Deck 3: Tools for Exploring the World: Physical, Perceptual, and Motor Development in Infancy and Early Childhood.

Question 1

Through the first 12 months of life, infants have a very general prototype for a face that is fine tuned to be more consistent with familiar faces between 12 and 24 months of age.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The stepping reflex is a precursor to walking.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Infants typically double their weight by their third month, and triple it by their first birthday.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Most one-year-old children have already developed a theory of mind.

Question 5

Some researchers have suggested that a phenomenon called "mindblindness" underlies the autism spectrum disorders.

Question 6

The process by which the brain receives, selects, modifies, and organizes incoming nerve impulses that are the result of physical stimulation is called perception.

Question 7

Retinal disparity and motion parallax are both examples of pictorial cues for depth perception.

Question 8

A typical three-month old child would view a reflection of himself in the mirror as a very interesting stimulus, but would not recognize it to be a visual depiction of himself.

Question 9

Most infants seem to have a "sweet tooth."

Question 10

The Apgar score is calculated by assessing 7 vital areas of functioning in a newborn on a scale of 1 to 3 points. A higher the score indicates a healthier baby.

Question 11

Recent advances in the synthesis of artificial formula have resulted in experts agreeing that breastfeeding and bottle-feeding a baby are equally beneficially to the child.

Question 12

Approximately 15% of American households have difficulty at some point in providing adequate food for all family members.

Question 13

By the age of 24 months, most children can climb steps, walk backward, and kick a ball.

Question 14

The newborn has no innate, unlearned reflexes. Reflexes are a result of environmental input, and usually start to appear by two weeks of age.

Question 15

Roughly 90% of a newborn's sleep time is spent in a non-Rapid Eye Movement (non-REM) state.

Question 16

Newborn babies spend 2 to 3 hours a day, every day, crying or on the verge of crying.

Question 17

The four areas included in the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale are autonomic, motor, state, and social systems.

Question 18

Your personality and your ability to make and carry out plans are all controlled by the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex.

Question 19

Most babies would willingly cross the shallow side of a visual cliff, but would not cross the deep side.

Question 20

From birth, infants will grasp objects using their fingers and thumbs.

Question 21

When a baby is crying and is having difficult being soothed, many parents prefer to use a technique called _______, which provides warmth and tactile stimulation that help to calm the baby.

A) ​the Babinski method
B) ​swaddling
C) ​nesting
D) ​rooting

Question 22

Leonard is changing his four-month-old son's diaper, and afterwards he gets him into his pajamas. While easing the little guy's foot into the sleeper, he inadvertently strokes the boy's foot and is surprised to see the toes immediately fan out. He does it again to the other foot, and gets the same response. Leonard has accidently stumbled upon his son's ____ reflex.

A) ​rooting
B) ​palmar
C) ​Moro
D) ​Babinski

Question 23

Why is it important for a newborn baby's reflexes to be assessed both at birth and at regular intervals as they age?

A) ​Because research has shown that adequate reflexive activity at birth and through the first six months of life predict higher intelligence and greater academic success during adolescence.
B) ​Because an infant's reflexive activity serves as a means to help facilitate bonding with his or her parents, particularly if the mother is nursing.
C) ​Because the presence (and absence) of specific reflexes indicate that the nervous system is working properly and is developing without problems.
D) ​Because different cultures define a "healthy baby" differently based on the presence or absence of specific reflexes through the first year of life.

Question 24

Despite widespread, culturally-appropriate efforts to educate new parents about the safest position for their babies to sleep in, ____ infants still had the highest incidence of SIDS-related deaths.

A) ​European American
B) ​African American
C) ​Asian American
D) ​Hispanic American

Question 25

Roughly half of a newborn's sleep time is spent in the ____ stage.

A) ​rapid eye movement (REM)
B) ​nonREM-1
C) ​nonREM-2
D) ​nonREM-3

Question 26

Two-month-old Sheldon is snuggled in his mother's arms. He is quietly looking around, and appears to be simply 'absorbing' his environment. He is attentive to sounds around him, and is very calm. Sheldon's current state would be described as

A) ​sleeping.
B) ​crying.
C) ​waking activity.
D) ​alert inactivity.

Question 27

Your textbook discusses three different types of cries that a baby can produce. Which of the following is not one of them?

A) ​the basic cry
B) ​the mad cry
C) ​the hunger cry
D) ​the pain cry

Question 28

The newborn is to sleeping ____ hours at a time as the six-month old is to sleeping ____ hours at night.

A) ​3; 10-12
B) ​1; 4
C) ​4; 1
D) ​10-12; 3

Question 29

Barbara is preparing a cup of coffee in her kitchen, when she hears her newborn daughter crying from the other room. The cry is marked by a sudden long burst of noise, followed by a long pause and gasping. Barbara's daughter is making the ____ cry.

A) ​basic
B) ​hunger
C) ​pain
D) ​mad

Question 30

The newborn state of ____ is defined as a period where the baby's eyes are open but they seem unfocused, and its arms and legs move in bursts of uncoordinated motions.

A) ​waking activity
B) ​alert inactivity
C) ​crying
D) ​sleeping

Question 31

The NBAS assesses the functions of children using 28 behavioral items and 18 reflexive tests that are combined into four systems. Which of the following is not one of those systems?

A) ​parasympathetic
B) ​autonomic
C) ​motor
D) ​state

Question 32

Conway is an angry, fearful, and shy infant and is not easily soothed. Conway would score high on Rothbart's ____ dimension of temperament.

A) ​effortful control
B) ​surgency/extroversion
C) ​introversion
D) ​negative affect

Question 33

Who is at greatest risk of falling victim to sudden infant death syndrome?

A) ​Bridget, who is two years old
B) ​Leslie, who is nine months old
C) ​Tina, who is three months old
D) ​Jon, who is five years old

Question 34

A(n) ____ refers to an unlearned response that is triggered by a specific stimulation.

A) ​reflex
B) ​reaction
C) ​unconditioned association
D) ​action

Question 35

Dr. Spatz has just delivered a baby girl, and is now going to assess her physical health using the Apgar scale. Which of the following won't he rate as part of this evaluation?

A) ​her heart rate
B) ​her muscle tone
C) ​her number of fingers and toes
D) ​her skin tone

Question 36

Which of the following individuals has the lowest risk of dying from SIDS?

A) ​Chin, who sleeps on his back
B) ​Martin, who was born prematurely
C) ​Malley, whose parents both smoke cigarettes
D) ​Jean, who sleeps face down, on her stomach

Question 37

The ____ scale is to the physical health of a newborn child as the ____ scale is to a comprehensive evaluation of children from birth through two years of age.

A) ​Neonatal Behavioral Assessment
B) ​Apgar; Neonatal Behavioral Assessment
C) ​Vineland; Stanford-Binet
D) ​Stanford-Binet; Vineland

Question 38

If you were going to design a public service announcement (PSA) to run on television with the goal of reducing the incidence of SIDS, which of the following might be the motto of your piece?

A) ​Back to Sleep!
B) ​Sidestep SIDS!
C) ​Front and Center!
D) ​No Diaper, No Problem!

Question 39

A very funny saying goes like this: "Why do people say I slept like a baby when babies wake up every hour during the night." Aside from the chuckle you may have gotten, what would you say about this quip based on your reading of the textbook?

A) ​It is inaccurate because babies tend to sleep for four to six hours at a time as early as two months of age.
B) ​It is inaccurate, since babies tend to sleep for about three hours, wake up for an hour, and then repeat the cycle.
C) ​It is actually rather accurate, since newborn babies tend to wake up every 30 to 60 minutes for the first month of life.
D) ​It is impossible to state whether this saying is accurate, since there is no predictable trend of sleep cycles in babies.

Question 40

In order to assess the physical health of a newborn baby, an obstetrician would assign ratings according to the ____ scale. If the baby receives a score of 7 or higher, (s)he is considered to be in good physical condition.

A) ​Brazelton
B) ​Vineland
C) ​Apgar
D) ​Wechsler

Question 41

Transmit is to receive as

A) ​dendrite is to cell body.
B) ​axon is to dendrite.
C) ​dendrite is to axon.
D) ​cell body is to axon.

Question 42

Approximately ____ of American households have difficulty at some point in providing adequate food for all family members

A) ​5%
B) ​10%
C) ​15%
D) ​20%

Question 43

Why is it that bottle-feeding a baby in developing nations has so much potential to be disastrous to the baby's health?

A) ​Because proper bottles and artificial nipples are not often available in such nations, and thus children can get a wide variety of gastrointestinal maladies caused by the ingestion of far too much air while eating.
B) ​Because formula-feeding does not promote regular schedules of feeding for babies, and this can lead to malnutrition and starvation.
C) ​Because the formulas made in developing countries are usually well past their "expiration date," and have been donated to those countries by manufacturers who would rather not simply dispose of the expired products.
D) ​Because the only water available to prepare formula is often contaminated, which can lead to diarrhea, dehydration, and even death.

Question 44

Maryanne was born at a weight of 8.2 pounds. If her growth is typical of most children, about how much will she weigh at her first birthday party?

A) ​24.6 pounds
B) ​16.4 pounds
C) ​32.8 pounds
D) ​12.3 pounds

Question 45

Which of the following children would be described as being of "average" height and weight at birth?

A) ​Ava, who is in the 25th percentile
B) ​Chase, who is in the 33rd percentile
C) ​Steven, who is in the 50th percentile
D) ​Erin, who is in the 75th percentile

Question 46

Which of the following is the best way to make sure that babies get their appropriate levels of nourishment?

A) ​breast-feeding
B) ​making sure that the baby eats at least once an hour during awake time
C) ​ensuring the baby consumes 90-100 calories per pound of its weight each day
D) ​enhancing formula with vitamin D

Question 47

The most basic unit in the brain and nervous system of a human being is the

A) ​nerve.
B) ​astrocyte.
C) ​glial cell.
D) ​neuron.

Question 48

What part of a neuron contains the material necessary to keep it alive?

A) ​axon
B) ​cell body
C) ​dendrite
D) ​corpus callosum

Question 49

The wrinkled surface of the brain, made up of about 10 billion neurons, is called the

A) cerebral cortex.
B) ​arachnoid meninx.
C) ​hypothalamus.
D) ​cerebellum universalis.

Question 50

While observing brain activity, Dr. Smith proclaims, "This brain is definitely experiencing a downsizing in the number of connections between neurons." This indicates that the brain Dr. Smith is studying is undergoing

A) ​synaptic pruning.
B) ​motion parallax.
C) ​cephalocaudal development.
D) ​dendritic expansion.

Question 51

UNICEF (2006) estimates that, worldwide, about one in ____ children under five years of age suffers from malnutrition.

A) ​four
B) ​six
C) ​eight
D) ​ten

Question 52

Which of the following represents the correct path a neural impulse travels from start to finish of a neuron?

A) ​dendrite, cell body, axon, terminal button
B) ​terminal button, axon, cell body, dendrite
C) ​cell body, terminal button, dendrite, axon
D) ​axon, dendrite, cell body, terminal button

Question 53

The debate about the value of breast-feeding versus bottle feeding is one of the most critical issues for new parents to explore. According to your chapter, breast-feeding is the more beneficial choice for all but which of the following reasons?

A) ​Breast milk contains antibodies
B) ​Breast-fed babies are less prone to diarrhea
C) ​Breast-fed babies are less prone to constipation
D) ​Breast milk does not need to be refrigerated when stored.

Question 54

Which statement regarding temperament is false?

A) ​Identical twins are more similar in temperament than are fraternal twins.
B) ​Some temperamental characteristics are more common is certain cultures.
C) ​Emotionality is unaffected by environmental factors.
D) ​The confidence level of mothers is related to temperament.

Question 55

Why is it that malnourished children are often quiet and express little interest in what goes on around them?

A) ​They are afraid that if they are noisy they will get no food.
B) ​These qualities are adaptive, as they conserve the child's limited energy.
C) ​They have usually been shamed and mocked so they are very shy.
D) ​They have learned nothing they do matters so they become very docile.

Question 56

When you look at the cord coming out of the lamp on your desk, you will notice that there is a protective coating that surrounds and encapsulates the electricity-conducting wire inside. If you were to relate that model to the human neuron, the protective coating would refer to the

A) ​terminal buttons.
B) ​synaptic cleft.
C) ​neurotransmitters.
D) ​myelin.

Question 57

According to the theory of Mary Rothbart, a child's temperament includes three different contributing dimensions. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A) ​surgency/extroversion
B) ​positive affect
C) ​negative affect
D) ​effortful control

Question 58

The brain and spinal cord of a baby begin as a(n)

A) ​zygotic blastocyst
B) ​germ cell
C) ​neural plate
D) ​embryonic stem cell

Question 59

When young Melvin's mother hands him to a friend of hers, he looks up, smiles, and offers no real objection to being held by a stranger. Melvin's mother often brags that, "he is such a good, easy baby." According to your textbook, Melvin's mother is making an observation about his ____.

A) ​personality
B) ​temperament
C) ​reflexes
D) ​adjustment

Question 60

Which structure functions as a bridge between the two cerebral hemispheres?

A) ​the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
B) ​the central sulcus
C) ​the corpus callosum
D) ​the putamen

Question 61

With regard to handedness, which of the following statements is the MOST accurate?

A) ​Young babies tend to use both hands interchangeably, demonstrating no preference of one hand over another.
B) ​Most young babies tend to use their right hand predominantly, and remain right-handed later in their development.
C) ​Most young babies tend to use their left hand predominantly, and then change to right-handedness later in their development.
D) ​Most young babies tend to use their left hand predominant, and remain left-handed later in their development.

Question 62

By what age would you expect to see a child running with ease, effortlessly changing their speed and direction?

A) ​3-4 years
B) ​5-6 years
C) ​7-8 years
D) ​9-10 years

Question 63

There are many jokes out there about the advantage that having opposable thumbs gives human beings over most animals. As your authors note, however, it is not until the age of ____ that children actually start to use their thumbs as part of the grasping process!

A) ​3-4 months
B) ​5-6 months
C) ​7-8 months
D) ​9-10 months

Question 64

Based on the different components of dynamic systems theory, you should not expect a child to be able walk on their own, unsupported, until they reach the age of ____ months.

A) ​6-9
B) ​9-12
C) ​12-15
D) ​15-18

Question 65

With regard to the specialization of children's brains, which of the following is NOT a relevant principle?

A) ​Specialization is evident in early development.
B) ​Specialization is unaffected by the environment.
C) ​Specialization takes on two forms.
D) ​Specialization occurs at different rates in different systems.

Question 66

Distinguishing and mastering different motions is to ____ as linking individual motions into a coherent, coordinated whole is to ____.

A) ​sensorimotor; formal operations
B) ​integration; differentiation
C) ​formal operations; sensorimotor
D) ​differentiation; integration

Question 67

Felicia and Patty are thrilled that their baby daughter has recently learned to sit up by herself without assistance or support. According to your textbook, about how old is their daughter?

A) ​2 months of age
B) ​4 months of age
C) ​7 months of age
D) ​10 months of age

Question 68

Studies of infant stepping behavior on a treadmill demonstrated that

A) ​the pattern of alternating of steps on each leg precedes the ability to walk.
B) ​even very young infants can walk without assistance.
C) ​infants cannot judge the speed of movement of a moving object (e.g., the treadmill).
D) ​infants will refuse to attempt to walk even if held upright.

Question 69

You would think that balance is something that, once learned, you will have mastered for your entire life. In fact, however, balance must be relearned for sitting, crawling, walking, and other postures. Why is this?

A) ​Because each posture develops independently of others, and thus there is no "central" balance skill that can be learned.
B) ​Because each posture involves a different part of the brain, and balance must be coordinated with each of those brain areas.
C) ​Because balance involves "gross" motor skills, and different postures are typically "fine" motor skills.
D) ​Because the body rotates around different points and different muscles must be used for each posture.

Question 70

Caleb is four months old. If he is like others his age, when he grasps a rattle, he will grasp it with

A) ​his fingers and thumb.
B) ​his thumb only.
C) ​his fingers only.
D) ​one finger from each hand.

Question 71

A child's ability to move around in the world is referred to as

A) ​locomotion.
B) ​gross motor skills.
C) ​fine motor skills.
D) ​dynamic motion.

Question 72

According to ____ systems theory, learning to walk involves many distinct skills that are organized and reorganized over time to meet specific goals.

A) ​teratogenic
B) ​dynamic
C) ​fluid
D) ​static

Question 73

Which BEST exemplifies experience-expectant growth?

A) ​The fact that all infants hear language sounds, which leads to language development.
B) ​The fact that eating high-fat foods leads to obesity.
C) ​The fact that abused children often experience depression.
D) ​The fact that by age two, most children are about three feet tall.

Question 74

With regard to the sense of smell of a newborn baby, which of the following statements is the MOST accurate?

A) ​Newborns are basically "nose-deaf," as their sinuses will not be completely clear of fluid from the pregnancy until several weeks after birth.
B) ​Newborns have a keen sense of smell, and can recognize familiar and comforting scents.
C) ​Newborns have a very rudimentary sense of smell suitable only to keep them from eating potentially poisonous substances.
D) ​A newborn's sense of smell is as sharp as that of an adult, but their lack of exposure to different odors is the reason why they don't "use" their smell sense very much.

Question 75

Which of the following is the MOST accurate statement regarding the "run" of a two-year-old child?

A) ​It should be discouraged, because the vast majority of pediatric bone fractures are a result of falls among toddlers.
B) ​It bears a strong resemblance to the run of a five- or six-year-old child.
C) ​It is almost fully developed as a complex action, with coordination of the arms, legs, and feet.
D) ​It is more of a "hurried walk" than a run, because their legs move stiffly and they do not get airborne.

Question 76

____ is the process by which the brain receives, selects, modifies, and organizes incoming nerve impulses that are the result of physical stimulation.

A) ​Transduction
B) ​Sensation
C) ​Integration
D) ​Perception

Question 77

If Tori is a proponent of dynamic systems theory, then you know that she is most interested in

A) ​the cerebral cortex.
B) ​balance and moving limbs.
C) ​language development.
D) ​temperament.

Question 78

Which of the following provides some evidence that there is, in fact, a genetic component to handedness?

A) ​Between monozygotic twins, the likelihood that both children have the same dominant hand is no greater than between fraternal twins or non-twin siblings.
B) ​As teachers have stopped encouraging children to use their right hands, the percentage of left-handed children has risen.
C) ​Societies have favored right-handed people in their design of common objects, such as scissors, can-openers, and school desks.
D) ​The part of the brain that controls handedness, the substantia nigra, develops more fully in right-handed children than in left-handed children.

Question 79

A nursing one-month-old infant may grasp crudely at his mother's breast while feeding. That same child at the age of one year will probably easily hold a bottle or cup, placing it to his lips, and then putting it down when he is done. This change in ability to use the hands and fingers demonstrates advances in

A) ​gross motor skills
B) ​locomotion
C) ​fine motor skills
D) ​concrete operations

Question 80

If you were to follow the advice of your authors, which of the following articles of clothing would you avoid giving to a two- or three-year-old child?

A) ​A pair of sneakers with Velcro closures
B) ​A button-down shirt
C) ​A pair of shorts with a zipper
D) ​A pair of sweatpants with a drawstring