Deck 15: Social Aspects of Later Life: Psychosocial, Retirement, Relationship, and Societal Issues.

Question 1

Patterns of friendships among older adults tend to appear quite different than those described in younger adulthood.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Slight decreases in environmental press create the zone of maximum comfort, provided that competence remains consistent.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The longest-lasting relationship most people have is that with their spouse or life partner.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Erikson proposed that the psychosocial crisis adults face as life nears its end is integrity versus despair.

Question 5

Financial or material exploitation is the most commonly seen form of elder abuse in the United States of America.

Question 6

Medicare Part B covers the cost of physician services, outpatient hospital services, medical equipment and supplies, and other health services and supplies.

Question 7

Krause and colleagues (2000) have found that the process of turning problems over to God involves three specific steps.

Question 8

Based on the available data, same-sex relationships do not differ in quality from long-term heterosexual marriages.

Question 9

Activities of daily living (ADLs) include such tasks as bathing, eating, toileting, walking, and dressing.

Question 10

As conceptualized by the competence-environmental press model, competence refers to the upper limit of a person's ability to function in five different domains, including physical health, sensory-perceptual skills, motor skills, cognitive skills, and ego strength.

Question 11

According to continuity theory, older adults adapt to new challenges and struggles by continuously developing novel and unique problem-solving strategies.

Question 12

More workers retire because their companies require them to do so when they reach a specific age than for any other reason.

Question 13

Most people have not saved anything close to what they will need in retirement.

Question 14

Continuity represents an evolution, not a complete break with the past.

Question 15

Older adults experience less negative emotion and depression and more well-being because there is a higher amount of amygdala activation in their brains.

Question 16

A social convoy refers to a group of peers or contemporaries that you meet later in life and with whom you spend up to four or five years associating.

Question 17

Women are much more likely to outlive their spouses than are men.

Question 18

Many people who retire from their careers opt to spend some of their reclaimed time volunteering in their community.

Question 19

Subjective well-being can be assessed using measures of life satisfaction, self-esteem, and happiness.

Question 20

Retirement means different things to people from different ethnic groups.

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of demands that comprise environmental press?

A) interpersonal​
B) ​social
C) ​occupational
D) ​physical

Question 22

According to continuity theory, people tend to cope with daily life in later adulthood by applying ____ strategies.

A) ​novel
B) ​familiar
C) ​situational
D) ​naive

Question 23

Continuity theory is based on the premise that

A) ​daily problems are solved using strategies that have been successful in the past.
B) ​change is uncommon in adulthood and is typically indicative of pathology.
C) ​the maximum level of cognitive abilities is achieved in middle adulthood.
D) ​environmental demands decline with age producing decreased press for change.

Question 24

When Walter is asked by his friends how he is going to deal with some recent changes that have occurred in his life, he just smiles and says, "Oh, I don't know! I guess I'll just do what I've always done." Walter is clearly a proponent of ____ theory.

A) ​consistency
B) ​continuity
C) ​familiarity
D) ​centrality

Question 25

Bannister just ran a mile in just under four minutes, which is his best time ever. This would represent his level of ____ for this skill.​

A) ​compliance
B) ​competence
C) ​docility
D) ​proactivity

Question 26

Erikson felt that in order for one to achieve a sense of integrity, they must​

A) ​find some sort of spiritual path to help them reconcile their failures.
B) ​have a healthy relationship with their children and/or grandchildren.
C) ​accept the fact that retirement from work is inevitable.
D) ​make peace with the fact that the end of their life is approaching.

Question 27

A(n) ____ is the process by which people reflect on the events and experiences of their years.

A) ​applied behavior analysis
B) ​integrity affirmation
C) ​life review
D) ​longevity encapsulation

Question 28

When a person's level of environmental press is slightly higher than their adaptation level, they will experience a(n)​

A) ​state of negative affect and maladaptive behavior.
B) ​zone of maximum performance potential.
C) ​adaptation level.
D) ​zone of maximum comfort.

Question 29

According to Erikson, which of the following groups of people has the potential to reach integrity in their lives?

A) ​everyone
B) ​people who have children and/or grandchildren
C) ​people who have a "meaningful" career
D) ​people who have a spiritual center

Question 30

In competence-environmental press model, competence is defined as the upper limit of a person's ability to function in five domains. Which domain is NOT one of these?

A) ​physical health
B) ​motor skills
C) ​social skills
D) ​ego strength

Question 31

Aging is a(n) ____ process involving many variations across people.

A) ​social
B) ​individual
C) ​external
D) ​cognitive

Question 32

The zone of ________ occurs when one's competence is higher than their level of environmental press.​

A) proximal development​
B) ​maximum performance potential
C) ​maximum adaptation level
D) ​maximum comfort

Question 33

Erikson felt that our own thoughts and fears of death are balanced by a(n) "____" involvement in the present. Such involvement can focus on thoughts of living on through children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren, and the community.​

A) ​integrity-ensuring
B) ​life-affirming
C) ​psychosocial
D) ​balancing

Question 34

The need to shovel your driveway most winter mornings before you can drive your car to work is an example of the ____ demands of environmental press.​

A) ​interpersonal
B) ​social
C) ​physical
D) ​occupational

Question 35

________ well-being involves an evaluation of one's life that is associated with positive feelings.

A) ​Subjective
B) ​Objective
C) ​Intrinsic
D) ​Extrinsic

Question 36

When you are at your "adaptation level," your​

A) ​behavior and affect are abnormal.
B) ​behavior and affect are normal.
C) ​behavior is abnormal and your affect is normal.
D) ​behavior is normal and your affect is abnormal.

Question 37

The effort that we undertake to make sense of our lives as we enter late life is called ____ in the theory of Erik Erikson.

A) ​generativity versus stagnation
B) ​integrity versus despair
C) ​intimacy versus isolation
D) ​identity versus role confusion

Question 38

Amanda is a very old woman, and knows that she is very near the end of her life. Lately she has spent quite a bit of time reflecting on her life, thinking about her accomplishments, and wondering if her days have been well-spent. According to Erikson, Amanda is currently negotiating the struggle of​

A) ​integrity versus despair.
B) ​generativity versus stagnation.
C) ​positive end versus negative end.
D) ​identity versus isolation.

Question 39

Bella is currently in a circumstance where her level of competence is very low, while her level of environmental press is very strong. In which of the following states will she find herself?

A) ​a state of negative affect and maladaptive behavior.
B) ​a zone of maximum performance potential.
C) ​an adaptation level.
D) ​a zone of maximum comfort.

Question 40

________, as conceptualized by competence-environmental press theory, refers to the upper limit of a person's ability to function in several different domains.

A) ​Wisdom
B) ​Competence
C) ​Expertise
D) ​Identity

Question 41

Winecoff and colleagues (2011) used several methods to assess changes in cognitive performance and emotional behavior as adults age. Which of the following areas were NOT measured as part of this research?​

A) ​immediate recall
B) ​delayed recall
C) ​recognition
D) ​distributed practice

Question 42

Only since ________ has there been a substantial number of people who are retired in the United States of America.​

A) ​World War I
B) ​World War II
C) ​the Korean War
D) ​the Vietnam War

Question 43

Neuroimaging research has found that changes in cognitive processing in the ____ is associated with changes in emotional regulation in older adults.​

A) ​optic chiasm
B) ​prefrontal cortex
C) ​striate nucleus
D) ​ascending putamen

Question 44

Joanna has been having a lot of struggles in her life as of late. She has decided to embrace her spiritual faith and to turn her problems over to God. Which of the following will be the third step of this process, according to the research presented by your authors?​

A) ​emotionally disconnecting from problems that cannot be changed
B) ​focusing her own efforts on parts of her problems that she can change
C) ​distinguishing between things that can and cannot be changed
D) ​going to her church to seek God's help through prayer and meditation

Question 45

Mickey regularly practices ________ during a set period of time each day. If he were to undergo neurological research, there would probably be evidence that the attention systems in his brain are more organized.

A) ​a musical instrument
B) ​the martial arts
C) ​meditation
D) ​tai chi

Question 46

Krause (2006) found that feelings of _____ are lowest in older adults who have very little religious commitment.​

A) ​self-worth
B) ​anger
C) ​anxiety
D) ​spirituality

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT typically measured in an effort to assess subjective well-being?​

A) ​Life satisfaction
B) ​Stress
C) ​Happiness
D) ​Self-esteem

Question 48

Why is it that defining retirement is such a difficult task?​

A) ​Because retirement is legal term that has different meanings depending on the state in which you live.
B) ​Because retirement is such a painful experience for most people.
C) ​Because there is no standard age by which people are required to retire in the United States of America.
D) ​Because the decision to retire involves the loss of occupational identity.

Question 49

Retirement involves the loss of​

A) ​integrity.
B) ​maximum performance potential.
C) ​autonomy.
D) ​occupational identity.

Question 50

When having a conversation with Joseph, he shares with you that he often goes to his pastor for assistance with a variety of matters. Further, he believes firmly in a God who cares for people, and he often participates in both organized and nonorganized religious activities. Clearly Joseph is a man who has a high level of​

A) ​spiritual support.
B) ​religiosity.
C) ​ecumenical involvement.
D) ​devoutness.

Question 51

During which age period has research found the lowest average levels of life-satisfaction?​

A) ​15-20 years
B) ​21-30 years
C) ​41-50 years
D) ​61-70 years

Question 52

Your authors note that for some older adults, particularly ____, a strong attachment to God is what they believe helps them deal with the challenges of life.​

A) ​African Americans
B) ​Asian Americans
C) ​Latin Americans
D) ​Native Americans

Question 53

Higher amygdala activation is to _____ as lower amygdala activation is to _____.​

A) ​children; younger adults.
B) ​younger adults; older adults.
C) ​adolescents; younger adults
D) ​older adults; is to the oldest old (85 and older)

Question 54

Dr. Llewellyn is conducting a study of changes in emotional regulation that occur as we age. He is examining different brain structures in young, middle, and older adults. He is most likely to find that development in an almond-shaped set of nuclei deep in the brain called the ____ is most highly related to the development of emotional regulation abilities.​

A) amygdala​
B) ​hippocampus
C) ​hypothalamus
D) ​reticular formation

Question 55

When health concerns are not a consideration, the primary reason for retirement for most people is

A) ​the desires of their spouse to spend more leisure time together.
B) ​being forced into retirement by company policies.
C) ​the need to relocate for family circumstances.
D) ​their own personal choice.

Question 56

Neuroscience research has found that _____ produces positive structural changes in the brain..​

A) ​prayer
B) ​meditation
C) ​believing in God
D) ​being at rest

Question 57

Dennis is preparing for his retirement. How much savings will he need to be comfortable in his retirement?​

A) ​35% to 50% of his current income.
B) ​50% to 65% of his current income
C) ​65% to 75% of his current income
D) ​75% to 90% of his current income

Question 58

As he is driving down the road one day, Reubin is suddenly aware of his growing sense of contentment. The weather is nice, the music on the radio makes him feel good, and he is driving from his good job to his nice home where his loving partner and their children are waiting for him. Reubin is experiencing a heightened sense of

A) ​affective affiliation.
B) ​subjective well-being.
C) ​integrity.
D) ​generativity.

Question 59

How many of the following are part of the definition of spiritual support: seeking pastoral care; expressing faith in a God who cares for people; participating in organized religious activities; and participating in nonorganized religious activities?​

A) ​one
B) ​two
C) ​three
D) ​four

Question 60

Which of the following is an accurate summary of the results of the research of Winecoff and colleagues (2011), which examined neural mechanisms of emotion in the aging human brain?​

A) ​Younger adults' reports of negative emotion were higher than older adults in the negative reappraisal situation.
B) ​Younger adults' reports of negative emotion were higher than older adults in the positive reappraisal situation.
C) ​Older adults' reports of negative emotion were higher than younger adults in the positive reappraisal situation.
D) ​Older adults' reports of negative emotion were higher than younger adults in the negative reappraisal situation.

Question 61

Which is the best example of a "social convoy"?​

A) ​a newly married couple
B) ​Generation X
C) ​several adult lifelong friends
D) ​a retired individual who plans to move to a community with other retirees

Question 62

What has research consistently found about the needs of older people for friends as compared to people who are younger?​

A) ​Older people have a greater need than younger people for friends, but only when they are unmarried. When they have a spouse, their need for friends is negligible.
B) ​Older people have less need for friends than younger people
C) ​Older people have a greater need for friends than younger people.
D) ​Older people have the same need for friends as younger people.

Question 63

Older adults tend to develop _____ new relationships compared with middle-aged and young adults.​

A) ​more same-sex
B) ​fewer
C) ​the same amount of
D) ​more cross-sex

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of older couples?​

A) ​They have selective memory regarding the occurrence of negative events in their relationship.
B) ​They have a greater potential for pleasure with their partner.
C) They are similar in terms of their mental and physical health.
D) ​They have an increased potential for marital conflict.

Question 65

The key point in the model developed by Wickrama et al. (2013) is that marriage relationships in late life are primarily influenced by past experiences and​

A) ​the amount of conflict.
B) ​genetic makeup.
C) ​the number of children in their family.
D) ​the amount of pleasure they report.

Question 66

Every week, Stanley gets together with some friends at a local coffee shop. They have coffee and/or breakfast, talk about what is going on in their lives, and enjoy each other's company. This group has been doing this every week, without fail, for over 30 years. They have been there for each other through good times and occasionally through struggles. Stanley and his group of friends have found a(n) ________.​

A) ​affiliative cohort
B) ​social convoy
C) ​friendship network
D) ​support alliance

Question 67

One reason that sibling relationships are thought to be so important is that siblings​

A) ​often remain highly involved in each other's lives.
B) ​often constitute the longest-lasting relationships.
C) ​often support each other financially.
D) ​often use competition to motivate their successes throughout life.

Question 68

Millie has recently chosen to retire from a job where she has worked for the last 34 years. She is financially stable, in reasonably good health, and has a supportive network of friends. How is she likely to feel about her retirement?​

A) ​She is likely to feel very good about retiring.
B) ​She is likely to mourn the loss of her occupational identity for some time before accepting that this part of her life is over.
C) ​She is likely to be angry that she can no longer do her job.
D) ​She is likely very sad about her loss of job, and will experience significantly physical decline in the months to come.

Question 69

The people who go through your life with you, providing support in both good times and bad, comprise a social ________.​

A) ​cooperative
B) ​cohort
C) ​convoy
D) ​construct

Question 70

Gabriel has recently retired from his job, and he has decided that now is a good time to give back to his community by volunteering. Which of the following is NOT a likely reason why he is going to do this?​

A) ​to provide service to others
B) ​to continue earning an income
C) ​to maintain social interactions
D) ​to keep active

Question 71

Older adults tend to become highly selective in their choice of social partners and usually prefer people who are familiar to them because their social contact is motivated by which of the following goals?​

A) ​self-concept
B) ​information seeking
C) ​cognitive enhancement
D) ​emotional regulation

Question 72

Socioemotional ________ refers to a process by which social contact is motivated by many goals, including information seeking, self-concept, and emotional regulation.

A) ​convoying
B) ​assignment
C) ​attention
D) ​selectivity

Question 73

If Bernard, who is in his early 80s, is like most people, the longest-lasting relationship in his life is with​

A) ​his social convoy.
B) ​his parents.
C) ​his close same-sex friends.
D) ​his siblings.

Question 74

In the last few decades, the number of community organizations designed to involve older adults has​

A) ​increased significantly.
B) ​decreased significantly.
C) ​remained stable.
D) ​decreased slightly.

Question 75

Which of the following statements is true about sibling relationships and late life?​

A) ​The degree of relatedness is not a factor in sibling relationships in late life.
B) ​Relational rifts between siblings are unlikely to be repaired during later life.
C) ​Older adults tend to have stronger sibling relationships with siblings who live farther away.
D) ​Older adults who have more same-sex friends have less of a relationship with siblings.

Question 76

Concerning satisfaction in retirement,​

A) ​forced retirement is associated with declines in physical and mental health.
B) ​well-being tends to drop significantly during the first year following voluntary retirement.
C) ​no group has been found to show increased levels of satisfaction in retirement.
D) ​early-life social challenges are almost always continued in the retirement years, even if you experience positive interactions in middle adulthood.

Question 77

Which of the following factors is NOT a component of the principle of socioemotional selectivity?​

A) ​cognitive equilibrium
B) ​information seeking
C) ​self-concept
D) ​emotional regulation

Question 78

According to your textbook, social support is particularly important in ________ communities, as these networks provide all sorts of informal assistance for health-related and other issues.​

A) ​Asian American and African American
B) ​Asian American and Native American
C) ​African American and Mexican American
D) ​African American and Native American

Question 79

Under which of the following circumstances has research found no relationship between retirement and negative health effects?​

A) ​when the retirement is legally mandated
B) ​when the retirement is a result of an "early buyout" from the company
C) ​when the retirement is a result of company financial troubles, as opposed to a problem with the worker's job performance
D) ​when the retirement is voluntary

Question 80

According to information gathered in 2013, the reported total savings and investments across all ages of workers indicated that most people have saved _____ for retirement.​

A) ​less than $10,000
B) ​$10,000 to $24,999
C) ​$25,000 to $49,999
D) ​$50,000 to $99,999