Deck 9: Moving into the Adult Social World: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence

Question 1

Which best describes how Erikson hypothesized that adolescents achieve an identity?

A) They do only what their parents tell them to do
B) They test a few to see which fits
C) They follow a genetically set plan
D) They just continue to do what they did as preteens

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to Erikson, the key adolescent crisis involves

A) generativity versus stagnation.
B) intimacy versus isolation.
C) identity versus role confusion.
D) integrity versus despair.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

When asked, "What do you want to be when you grow up?" 10-year-old Sanjay says, "My dad says I should be a doctor, so I guess that's what I'll be." According to Marcia, Sanjay is best thought of as being in a state of identity

A) diffusion.
B) moratorium.
C) foreclosure.
D) achievement.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A __________ identity status is based largely on the input of adults (i.e., parents, role models).

A) diffusion
B) moratorium
C) foreclosure
D) achievement

Question 5

According to Erikson, a teenager is most likely to achieve his or her identity by

A) becoming more egocentric.
B) using learned helplessness.
C) becoming crystallized.
D) using hypothetical reasoning skills.

Question 6

Brita is a junior interested in majoring in English literature, philosophy, biotechnology, or European history. While she likes all of these majors, she is not sure which one to focus on. According to Marcia, Brita would best be classified as being in the ____ level of identity status concerning a collegiate major.

A) diffusion
B) foreclosure
C) moratorium
D) achievement

Question 7

While in the _________ identity status stage, a person is examining numerous alternatives but finds none totally satisfactory

A) diffusion
B) moratorium
C) foreclosure
D) achievement

Question 8

Adolescent egocentrism involves excessive

A) convergent thought.
B) achievement.
C) self-absorption.
D) depression.

Question 9

Which of the following is exhibiting a moratorium in the process of developing an identity?

A) Greg, who refuses to consider different career paths
B) Jan, who is doing what her parents want her to do
C) Cindy, who has changed careers several times
D) Bobby, who has been in the same career for 25 years

Question 10

In the ____ stage of identity status, an individual is overwhelmed yet does little to accomplish the task of identity formation.

A) diffusion
B) moratorium
C) foreclosure
D) achievement

Question 11

The attitudes, behaviors, and values that we believe make us unique individuals are called our

A) self-esteem.
B) self-recognition.
C) self-efficacy.
D) self-concept.

Question 12

Abby is 16, and Andy is 5. Both exhibit egocentrism. How is this egocentrism most likely to differ between them?

A) Andy is going to exhibit more self-interest.
B) Abby has reached achievement in most areas.
C) Abby knows that other people have different perspectives than her own.
D) Andy is more likely to exhibit the illusion of vulnerability.

Question 13

After exploring a number of career options, Antonio chooses to become an accountant. According to Marcia, what level of identity status is Antonio exhibiting?

A) Diffusion
B) Moratorium
C) Foreclosure
D) Achievement

Question 14

Which best describes the thought process underlying adolescent egocentrism?

A) Adolescents cannot believe that others have different perspectives than they have.
B) Adolescents are much more interested in their own feelings than those of others.
C) Adolescents believe that everyone is ignoring them.
D) Adolescents do whatever their parents say.

Question 15

Marlin wants to learn more about identity formation in adolescents. Given this interest, he would be best served by reading the works of

A) Erikson.
B) Ainsworth.
C) Piaget.
D) Gibson.

Question 16

Sixteen-year-old Paris's motto is, "It's all about me!" This belief fits well with the concept of adolescent

A) egocentrism.
B) learned helplessness.
C) secular growth.
D) foreclosure.

Question 17

The existence of ________ provides evidence that attaining achievement status is not necessarily permanent.

A) the personal fable
B) adolescent egocentrism
C) the foreclosure stage
D) the moratorium stage

Question 18

Concerning identity, foreclosure is to achievement as

A) part is to whole.
B) others is to self.
C) black is to white.
D) social is to withdrawn.

Question 19

When Seuss is asked what she wants to do with her life, she says, "My parents really want me to be an author, so I'm going to be an author." In doing so, Seuss is exhibiting Marcia's ____ type of identity status.

A) diffusion
B) moratorium
C) foreclosure
D) achievement

Question 20

____ identity status occurs after an individual has explored several options and has made a deliberate decision.

A) Diffusion
B) Moratorium
C) Foreclosure
D) Achievement

Question 21

The third phase of ethnic identity achievement involves

A) creating a distinct ethnic self-concept.
B) rejecting one's heritage.
C) deciding to not explore one's ethnic roots.
D) wondering about one's ethnic heritage.

Question 22

The emphasis in the second phase of ethnic identity formation is on

A) exploration of one's heritage.
B) rejecting one's heritage.
C) showing no interest in one's heritage.
D) developing a distinct ethnic self-concept.

Question 23

About one-_____ of adolescents/young adults living in the United States is a member of an ethnic minority group.

A) half
B) third
C) quarter
D) fifth

Question 24

Ford is considering driving his car onto a lake that appears to be frozen but may not be safe. He thinks to himself, "Only dummies fall through the ice in their cars, and I am no dummy, so I will drive on the ice even though I am not sure it's safe." Ford's decision best exemplifies the concept of

A) an imaginary audience.
B) a personal fable.
C) an illusion of invulnerability.
D) learned helplessness.

Question 25

Jerry is upset because his comedy partner, Dean, just broke up with him. When his parents attempt to console Jerry, he tells them, "It's no use-you couldn't possibly know how I feel. No one knows how I feel!" Jerry's statement is an example of

A) an imaginary audience.
B) a personal fable.
C) moratorium.
D) learned helplessness.

Question 26

Learning about one's culture and heritage sets the foundation for a person's ____ identity.

A) ethnic
B) crystallized
C) index
D) imaginary

Question 27

Which parents are most likely to raise a teenager with high achievement status?

A) Kate and Allie, who encourage autonomy in their children
B) Ward and June, who encourage conformity in their children
C) Ozzie and Harriet, who discourage experimentation in their children
D) George and Jane, who strictly enforce unjustified rules

Question 28

Jinfa was born in the United States. His father is African and his mother is Japanese. If he is in the third state of ethnic identity development, he would most likely consider himself as

A) American.
B) African American.
C) Japanese.
D) American with roots in both Africa and Japan.

Question 29

Which statement would indicate that a teenager is in the third stage of ethnic identity development?

A) "I am curious about where my ancestors lived."
B) "I'll think about my ethnicity when I am older."
C) "I see myself as a Dutch-Asian American."
D) "I need to match my identity to that of all others in my ethnic group."

Question 30

Twenty-year-old Talisker emigrated to the United States from Scotland at age 12. What is his most likely ethnic identity?

A) He has no ethnic identity
B) He sees himself exclusively as an American
C) He continues to see himself as a Scot
D) He thinks like an American and acts like a Scot

Question 31

The belief that misfortunes only happen to others is referred to as the illusion of

A) foreclosure.
B) helplessness.
C) crystallization.
D) invulnerability.

Question 32

Which statement indicates that Margareta is in the initial stage of ethnic identity development?

A) "Who cares if I am Latino?"
B) "My ancestors were in America before white settlers."
C) "I am Hispanic and proud of it."
D) "I would like to go to the fair because it features dancers from my family's heritage."

Question 33

What is the best description of the relationship between strength of ethnic identity and self-esteem?

A) Spurious correlation
B) Positive correlation
C) Negative correlation
D) No correlation

Question 34

The defining feature of the personal fable is a feeling of

A) superiority.
B) uniqueness.
C) helplessness.
D) diffusion.

Question 35

The phenomenon whereby an individual believes that he or she is like an actor on a stage, who is under constant watch by others, is referred to as

A) the personal fable.
B) the imaginary audience.
C) learned helplessness.
D) diffusion status.

Question 36

Which statement best exemplifies the second phase of ethnic identity achievement?

A) "I don't have to listen to the tape on Scottish legends."
B) "I feel a strong sense of Scottish heritage."
C) "I don't want to be considered a Scottish American; I just want to be an American."
D) "I wonder what kinds of events take place at a festival celebrating Scottish heritage."

Question 37

Aniston's decision to stay home from school because she thinks everyone will notice a pimple she recently discovered on her chin serves as an excellent example of

A) an imaginary audience.
B) role confusion.
C) a personal fable.
D) hypothetical-deductive thinking.

Question 38

Gayord sets random rules for his children to follow and enforces them without explanation. This parenting style will most likely result in Gayord's teenage children displaying a(n) _____ identity status.

A) diffusion
B) foreclosure
C) moratorium
D) achievement

Question 39

Hantaywee is Native American and has absolutely no interest in learning anything about her family's Navajo culture. Which is most likely to be true concerning Hantaywee?

A) She has authoritative parents.
B) She has higher self-esteem than most of her peers.
C) She is a young adolescent.
D) She has a well-developed ethnic identity.

Question 40

Based on past research, one would predict that a strong association with American culture would have the most detrimental effects on the ethnic self-concept of

A) Selena, who is Latino American.
B) Chang, who is Asian American.
C) Naomi, who is African American.
D) Ola, who is European American.

Question 41

Which statement concerning self-esteem is true?

A) Adolescents' levels of self-esteem do not vary by context.
B) Parental rules lead to lower levels of self-esteem in adolescents.
C) Levels of parental affection are inversely related to self-esteem levels in adolescents.
D) A harmonious child-parent relationship tends to lead to higher levels of self- esteem in adolescents.

Question 42

Who is most likely to have the highest self-esteem?

A) A 4-year-old
B) A 8-year-old
C) A 12-year-old
D) A 16-year-old

Question 43

Which adolescents report that they are usually happy?

A) None
B) Only those adolescents in Western nations
C) Only those adolescents in Eastern nations
D) Most adolescents around the world

Question 44

Which adolescent would likely have the highest level of self-esteem?

A) Cheyenne, who is African American
B) Reba, who is European American
C) Barbara Ann, who is Hispanic American
D) As ethnicity does not impact self-esteem, all of these adolescents would have similar levels of self-esteem

Question 45

Nicholas and Alexandra are typical American teenagers. How would their descriptions concerning their first sexual experience most likely differ?

A) Nicholas would be more likely to describe his first partner as someone that he loves.
B) Nicholas would be more likely to feel guilty about his first sexual experience.
C) Alexandra's peers would be more likely to express some disapproval concerning her behavior.
D) Alexandra would be more likely to view the experience in terms of recreation rather than romance.

Question 46

As a typical American teen, Ralph is most likely to describe his first sex partner as

A) his love.
B) a casual date.
C) a stranger.
D) his steady girlfriend.

Question 47

Teenagers are less likely to engage in sexual activity when parents

A) actively encourage sexual activity.
B) monitor their activities.
C) remain emotionally detached.
D) encourage independence.

Question 48

The text characterized the notion of adolescence being a time of great "storm and stress" as a

A) trend.
B) fact.
C) myth.
D) certainty.

Question 49

Which of the following sexually transmitted diseases is caused by a viral infection?

A) Herpes
B) Chlamydia
C) Syphilis
D) Gonorrhea

Question 50

When Molly hears that several people in her geometry class think she's great, it is likely to

A) increase her self-esteem.
B) decrease her self-esteem.
C) have no affect on her self-esteem.
D) alter her ethnic identity.

Question 51

A child who believes that he or she is good at science will most likely

A) perform well at science.
B) have a positive academic self-concept concerning science.
C) hold a positive academic self-concept toward all academic domains.
D) have an extremely differentiated self-concept.

Question 52

Which elementary-school-age child would likely have the highest level of self-esteem?

A) Ruby, who is African American
B) Opal, who is European American
C) Topaz, who is Hispanic American
D) As ethnicity does not impact self-esteem, all these children would have the same level of self-esteem

Question 53

In individuals from ethnic minority groups, identification with the mainstream culture

A) cannot be accomplished without losing a sense of one's own ethnic group.
B) sometimes strengthens one's own ethnic identity and sometimes weakens it.
C) leads to rejection by one's peers.
D) results in a significant loss in self-esteem.

Question 54

Which statement concerning ethnic identity development is true?

A) A sense of ethnic identity is unrelated to real-life issues like school performance
B) Identification with a mainstream culture weakens one's ethnic identity
C) Ethnic identity may change as new generations acculturate to the mainstream culture
D) There is no such thing as a biracial identity

Question 55

James is a typical adolescent. You would expect that he

A) does not feel loved by his parents.
B) relies on his parents for advice.
C) has low self-esteem.
D) is conflicted with regard to gender identity.

Question 56

The drop in self-esteem often found when children first enter middle school appears to be due to

A) the acquisition of concrete operational thinking.
B) peer comparisons.
C) changes in ethnic identity.
D) the illusion of invulnerability.

Question 57

Cross-cultural studies of adolescent self-perception indicate that

A) most teenagers feel good about themselves.
B) teenagers in industrialized nations have the highest rate of self-dissatisfaction.
C) females feel significantly better about themselves than males.
D) most teenagers feel bad about themselves.

Question 58

Why do Asian-American and Latino-American teens tend to begin dating at a later age than European-American teens?

A) Fewer available partners
B) Stronger family ties
C) Less disposable income
D) Greater need for social isolation

Question 59

Which best summarizes results from the development of self-esteem?

A) Boys tend to have lower self-esteem than girls.
B) School transitions appear to have little impact on self-esteem.
C) Developmental changes in self-esteem vary by domain.
D) Boy's have higher levels of self-esteem than girls across all domains.

Question 60

How many of the following can contribute to an adolescent's level of self-esteem: doing well in school, having parents who discipline, being liked by one's peers?

A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3

Question 61

Rape prevention guidelines suggest that in order to reduce the risk of rape,

A) if you are attacked, you should struggle but not scream.
B) you should not communicate your sexual desires to your partner.
C) you should avoid using drugs if you do not want to become sexually intimate.
D) you should not dress with the intent of looking nice.

Question 62

A major theme of most date rape prevention workshops is to

A) establish good communication about sex.
B) avoid sexual relationships.
C) reestablish traditional sex roles.
D) never struggle as an attack is occurring.

Question 63

Which of these STDs is caused by bacteria?

A) Genital herpes
B) HIV
C) Hepatitis B
D) Gonorrhea

Question 64

About 1 in _____ adolescent American girls becomes pregnant each year.

A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6

Question 65

The spotlight research on dating violence indicated that

A) about half of boys used violence while dating.
B) having a friend who perpetrated dating violence increased the risk of a boy being violent while dating.
C) drinking alcohol did not increase the risk of dating violence.
D) severe forms of dating violence are more common than mild forms.

Question 66

Which of these STDs is most prevalent in the United States?

A) HIV
B) Genital herpes
C) Gonorrhea
D) Chlamydia

Question 67

Sixteen-year-old Karl has recently identified himself as gay. Which statement is most likely to be true?

A) Karl had a domineering mother.
B) Karl was the eldest child who took responsibility for his siblings.
C) Karl had a weak father.
D) Karl may begin to show interest in gender-atypical behaviors.

Question 68

Which statement is true?

A) HIV typically leads to AIDS
B) AIDS typically leads to HIV
C) HIV and AIDS are the same disorder
D) AIDS and HIV are unrelated

Question 69

Twenty-one-year-old Martina lists her sexual orientation as "lesbian." Given the current state of research on the origins of sexual orientation, which statement is most likely to be true?

A) Martina probably had a close female relative (e.g., aunt, mother) who was also a lesbian.
B) Martina's brothers are "at risk" for being homosexual.
C) Martina is likely attracted to several women.
D) The exact origin of Martina's sexual orientation is unknown.

Question 70

Which has been identified as a factor that increases the risk of a female being a victim of date rape?

A) Having a brother
B) Witnessing domestic violence
C) Being friends males
D) Holding traditional gender stereotypes

Question 71

Which statement concerning the origins of sexual orientation is true?

A) There is a "lesbian gene"
B) Lesbian attraction to the same sex tends to occur later than gay male same-sex attraction
C) Gay males tend to reject things they classify as "feminine"
D) Interest in the same sex tends to occur much later in males

Question 72

While there are different types of dating violence, threats always qualify as ____ violence.

A) emotional
B) physical
C) sexual
D) spiritual

Question 73

The most effective pregnancy prevention programs focus

A) exclusively on abstinence.
B) exclusively on education concerning biological reproduction.
C) exclusively on education concerning responsible sexual behavior.
D) on abstinence, reproductive education, and sexual responsibility.

Question 74

In a study on dating violence, investigators asked teenage boys whether they had committed violent acts on a date. This methodology is criticized because

A) teenage boys are a poor source of information in general.
B) the increased likelihood that participants will not answer questions honestly.
C) it is unethical to collect this information.
D) the responses provide confidential information on teenage girls.

Question 75

About ____ percent of male and female teenagers identify themselves as homosexual.

A) 1
B) 5
C) 15
D) 20

Question 76

Who has the least effective plan for decreasing the probability of teenage pregnancy in a school population?

A) Ira, who says, "We need to convince our young people that teenage pregnancy can happen to them."
B) Denise, who says, "Teenage women should be more informed about how difficult it is to be a teenage parent."
C) Afi, who says, "We must do a better job of informing our students about contraception."
D) Dmitri, who says, "To eliminate teenage pregnancy, we must limit access to contraceptives."

Question 77

The main purpose of the Safe Dates program is to reduce

A) homosexual behavior.
B) teen pregnancy.
C) sexual violence.
D) drunk driving.

Question 78

Statistically speaking, who has the lowest risk of teenage pregnancy?

A) Holly, who is African American
B) Molly, who is Hispanic American
C) Polly, who is European American
D) The risk for all is the same as ethnicity is unrelated to teen pregnancy rates

Question 79

In a study on dating violence, investigators asked teenage boys whether they had committed violent acts on a date. This methodology is intended to determine

A) who is most likely to be a victim of dating violence.
B) the likelihood of contracting a sexually transmitted disease.
C) the correlation between violence and self-esteem.
D) what factors increase the risk of committing dating violence.

Question 80

Young adults are especially susceptible to acquiring AIDS because compared to older adults, they are

A) more likely to be homosexual.
B) more likely to use intravenous drugs.
C) less likely to engage in unprotected sex.
D) less likely to possess functional immune systems.