Deck 7: Expanding Social Horizons: Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

Children who are aggressive tend to come from families with _________ parenting styles.

A) authoritarian or authoritative
B) uninvolved or authoritarian
C) authoritative or permissive
D) permissive or uninvolved

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Matthew's parents are very warm and exert a moderate amount of control over his life. Matthew's parents are most likely

A) Latin American.
B) Chinese.
C) European American.
D) immigrant Chinese.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The two main dimensions of parental behavior are

A) dominance and counterimitation.
B) counterimitation and warmth.
C) warmth and control.
D) control and dominance.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

After having read a book on parenting styles, if you wished to raise a friendly and self-reliant child, you would try to adopt a(n) _____ parenting style.

A) permissive
B) authoritative
C) uninvolved
D) authoritarian

Question 5

Early psychologists like Watson viewed _____ as "all powerful" concerning the development of a child.

A) parents
B) peers
C) teachers
D) siblings

Question 6

When you hear someone say, "Those neighbor kids are neglected. Even when the parents are home, they do virtually nothing," which parenting style should come to mind?

A) Authoritarian
B) Permissive
C) Uninvolved
D) Authoritative

Question 7

Which parenting style is best characterized as "indifferent?"

A) Authoritarian
B) Authoritative
C) Permissive
D) Uninvolved

Question 8

Sally and Dan are quick to express affection toward their son, Zach, and accept most of his behavior. In fact, Zach has never once been punished. Sally and Dan are exhibiting a(n) ____ style of parenting.

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) uninvolved
D) permissive

Question 9

According to the systems view of families, how many of the following influence a child's development: neighborhood, school, religious organizations, extended family?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 10

A permissive parent is best thought of as

A) cold and controlling.
B) warm and controlling.
C) cold and uncontrolling.
D) warm and uncontrolling.

Question 11

The _____ parenting style is best described as both controlling and warm.

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) uninvolved

Question 12

Because they have a permissive parenting style, you would predict that Alan and Sue's son would

A) earn high grades in school.
B) have limited self-control.
C) be self-reliant.
D) have control over his behavior.

Question 13

As a typical parent in Latin America, Maria would place great emphasis on developing a strong sense of _____ in her children.

A) self-reliance
B) family ties
C) emotional restraint
D) free-thinking

Question 14

Marissa is a researcher who believes that to understand childrearing, you must get beyond looking solely at how parents treat their children and look at the behavior of the children, the behavior of their siblings, the behavior of the parents toward each other, and the neighborhood in which the child lives. It is most likely that Marissa supports a ____ view of childrearing.

A) psychodynamic
B) blended family
C) systems
D) counterimitation

Question 15

When all of his buddies call home to tell their parents they will be getting home late from the game, Dieter doesn't bother, saying, "My mom and dad are too busy to care about me. They don't care how late I'm out-in fact, they never even ask where I'm going." If Dieter is right, his parents are most likely exhibiting a(n) ____ parenting style.

A) uninvolved
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) authoritative

Question 16

When Ki-Jana asks his parents if he can buy a car, his parents say no but sit down and explain to him the reasoning behind their decision. His parents express affection toward him and tell him that they may consider the matter at some later time. Which parenting style best describes Ki-Jana's parents?

A) Authoritarian
B) Permissive
C) Uninvolved
D) Authoritative

Question 17

In which country would individuality in children be most acceptable to parents?

A) Panama
B) China
C) Taiwan
D) The United States

Question 18

Liam is learning the values, behaviors, and roles of his culture. In other words, Liam is experiencing

A) direct instruction.
B) counterimitation.
C) authoritative parenting.
D) socialization.

Question 19

Dick and Wendy want their children to work hard. They have rules and expect their children to obey them without question. Dick and Wendy are most likely _____ parents.

A) uninvolved
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) permissive

Question 20

Which parenting style might best be described as "low warmth and high control?"

A) Authoritarian
B) Permissive
C) Uninvolved
D) Authoritative

Question 21

If you're going to use time-out, make sure that

A) the time-out location is close to where the child misbehaved.
B) you explain the reasons for the time-out to the child.
C) the time-out period is at least a half-hour long.
D) you model the appropriate behavior to the child.

Question 22

Fugi watches her older sister getting yelled at after she throws an apple across the kitchen. Fugi is now less likely to throw an apple across the kitchen herself. This kind of learning through observation would be best described as

A) time-out.
B) direct instruction.
C) counterimitation.
D) a negative reinforcement trap.

Question 23

Which best describes the relationship between parenting styles and children's temperaments?

A) Parenting styles cause temperaments.
B) Parenting styles may develop as the result of temperament.
C) Temperaments develop as the result of parenting styles.
D) Temperament and parenting styles are unrelated.

Question 24

Ian's mother tells him to stop watching TV and do his homework. Ian then begins to whine about wanting to watch more TV to the point that his mother gives in and lets him watch more TV as long as he stops whining. Consequently, Ian's whining behavior increases in frequency. This sequence is best described as

A) punishment.
B) counterimitation.
C) direct instruction.
D) a negative reinforcement trap.

Question 25

When Esther misbehaves, her mother makes her go sit by herself in a small, quiet, unstimulating area of the house. Esther's mother is probably using

A) direct instruction.
B) socialization.
C) time-out.
D) an indifferent parenting style.

Question 26

Which statement about marital issues and child development is true?

A) Chronic parental conflict seldom spills over into child-parent relationships
B) Parental conflict cannot positively impact a child
C) Children's self-esteem typically raises when a parent becomes unemployed
D) Parents can act as gatekeepers who deny or limit the participation of the other parent

Question 27

What basic premise underlies Chinese parenting?

A) Love is more important than control.
B) Scream but never hit.
C) Keep your emotions in check.
D) Children are not responsible for their actions.

Question 28

After his mother hears him swear, Conrad gets his mouth washed out with soap. If this led to reduction in swearing, his mom's strategy would be described as a form of

A) counterimitation.
B) time-out.
C) punishment
D) negative reinforcement trap.

Question 29

What statement about time-out is true?

A) It is based on modeling.
B) It is a reinforcement technique.
C) It bypasses many of the pitfalls of punishment.
D) It produces disinhibition.

Question 30

The main problem with a negative reinforcement trap is that it

A) is only effective with very young children.
B) involves aversive consequences.
C) ends up increasing the incidence of an unwanted behavior.
D) requires an age-peer model.

Question 31

_____ occurs when a parent tells a child what to do, when to do it, and why it should be done.

A) Counterimitation
B) Punishment
C) Infant-directed language
D) Direct instruction

Question 32

Julie watches her sister swing her pet cat by the tail and sees her gets punished by her parents for that behavior. Consequently, Julie learns not to swing her pet cat by the tail. Which term best describes this scenario?

A) A negative reinforcement trap
B) Counterimitation
C) Indulgent parenting
D) Direct instruction

Question 33

Whenever Roger says "please," his father gives Roger what he asks for. This in turn increases Roger's use of the word "please." Giving in to Roger's requests appears to be a form of

A) reinforcement.
B) punishment.
C) counterimitation.
D) inhibition.

Question 34

Which six-year-old is most likely to be distressed by the fact that she has a new baby brother?

A) Annabella, whose parents pay less attention to her
B) Noni, who has two older sisters
C) Monique, who has one older brother
D) Patsy, whose dad has become more involved in parenting

Question 35

Which pairing is most likely to fall victim to the "negative reinforcement trap"?

A) Mother and daughter
B) Mother and son
C) Father and daughter
D) Father and son

Question 36

Which parenting style tends to be most common for American parents of lower socioeconomic status?

A) Permissive
B) Authoritative
C) Authoritarian
D) Uninvolved

Question 37

Rather than simply ordering his son to take out the garbage, Ahmad says, "Son, take out the garbage now. It's really full and I'm getting ready to make dinner, so I'll need more space in the garbage bags." Ahmad's statement is an example of

A) direct instruction.
B) counterimitation.
C) disinhibition.
D) negative reinforcement trap.

Question 38

Parental conflict

A) usually has no negative effects on children.
B) can make a child feel that the family is unstable.
C) often has positive effects on a child's development.
D) is not a normal part of most marriages.

Question 39

Simon spanks his son Paul in order to get him to stop acting aggressively. Which outcome is least likely in the long term?

A) Paul will become fearful of Simon.
B) Paul will become more aggressive.
C) Paul will stop being aggressive.
D) Paul will not internalize the social rules concerning aggressive behavior.

Question 40

Which technique is always based on modeling?

A) Negative reinforcement trap
B) Counterimitation
C) Instrumental aggression
D) Direct instruction

Question 41

Anjali's parents are divorced. Anjali spends weekends with his father and the rest of the week with his mother. In legal terms, this arrangement is an aspect of what is known as

A) an indifferent-uninvolved parenting style.
B) direct instruction.
C) a blended family.
D) joint custody.

Question 42

In which way are adopted children different from children living with their biological parents?

A) They have different temperaments.
B) They have more maladjusted mother-infant attachments.
C) They are more likely to have problems adjusting to school.
D) They are delayed in terms of cognitive development.

Question 43

Priscilla is pregnant. She and her husband Elvis have very high expectations for this child and will be more affectionate, but also more punitive, toward this child than they will toward any other. This is most likely this couple's _____ baby.

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth

Question 44

Once the youngest sibling gets to be about ____, he or she will start talking more to older siblings than to mom.

A) 6 months old
B) 1 year old
C) 2 years old
D) 4 years old

Question 45

Why did the harmful impacts of divorce appear to have increased in the 1990s?

A) Divorce was so uncommon that children of divorce were seen as very different.
B) Divorce settlements were more "vicious" than they were in the past.
C) Joint versus single custody had become more of the norm.
D) The gap between single- and two-parent family incomes was widening.

Question 46

Research on sibling relationships in African-American families indicates that these relationships are most positive when children have

A) many siblings.
B) high IQs.
C) sisters.
D) a strong sense of ethnic identity.

Question 47

Which statement concerning divorce is true?

A) Children tend to fare best with opposite-sex custodial parents.
B) Predivorce family conflict has little impact on development; it is what happens after the divorce that matters.
C) In recent years, the number of fathers being granted custody has decreased.
D) The reduction of income in the post-divorce single parent family can have a negative impact on development.

Question 48

Which child is most likely to succeed academically and go to college?

A) Teri, who is first born
B) Martha, who is second born
C) Dorothy, who is third born
D) Vanessa, who is the youngest child

Question 49

As the third child born in his family, Fletcher should expect that his parents will ____ than they did with his oldest sibling.

A) use stiffer disciplinary methods
B) set higher academic goals
C) be more affectionate
D) set more realistic expectations

Question 50

Which best exemplifies a "blended family?"

A) A family with two parents and one child, where one parent is Caucasian and the other is African American
B) A family with two adopted children, where one child is Caucasian and the other is African American
C) A family in which parents have joint custody of at least one child
D) A family in which a divorced mom with a son marries a widowed dad with two daughters

Question 51

Which adopted child is most likely to have the most problems?

A) Steve, who was adopted right after birth
B) Chuck, who was adopted when he was two years old
C) Ann, who was adopted when she was four years old
D) Lydia, who was adopted when she was eight years old

Question 52

Doreen is a single, divorced mother of a five-year-old boy. Will remarrying be good for her son?

A) No, as he will more likely feel rejected by his mother
B) No, as step-fathers are typically a burden for the boy
C) Yes, if the step-father is warm and involved
D) Yes, no matter what the step-father is like

Question 53

In China, only children are most accurately described as

A) "rejected."
B) "little emperors."
C) "great wall flowers"
D) "similar to kids with siblings."

Question 54

The impact of being a child of divorced parents often persists into adulthood and includes the greater likelihood of

A) never marrying.
B) marrying at a young age.
C) being less satisfied with life.
D) being more optimistic about marriage.

Question 55

Brooke's family consists of her biological mother, biological sister, and step-father. This kind of unit is known as

A) a clique.
B) a negative reinforcement trap.
C) a blended family.
D) joint custody.

Question 56

Olivia was divorced three years ago and has custody of her preadolescent children (one boy and one girl). Olivia is now planning to remarry. Who will have the most difficulty adjusting to this new blended family?

A) Olivia's son
B) Olivia's daughter
C) Olivia
D) The new step-father

Question 57

Which advice should you give to parents who are trying to reduce their children's sibling conflict?

A) "Admit that you have a 'favorite.'"
B) "Try to keep your marital problems to yourself."
C) "Next time try and not have your children so close together in age."
D) "It would be helpful if you didn't have all girls."

Question 58

Which pair of siblings is most likely to get along very well?

A) William (a boy) and Beth (a girl)
B) Mary (who is temperamentally emotional) and Lisa (who is not temperamentally emotional)
C) Ruth (a girl) and Greta (a girl)
D) Sam (who is temperamentally emotional) and Trevor (who is also temperamentally emotional)

Question 59

Which is the most effective way for parents to reduce the negative impact of divorce on a child?

A) Reinforce the idea that in life you cannot control what happens to you
B) Make sure that only one parent is actively involved with the child's life
C) Ask the child to help mediate disputes between you and your ex-spouse
D) Don't view the love of your child as a competition between you and your ex-spouse

Question 60

Which is true of only children relative to children with siblings?

A) They are more likely to be "spoiled brats."
B) They are more selfish.
C) They are more egotistical.
D) They are smarter and more mature.

Question 61

When George gets angry with his children, he cannot control his emotions and he often strikes them, causing bruises and even broken bones. George is guilty of ____ his children.

A) sexually abusing
B) neglecting
C) psychologically abusing
D) physically abusing

Question 62

Marcia's parents frequently tell her she is "an idiot" and often make her look foolish in front of her friends. This sort of abuse would best be described as

A) psychological.
B) physical.
C) socialization.
D) neglect.

Question 63

Which would likely lead to a significant drop in the incidence of physical child abuse?

A) Having the entire world adopt an attitude toward childrearing like that seen in the United States
B) Wipe out poverty
C) Eliminate government intervention into parenting issues
D) Encourage parents to adopt an authoritarian style

Question 64

Which aspect of friendship tends to be new to children aged 8-11?

A) Sharing activities
B) Trust
C) Sharing toys
D) Mutual liking

Question 65

Who is most likely to spank her child?

A) Rose, who is a Swedish parent
B) Tulip, who is an American parent
C) Lilly, who is a Japanese parent
D) Blossom, who is a Chinese parent

Question 66

Which social condition appears to foster maltreatment of children?

A) Fragile-X syndrome
B) Poverty
C) Alcoholism
D) ADHD

Question 67

What is not one of the effects of being an abused child?

A) Better emotional regulation
B) Delayed cognitive development
C) Aggressive behavior toward peers
D) Depression

Question 68

A child who is able to respond resourcefully in a new situation is said to have high levels of

A) ego resilience.
B) instrumental aggression.
C) counterimitation.
D) co-rumination.

Question 69

What has research shown to be useful in preventing child abuse?

A) Jail time and censure of abusive parents
B) Early childhood intervention programs
C) Encouragement of parents to use more physical punishment
D) Removal of the father from the lives of the children

Question 70

Authorities will sometimes find children near death due to the fact that their parents have not fed them or protected them from environmental conditions such as the weather. These children are most accurately labeled as victims of

A) physical abuse.
B) neglect.
C) psychological abuse.
D) negative reinforcement trap.

Question 71

Concerning blended families,

A) children in blended families tend to experience fewer incidence of depression but more anxiety.
B) the likelihood of divorce is slightly lower than for first marriages.
C) children often fear that the step-parent will disturb their relationship with the biological parent.
D) noncustodial fathers tend to maintain closer contact with their children.

Question 72

Clive says that Erik is his best friend because "we like to play with each other, and Erik always lets me use his soccer ball." It is most likely that Clive is ______ years old.

A) 2
B) 5
C) 12
D) 16

Question 73

How many of the following would be at risk for child abuse: a step-child, a sick child, a child with a parent deployed in a combat zone?

A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3

Question 74

Five-year-old Badia's parents are not taking care of his medical needs. Badia is suffering from

A) physical abuse.
B) psychological abuse.
C) neglect
D) hostile aggression.

Question 75

Who is most likely to abuse his child?

A) Louis, who relies on the time-out technique to punish his children
B) Derek, who was never abused when he was a child
C) Joe, who is socially isolated from friends and relatives
D) Scott, who is wealthy

Question 76

As a new step-father, Jackson should

A) show interest, but not get too involved in the lives of his new step-children.
B) establish clear boundaries with both his step- and biological children.
C) establish himself as the authority with both his step- and biological children.
D) show affection first toward his children, then his new spouse.

Question 77

The odds of ____ increase in a person who has been abused as a child.

A) divorce
B) attempting suicide
C) being an authoritative parent
D) high academic performance

Question 78

Which statement best exemplifies ego resilience?

A) "I am a good person."
B) "Parents should be able to discipline their children any way they see fit."
C) "Even though I have never been in this situation before, I can handle it."
D) "It is hard for me to take the point of view of someone who thinks differently than I do."

Question 79

By far the most frequent sort of child abuse would be categorized as

A) neglect.
B) sexual.
C) physical.
D) psychological.

Question 80

A friendship is both

A) mandatory and independent.
B) mandatory and mutual.
C) voluntary and independent.
D) voluntary and mutual.