basic cries have a more sudden onset.

Question 21

Which child is most likely to be the tallest?

A) Kristin, who has a tall father and a short mother
B) Megan, who has a short father and a tall mother
C) Kara, who has a tall mother and a tall father
D) Melissa, who has a short father and a short mother

Question 22

Which statement concerning co-sleeping is accurate?

A) It is most effective in cultures that value child self-reliance.
B) It can reduce the need for elaborate rituals aimed at having children sleep in their own rooms.
C) It seems to negatively affect child-parent bonding.
D) It is done exclusively with mom.

Question 23

Which statement regarding temperament is False?

A) Identical twins are more similar in temperament than are fraternal twins.
B) Some temperamental characteristics are more common is certain cultures.
C) Environmental factors are not related to emotionality.
D) The confidence level of mothers is related to temperament.

Question 24

Julio and Kari are babies who are the same age but very different from each other. Julio has the ability to focus his attention on a task, while Kari is very easily distracted. Julio and Kari differ on which dimension of temperament?

A) Activity
B) Negative affect
C) Effortful control
D) Surgency

Question 25

Dr. Ramone is interested in studying how babies are different in terms of their behavior toward other people, how energetic they are, and how easily they are upset. It is most likely that Dr. Ramone is studying

A) SIDS.
B) temperament.
C) theory of mind.
D) waking activity.

Question 26

Why are African-American babies twice as likely to die from SIDS?

A) They are more genetically predisposed to the disease.
B) They are more likely to have blood diseases that predispose them to SIDS.
C) Their parents are less intelligent than other parents.
D) They are more likely to be put to bed on their stomachs.

Question 27

If Andrew is shy when he is two-years-old, he is more likely to be ____ when he is four-years-old.

A) highly sociable
B) happy
C) argumentative
D) shy

Question 28

Three-week-old Toni is in a sleep state characterized by arm movements and grimaces. This would suggest that Toni is in _____ sleep.

A) rapid-eye-movement
B) regular
C) non-REM
D) alert inactivity

Question 29

While doing a study of temperament, Dr. Chernahoy is studying how long toddlers can play with some building toys without being distracted. What dimension of temperament is Dr. Chernahoy most likely assessing?

A) Activity level
B) Persistence
C) Inhibition
D) Negative affect

Question 30

Which is not an aspect of regular (non-REM) sleep?

A) Steady breathing
B) Twitching
C) Steady brain activity
D) Increased frequency as infants grow

Question 31

A friend hears that you are in a developmental psychology course and asks you how long his newborn daughter is suppose to sleep. Being a very bright student, you would give the correct answer of,

A) "8-10 hours a day."
B) "12-14 hours a day."
C) "16-18 hours a day."
D) "20-22 hours a day."

Question 32

Carla is researching temperament by determining how often different babies exhibit irritability and anger. Which dimension of temperament is Carla assessing?

A) Activity level
B) Negative affect
C) Inhibition
D) Persistence

Question 33

Which person is most likely experiencing the most rapid physical growth?

A) Jose, who is 18 months old
B) Sean, who is 6 years old
C) Rudolf, who is just reaching puberty
D) Elias, who is 19 years old

Question 34

Siroun is informed that both of her one-year-old twin daughters are of "normal" weight. She is then informed that one weighs 16 pounds and the other weighs 26 pounds. How is this possible?

A) One of the twins likely has Down syndrome.
B) The daughters were likely misweighed.
C) The "normal" weight range of one-year-olds is very wide.
D) The initial "normal" information was incorrect.

Question 35

Who is at greatest risk of falling victim to sudden infant death syndrome?

A) Tina, who is 3 months old
B) Leslie, who is 9 months old
C) Bridget, who is 2 years old
D) Jon, who is 5 years old

Question 36

The "Back to Sleep" campaign was aimed at reducing

A) SIDS.
B) nightmares.
C) co-sleeping.
D) malnutrition.

Question 37

Benji is a four-year-old who has a very difficult time falling asleep at night. According to your text, what is the best remedy for this problem?

A) Make sure that Benji eats something soothing before going to bed.
B) Keep Benji up later and later to make sure he's tired before going to bed.
C) Engage Benji in rigorous exercise immediately before bedtime to make sure he's tired before going to bed.
D) Develop a regular bedtime routine.

Question 38

Even though he is only 20 days old, Cherokee appears to be very happy and vocal around other people. How would a theorist use the concept of temperament to explain his behavior?

A) A temperament theorist would argue that Cherokee is high in activity level.
B) A temperament theorist would argue that Cherokee is high in negative affect.
C) A temperament theorist would argue that Cherokee is high in surgency/extraversion.
D) Temperament theory cannot explain his behavior.

Question 39

Five-month-old Hakeem currently weighs 20 pounds. How many calories should he be ingesting each day?

A) 200
B) 400
C) 800
D) 1,000

Question 40

Maria is a typical, healthy one-year-old who weighs 24 pounds. Which is the best estimate of her birth weight?

A) 4 pounds
B) 8 pounds
C) 12 pounds
D) 16 pounds

Question 41

As a result of surgery, Graeme's left and right cerebral hemispheres are no longer connected. Which part of Graeme's brain was most likely the focus of the surgery?

A) The cerebral cortex
B) The dendrites
C) The frontal cortex
D) The corpus callosum

Question 42

Yvette is a malnourished child. If her parents are typical, they will probably

A) become upset with Yvette's hyperactivity.
B) interact less with Yvette because she is so lethargic.
C) take more responsibility for making sure Yvette grows socially and psychologically.
D) stop trying to feed Yvette.

Question 43

If a baby is breast-fed, it is more likely to

A) transition to solid food more easily.
B) be constipated.
C) be ill.
D) be exposed to contaminants.

Question 44

Which is least associated with the frontal cortex?

A) Sadness
B) Vision
C) Happiness
D) Planning

Question 45

Malnutrition seems to be most damaging if it occurs during

A) adulthood.
B) childhood.
C) adolescence.
D) infancy.

Question 46

What part of a neuron contains the material necessary to keep it alive?

A) Axon
B) Cell body
C) Dendrite
D) Corpus callosum

Question 47

Left hemisphere is to cerebral cortex as

A) white is to black.
B) dendrite is to axon.
C) half is to whole.
D) EEG is to fMRI.

Question 48

Terminal buttons are located on which part of a neuron?

A) The end of the dendrite
B) Cell body
C) Neurotransmitter
D) The end of the axon

Question 49

UNICEF (2006) estimates that about one in _____ children under age five suffers from malnutrition.

A) four
B) six
C) eight
D) ten

Question 50

Lotte is recovering from a serious accident that damaged her frontal cortex. Which outcome is most likely?

A) Lotte's left hemisphere will no longer be able to communicate with her right hemisphere.
B) Lotte will have a difficult time breathing and seeing.
C) Lotte's personality will be different.
D) Lotte will have no more axons.

Question 51

Where are neurotransmitters stored until they are released?

A) Terminal buttons
B) Cell bodies
C) Myelin
D) The neural plate

Question 52

What criterion is used to indicate malnourishment in children under age five?

A) Mental retardation
B) Lack of motor skills
C) Small size
D) Large head

Question 53

____ are chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another.

A) Axons
B) Neurotransmitters
C) Terminal buttons
D) Dendrites

Question 54

Each neuron contains many _____ but only one _____.

A) dendrites; terminal button
B) dendrites; cell body
C) terminal buttons; dendrite
D) cell bodies; dendrite

Question 55

If you were to remove the top of an adult's skull, the first brain tissue you would see would be the

A) cerebral cortex.
B) brain stem.
C) neural plate.
D) hippocampus.

Question 56

Along with an improved diet, research indicates that ____ is also necessary to foster a malnourished child's development.

A) surgery
B) parent training
C) behavior modification
D) medication

Question 57

Which technique is recommended for making finicky eaters more open-minded about the food they eat?

A) Force children to clean their plates
B) Talk about the correct way to eat during meals
C) Use food to reward good behavior
D) Allow children to pick among healthy foods

Question 58

Which most accurately reflects the advice given to individuals in developing nations who are considering bottle-feeding?

A) Be careful, as the water used to prepare formula is often contaminated.
B) Go for it, as there are very few risks associated with bottle-feeding.
C) Great choice, as bottle-feeding is associated with less malnutrition.
D) It doesn't matter whether you breast- or bottle-feed, as each technique impacts the child in an identical manner.

Question 59

Transmitter is to receiver as

A) dendrite is to cell body.
B) axon is to dendrite.
C) dendrite is to axon.
D) cell body is to axon.

Question 60

Sixteen-year-old Marshall was severely malnourished as an infant. Compared to his peers who were not malnourished as infants, Marshall is most likely to

A) weigh less.
B) be shorter.
C) have lighter colored hair.
D) be less intelligent.

Question 61

The fact that American-raised Hogan's exposure to the German language while in World War II impacted his brain organization is best explained by

A) experience-dependent growth.
B) synaptic pruning.
C) myelination.
D) experience-expectant growth.

Question 62

Whose brain is most likely to have the most synapses?

A) Jerry, who is a newborn
B) Elaine, who is one year old.
C) Kramer, who is seven years old.
D) George, who is 14 years old.

Question 63

Blane deals with people who have suffered some sort of brain damage, helping them try to use different areas of the brain that perform functions that were previously performed by the areas that are now damaged. Blane's specialty would be best described as

A) neuroplasticity.
B) synaptic pruning.
C) neural plate studies.
D) motor skills.

Question 64

The best description of neural development is that

A) brain organization is influenced by experience, but biochemical development instructions follow a more specific pattern.
B) brain organization cannot be influenced by experience, but biochemical development instructions allow for many different general patterns of development.
C) both brain organization and biochemical development instructions are heavily influenced by experience.
D) neither brain organization nor biochemical development instructions can be influenced by experience.

Question 65

Which best describes the impact of myelin on a neuron?

A) It increases the number of dendrites it produces
B) It helps speed neural transmission
C) It prevents synaptic pruning
D) It enhances action in the terminal buttons

Question 66

Which phenomenon is the best argument against the notion that the organization of the brain is predetermined genetically?

A) Synaptic pruning
B) Development of the neural plate
C) The left hemisphere specializing in language processing
D) Neuroplasticity

Question 67

Which best exemplifies experience-expectant growth?

A) The fact that all infants hear language sounds, which leads to language development
B) The fact that eating high-fat foods leads to obesity
C) The fact that abused children often experience depression
D) The fact that by age two, most children are about three-feet tall

Question 68

Prior to birth, all _____ layers of the major brain are formed.

A) 6
B) 60
C) 600
D) 6,000

Question 69

During an experiment, you record the brain activity of a child using an EEG. As a result of reading your text, you would predict that the left hemisphere would exhibit the most electrical activity when the child is

A) looking at different faces.
B) listening to someone talk.
C) recognizing that her mother is angry.
D) pushing a toy over her bed.

Question 70

____ is (are) a fatty substance that surrounds the axon of a neuron.

A) The corpus callosum
B) The neural plate
C) Cones
D) Myelin

Question 71

The neural plate ultimately forms the

A) brain and spinal cord.
B) spinal cord and the nervous system.
C) nervous system and the skull.
D) skull and the brain.

Question 72

If Nurse Ratchett indicates that the procedure that is about to be performed on infant Ramon involves the use of metal electrodes, you would expect that the procedure is a(n)

A) amniocentesis.
B) functional magnetic resonance imaging.
C) Apgar.
D) electroencephalogram.

Question 73

At its peak, the brain forms neurons at the rate of around 4,000 per

A) second.
B) minute.
C) hour.
D) day.

Question 74

Gina is studying how blood flows through the brain when people listen to different kinds of music. Which sort of research tool is she most likely using in her study?

A) Electroencephalogram
B) Positron emission tomography
C) Functional magnetic resonance imaging
D) Synaptic pruning

Question 75

The fact that brain wiring is organized by experiences common to humans is referred to as

A) alter inactivity.
B) experience-dependent growth.
C) experience-expectant growth.
D) waking activity.

Question 76

Your psychology professor asks you to assist her in her experiment. She is studying brain activity by monitoring blood flow to different areas of the brain. This indicates that your professor is most likely using ____ in her study.

A) an electroencephalogram
B) functional magnetic resonance imaging
C) a visual cliff
D) a neural plate

Question 77

While observing brain activity, Dr. Smith proclaims, "This brain is definitely experiencing a downsizing in the number of connections between neurons." This indicates that the brain Dr. Smith is studying is undergoing

A) synaptic pruning.
B) motion parallax.
C) cephalocaudal development.
D) dendritic expansion.

Question 78

How would 12-month-old Cassie locomote?

A) She would say her first word
B) She would crawl around the room
C) She would cry when touching something hot
D) She would display eye movement while sleeping

Question 79

While viewing a picture of a three-week-old embryo, Dr. Pecoraro points to something and says, "This structure will soon become a tube from which the brain and spinal cord will develop." Dr. Pecoraro is pointing at

A) the neural plate.
B) the corpus callosum.
C) the frontal cortex.
D) an axon.

Question 80

Bridget is excellent at walking, running, climbing, and kicking balls. This would suggest that Bridget has good

A) neuroplasticity.
B) motor skills.
C) temperament.
D) sociability.