Deck 2: Biological Foundations: Heredity, Prenatal Development, and Birth.

Question 1

About 10% to 15% of new mother experience the "baby blues," which is a very serious psychological condition that can lead to problems for the child.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The major risks of a mother contracting the chicken pox during pregnancy include encephalitis, an enlarged spleen, and blood clotting problems in the baby.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The age of viability for a fetus normally occurs between 22 and 28 weeks after conception.The age of viability for a fetus normally occurs between 22 and 28 weeks after conception.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

A child who weighs less than 1,000 grams at birth would be described as being a "low birth weight" baby.

Question 5

When a woman experiences higher levels of stress during pregnancy, her child may be prone to greater difficulties paying attention as an infant and higher levels of behavioral problems in preschool.

Question 6

When the alleles in a pair of chromosomes are the same, they are referred to as heterozygous.

Question 7

Genetically, identical twins and fraternal twins share the same amount of genes. The enhanced similarities seen in identical twins are a result of environmental factors.

Question 8

During the neonatal period, the fertilized egg is transformed into a newborn human.

Question 9

If a dominant gene meets up with a recessive gene, the traits that are contained in the dominant gene will ultimately be expressed.

Question 10

When a child is conceived, the parents pass along 46 genes, two of which decide whether the baby will be a boy or a girl.

Question 11

The least invasive form of prenatal screening discussed in your textbook is the use of an ultrasound.

Question 12

During pregnancy, it is necessary for the mother to eat 10% to 20% more calories than regular in order to adequately provide for the needs of her unborn child.

Question 13

Although in-vitro fertilization is successful approximately 75% of the time, it is very expensive and is rarely covered by health insurance.

Question 14

An embryo rests in a sac called the placenta, which is filled with amniotic fluid that cushions the embryo and maintains a constant temperature.

Question 15

Environmental teratogens pose a special risk for unborn babies because people are often unaware of their presence so pregnant women cannot protect themselves or their babies.

Question 16

When laboring women are supported by a trained attendant or companion, their labors are shorter and they use less medication.

Question 17

Sickle-cell disease is a direct result of teratogenic influences, including maternal malnutrition or tobacco use.

Question 18

The research is clear that a pregnant woman may safely consume up to three glasses of red wine, four ounces of hard liquor or three standard-sized servings of beer a week without harming her unborn child.

Question 19

Only a single sperm cell can successfully make the journey up a woman's Fallopian tube to an unfertilized egg.

Question 20

Once a zygote implants itself in the lining of the uterus, it becomes a fetus.

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT one of the chemical compounds that makes up a strand of DNA?​

A) ​depranine
B) ​adenine
C) ​thymine
D) ​cytosine

Question 22

Kathleen and Alphonse are expecting their first child, and are having a pleasant conversation about the sex of the baby. Kathleen says, "Well, as long as all of the chromosomes are X, we'll be having a girl!" How can Alphonse best respond?

A) ​"That isn't exactly right, since it is an XY chromosomal pattern that produces a female baby."
B) "Actually, it is only one pair of chromosomes that determines the sex of the baby, but as long as they are both X, you will have a girl."​
C) ​"It is not the chromosomes, but the genes that make up the chromosomes that determine whether we'll have a son or a daughter."
D) ​"We still have six months to go before the sex of the baby will be determined by the 15th and 16th pairs of chromosomes."

Question 23

Maricella was born several days ago, and her pediatrician has observed that she has almond-shaped eyes and a fold over her eyelids. In addition, her head, neck, and nose are smaller than other babies of her birth weight. With which of the following conditions would Maricella most likely be diagnosed?

A) ​Down syndrome
B) ​Turner's syndrome
C) ​Kleinfelter's syndrome
D) ​Phenylketonuria

Question 24

Kendrie has the disease called sickle cell anemia. She is not just a carrier of the illness, but she actually has the disease itself. Which of the following best describes Kendrie's red blood cell alleles?

A) ​heterozygous
B) ​genotypical
C) ​homozygous
D) ​phenotypical

Question 25

When you learned to read English, you may have learned the following saying: "When two vowels go walking, the first does the talking." If we were to apply this rule to heterozygous genes, we would be most accurate if we said, "When two genes go walking, the ____ one does the talking."

A) ​masked
B) ​recessive
C) ​dominant
D) ​typical

Question 26

Which maternal characteristic is most strongly associated with giving birth to a baby with Down syndrome?

A) ​elevated lead in the mother's breast milk
B) ​consumption of alcohol during pregnancy
C) ​higher maternal age
D) ​maternal exposure to mercury by the baby immediately after birth

Question 27

Genotype is to phenotype as

A) ​homozygous is to heterozygous.
B) ​nurture is to nature.
C) ​DNA is to RNA.
D) ​genetic pattern is to physical, behavioral, and psychological features.

Question 28

David and Katie have always been close. In fact, they are so close that they shared the womb when their mother was pregnant with them. Given the information that you have already been given in this question, which of the following can you state conclusively?

A) ​David and Katie are monozygotic twins.
B) ​David and Katie are conjoined twins.
C) ​David and Katie are dizygotic twins.
D) ​David and Katie share 25% of their genotype.

Question 29

Traits that are controlled by _____ genes are usually "either/or" phenotypes (e.g., being color blind or not being color blind, having a blood clotting disorder or not having a blood clotting disorder).

A) ​polymorphic
B) ​mutated
C) multiple​
D) ​single

Question 30

When looking through a microscope at an entire set of human male chromosomes, how would you be able to differentiate an autosome pair from a sex chromosome pair?

A) ​The sex chromosome pair would be about 10 times larger than the autosome pair.
B) ​The circular-shaped cells would be the autosomes and the square shapes would be the sex chromosomes.
C) ​There would be three cells in the autosome "pair" and two cells in the sex chromosome "pair."
D) ​The shape of the sex chromosomes would differ, whereas each autosome pair would look identical.

Question 31

Maricella was born several days ago, and her pediatrician has observed that she has almond-shaped eyes and a fold over her eyelids. In addition, her head, neck, and nose are smaller than other babies of her birth weight. It is most likely that Maricella has an extra _____ chromosome.

A) ​4th
B) ​9th
C) ​17th
D) ​21st

Question 32

How is it that DNA "knows" which specific amino acids, proteins, or enzymes to create?

A) ​The number of chromosomes that makes up the DNA strand determines this outcome.
B) ​The length of the DNA strand, determined by the number of genes on the strand, produces the specific outcome.
C) ​The combination of XX and XY chromosomes in the DNA strand determines this outcome.
D) ​The order in which the four nucleotide bases occur in the DNA strand results in the specific production outcomes.

Question 33

When Chester is conceived by his parents, he has the genetic instructions to grow up to be 6'1'' tall. During his childhood, however, he develops a digestive illness that significantly limits the amount of food he can eat, and he regularly fails to get enough vitamins in his diet. As a result, he grows up to be 5'11'' tall. In this example, a height of 6'1'' is best described as Chester's ____ and a height of 5'11'' is best described as Chester's ____.

A) ​phenotype; genotype
B) ​chromotype; nucleotype
C) ​nucleotype; chromotype
D) ​genotype; phenotype

Question 34

Kimberley is having a discussion with her friend Aasta about the genetic determinants of development. They cannot come to an agreement on what the functional units of heredity are. If they asked you to help them figure this out, what would you say?

A) ​The functional units of heredity are chromosomes.
B) ​The functional units of heredity are genes.
C) ​The functional units of heredity are ribosomes.
D) ​The functional units of heredity are nucleotides.

Question 35

How many of the pairs of chromosomes in normal human cells are considered autosomes?

A) ​1
B) ​12
C) ​22
D) ​46

Question 36

If a physician informed you that your speech disorder was the result of problems on chromosomes 4, 7, and 15, you would rightly conclude that the disorder is always classifiable as

A) ​recessive.
B) ​polygenic.
C) ​dominant.
D) ​sex-linked.

Question 37

Which statement supports the proposition that the presence of an X chromosome appears to be necessary for life?

A) ​X-chromosomal genotypes are expressed as consistent phenotypes at a rate of around 85%, while Y-chromosomal genotypes are expressed as consistent phenotypes at a rate of only about 15%.
B) ​The X chromosomes are expressed far earlier in the prenatal period than the Y chromosomes.
C) ​There are no chromosomal disorders wherein a person has only Y chromosomes.
D) ​Most of the lethal chromosomal disorders, including Tay-Sachs disease and cystic fibrosis, are located on the Y chromosome.

Question 38

Which type of allele is ignored when found in a heterozygous gene pair?

A) ​masked
B) ​dominant
C) ​typical
D) ​recessive

Question 39

How many chromosomes are found in the organism that results from the union of a human sperm cell and an egg cell?

A) ​22
B) ​23
C) ​44
D) ​46

Question 40

When many genes work together to determine a characteristic, there may be a large range of phenotypes that are expressed. Why is this?

A) ​Because each allele of the genes may be differently structured, leaving a large variety of outcomes.
B) ​Because there are many combinations of dominant and recessive genes that can lead to various levels of the characteristic being expressed.
C) ​Because each gene is contributed to by a different chromosome, bringing more phenotypical variety into the characteristic.
D) ​Because the genes all work to "cancel" each other out, leaving only one "odd" gene to express the phenotype.

Question 41

Once a zygote implants itself in the uterine lining, it officially becomes a(n) ____.

A) ​embryo
B) ​baby
C) ​fetus
D) ​germ disc

Question 42

Pregnant Patty's body is currently experiencing the event that triggers hormonal changes that will prevent further menstruation. This event is called

A) ​implantation.
B) ​conception.
C) ​dilation.
D) ​effacement.

Question 43

Which of the following circumstances would indicate the greatest level of heritability of a trait?

A) ​Francois performs as well in school as the siblings with whom he was raised, even though he was adopted and is not genetically related to them.
B) ​D'artagnan prefers to watch movies on television, while his parents prefer to watch movies at a movie theater.
C) ​Luigi and his siblings are all about the same height.
D) ​Mario's results on a personality test are far more similar to his biological parents than they are to his adopted parents.

Question 44

The time between conception and birth is called the ____ period.

A) ​prenatal
B) ​neonatal
C) ​postnatal
D) ​teratogenic

Question 45

Which of the following properties is widely accepted with regard to the relationship between genes and behaviors?

A) ​Genes actually change and break down as we age, which is why our actions change so dramatically as we get older.
B) ​Environmental influences typically make children within the family very similar to each other.
C) ​Genes cannot influence the kind of environment to which a person is exposed.
D) ​Heredity and environment interact dynamically throughout development.

Question 46

Jack and Jill are twins. Because he is a boy, Jack's parents encourage him to run. However, they discourage Jill from engaging in athletic activity. As a result, Jack is much faster at running up a hill than Jill. The difference in Jack and Jill's behavior is best explained by

A) ​nonshared environmental influences.
B) ​active gene-environment relations.
C) ​polygenetic effects.
D) ​niche-picking.

Question 47

The fact that a person with phenylketonuria can essentially mute the effects of their disease by controlling their dietary intake of a specific amino acid is an example of which of the following principles?

A) ​Heredity and the environment interact dynamically throughout development.
B) ​Genes can influence the environment to which a person is exposed.
C) ​Development is multidirectional in its nature.
D) ​Environmental influences typically make children within a family different.

Question 48

Although identical twins share 100% of their genetic code and are often similar, they are never truly "identical." Which of the following explains these differences?

A) ​heterozygous chromosomal deviations
B) ​active gene-environment relationships
C) ​post-natal genetic mutations
D) ​nonshared environmental influences

Question 49

Lucy is currently expecting her first child, and she is talking to her friend Dale, who does not have any children of his own. Dale knows very little about human development, and asks Lucy how the food she eats gets to the developing child. Lucy smiles and shakes her head, before saying,

A) ​The uterus is responsible for doing all of that. Why do you think that is where the baby grows?
B) ​The germ disc separates me from the child, but has a small hole in it that allows vitamins and nutrients to get to the child.
C) ​The umbilicus is responsible for taking food out of my system and delivering it directly into the baby's stomach.
D) ​There is a structure called the placenta that helps my body exchange nutrients and waste with the baby.

Question 50

Which of the following structures eventually develops into a baby?

A) the amniotic sac​
B) ​the germ disc
C) ​the trophoblast
D) ​the blastocyst

Question 51

Marvin has an exceptional amount of skill in athletics. Specifically, he is an extraordinary hockey player. Throughout his life he has chosen circumstances where he would be exposed to peers who also enjoyed hockey, and this has helped him develop opportunities to develop his talent. Marvin has been engaging in

A) ​genotyping.
B) ​phenotyping.
C) ​niche-picking.
D) ​heritizing.

Question 52

Which of the following is the correct order of the stages of pregnancy?

A) ​period of the embryo, period of the fetus, period of the zygote
B) ​period of the zygote, period of the embryo, period of the fetus
C) ​period of the fetus, period of the zygote, period of the embryo
D) ​period of the embryo, period of the zygote, period of the fetus

Question 53

Brad and Angelina take their daughter Anniston to the zoo, and are looking at a bunch of different animals. Anniston, who has recently been learning about human development, sees a ____ and says, "Mommy, Daddy! That looks just like a human embryo in its third week of development!"

A) ​spider
B) ​salamander
C) ​aardvark
D) ​prairie dog

Question 54

Monozygotic is to ____ as dizygotic is to _____.

A) ​heterozygous; homozygous
B) ​identical; fraternal
C) ​homozygous; heterozygous
D) ​fraternal; identical

Question 55

Despite the fact that a human female has a normal pregnancy duration (or gestational period) of 38 weeks, people often refer to pregnancy as a 40-week event. Why is this?

A) ​Because the heightened influence of teratogens in the world today has actually extended the duration of pregnancy from conception to delivery.
B) ​Because pregnancy usually begins two weeks after a woman's menstrual period, and that is the time from which the beginning of pregnancy is measured.
C) ​Because the duration of pregnancy actually gets longer as a woman ages, and it ranges from 38 to 42 weeks. 40 weeks is the average, so that is what people say.
D) ​Because physicians want to allow for a two-week "window" at the end of the pregnancy so that women do not become concerned if they have not delivered by the end of the 38th week.

Question 56

____ refers to the process of deliberately seeking environments that fit one's heredity.

A) ​Niche-picking
B) ​Context-selection
C) ​Base-rating
D) ​Polygenic inheritance

Question 57

Out of the 200-500 million sperm cells that are released during an ejaculation, only ____ complete the short journey up the Fallopian tubes to where an egg is waiting to be fertilized.

A) ​half
B) ​a few thousand
C) ​a few hundred
D) ​a few hundred thousand

Question 58

Jeanette and her husband Eric have recently engaged in sexual intercourse. After this activity was completed, an egg in Jeanette's Fallopian tube was fertilized by a sperm cell that was released by Eric. The result is a(n) ____, which marks the beginning of pregnancy.

A) ​zygote
B) ​embryo
C) ​fetus
D) ​blastocyst

Question 59

Larry and Ira are brothers who are two years apart in age. Larry went to one public school for his grade school years, but before Ira could go to that school the district underwent a rezoning. Ira, therefore, ended up going to a different school with less-qualified teachers and fewer resources. As a result, Larry tended to perform much better in school than Ira did. This example demonstrates the influence of

A) ​active gene-environment relationships
B) ​niche-picking
C) ​nonshared environmental influences
D) ​asynchronous environmental genotypes

Question 60

The idea that genotypes are not the only things that control traits reflects the fact that

A) ​dizygotic twins are virtually genetically identical while fraternal twins are not.
B) ​each genotype can produce a variety of phenotypes, depending on the environment in which a person lives.
C) ​recessive genes are more commonly expressed than dominant genes, especially in cases of polygenic inheritance.
D) ​the environment has little impact on behavior, as has been demonstrated in the results of the nature-nurture question.

Question 61

In Germany in the 1950s, the effects of teratogens gained widespread attention when pregnant women who took ____ to help them sleep gave birth to babies with deformations of their heads, legs, hands, and/or fingers. Over 7,000 babies were harmed by this drug before it was removed from the market.

A) ​phenteramine
B) aspasneet
C) ​thalidomide​
D) ​paregoric

Question 62

Marsha's doctor informs her that her child is just entering the longest period of prenatal development. About how long has Marsha been carrying her unborn child?

A) ​1 day
B) ​3 weeks
C) ​9 weeks
D) ​28 weeks

Question 63

Your authors point out that teenage women have a greater chance of having problems during their pregnancy, labor, and delivery than pregnant women in their 20s. They suggest that this is MAINLY because

A) ​pregnant teenagers are more likely to be economically disadvantaged and lack good prenatal care.
B) ​pregnant teenagers are more likely to smoke cigarettes during pregnancy.
C) ​pregnant teenagers are more likely to drink alcohol during pregnancy.
D) ​pregnant teenagers are less likely to get adequate sleep and rest during pregnancy.

Question 64

Whose mother most likely took thalidomide while pregnant because she was unaware its potential to harm her baby?

A) ​Dean, who has a heart defect
B) ​Martin, who has deformed arms and legs
C) Jerry, who is deaf​
D) ​Lewis, has a severe intellectual disability

Question 65

Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of general risk factors identified by scientists for pregnant women and their babies?

A) ​nutrition
B) ​the mother's age
C) ​drugs
D) ​stress

Question 66

Why is it that 22 weeks is considered the earliest "age of viability" for an unborn child?

A) ​Because this is the age by which the child's systems are functioning well enough to potentially sustain life outside of the mother's body.
B) ​Because it is not until this age that the unborn child's brain begins developing.
C) ​Because this is the age when the child's sex is determined, and when appropriate genitals begin to form.
D) ​Because this is the age after which teratogens can no longer impact the baby.

Question 67

Alissa is a 41-year-old, married, professional woman who has just found out that she is pregnant with her third child. According to your textbook, which of the following conditions is her baby at higher risk of due to Alissa's age?

A) ​Down syndrome
B) ​Phenylketonuria
C) ​ADHD
D) ​neurofibromatosis

Question 68

A pregnant woman not getting enough healthy food, vitamins, and nutrients may put her baby at risk for all but which of the following?

A) ​premature birth
B) ​effects to the child's nervous system
C) ​increased risk of later life anorexia
D) ​vulnerability to illness

Question 69

Maternal stress is most likely to negatively impact a developing embryo/fetus when that stress is

A) ​intermittent and extreme.
B) ​intermittent and moderate.
C) ​prolonged and extreme.
D) ​prolonged and moderate.

Question 70

In general, pregnancies are most likely to proceed normally when the mother is between the ages of 20 and ____ years.

A) ​25
B) ​30
C) ​35
D) ​40

Question 71

Which of the following types of sensory input are most salient to a fetus?

A) ​visual input
B) ​tactile input
C) ​olfactory input
D) ​auditory input

Question 72

Which of the following describes one of the reasons why stress hormones that are elevated in women who are highly anxious during pregnancy can negatively impact the baby?

A) ​Stress-related hormones can block the flow of oxygen to the baby.
B) ​Stress-related hormones absorb essential vitamins and nutrients that are essential for healthy development.
C) ​Stress-related hormones increase the chances of the baby developing a stress-related mental illness later in life.
D) ​Stress-related hormones delay the onset of uterine contractions, which can lead to babies being born well after their due date.

Question 73

Mel is at the obstetrician's office with his girlfriend Denise, who is pregnant with their child. They have just started the ninth week of the pregnancy, and the doctor explains to them that the unborn child's brain has developed distinct structures and is already beginning to regulate certain body functions. Based on what you know about prenatal development, you know that the period of the ____ has just begun.

A) ​zygote
B) ​embryo
C) ​umbilicus
D) ​fetus

Question 74

Young Marvin, just a few months of age, is growing at a slower rate than would be expected for his age. He has heart problems and a slightly misshapen face, and is often very fussy and difficult to soothe. Which of the following substances did his mother likely ingest on a regular basis during her pregnancy?

A) ​nicotine
B) ​aspirin
C) ​alcohol
D) ​cocaine

Question 75

According to the weatherman on the local news, the outside temperature today will reach 102 degrees, with a possible heat index of 110 degrees. Thankfully for Quanetta, who is pregnant with her second child, the ________ will maintain a constant temperature for her unborn baby.

A) ​uterus
B) ​amniotic fluid
C) ​umbilical cord
D) ​placenta

Question 76

The age of ____ is defined as the age at which a fetus can survive if it must be born because most of its bodily systems function adequately. It typically occurs 22 to 28 weeks into the pregnancy.

A) ​zygotic intent
B) ​viability
C) ​plasticity
D) ​continuity

Question 77

Charlotte has just found out that she is pregnant, and she is thrilled about the news. She is concerned, however, because although she knows that her weight and body will change over the next several months, she wants those changes to be healthy. Which of the following advice should you give?

A) ​Your child will need more and more as she develops, so there is no amount of weight gain that is unhealthy during pregnancy.
B) ​You should increase your calorie intake by 10% to 20% to meet the needs of the baby.
C) ​You are truly eating for two now, so you should be eating twice as much as normal.
D) ​As long as you take prenatal vitamins every day, there is no real need for you to eat more than usual.

Question 78

Any agent that interferes with normal prenatal development is a(n) ____.

A) ​fetalytic
B) ​teratogen
C) ​ototoxin
D) ​carcinogen

Question 79

The ____ is a structure that contains veins and arteries and connects a developing child to the placenta.

A) ​umbilical cord
B) ​amnion
C) ​germ disc
D) ​blastocyst

Question 80

Of the three prenatal stages of development which is by far the longest?

A) ​the period of the zygote
B) ​the period of the embryo
C) ​the period of the fetus
D) ​the period of the neonate