Deck 6: Off to School: Cognitive and Physical Development in Middle Childhood.

Question 1

Developmental dyslexia is the most frequently seen type of learning disability in children.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Metacognition includes a person's informal understanding of his or her own memory processes, including diagnosing memory problems accurately and monitoring the effectiveness of their own memory strategies.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Successful schools realize that academic excellence is important, but should not be the primary emphasis of a curriculum.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Children in the concrete operational stage of cognitive development have typically overcome centration, egocentrism, and accepting appearances as reality.

Question 5

Research has found quite conclusively that biological contributors, including genetics, are the single, individual factor that necessarily leads to intellectual disability.

Question 6

Exceptional talent leads to extraordinary achievement, irrespective of the types of instruction that are received.

Question 7

Gardner believes that schools should focus on both linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligences, and allow other forms of intelligence to be fostered in the home.

Question 8

Intelligence tests have been found to be very poor predictors of both school and workplace success.

Question 9

Generally speaking, children tend to write using knowledge-telling strategies before they learn to write using knowledge-transforming strategies.

Question 10

Through most of the elementary school years, boys and girls are about the same size.

Question 11

As understood today, intelligence refers to one, universal standard of skills and abilities which can be assessed equally in any context or environment.

Question 12

Some American schools have enthusiastically embraced Howard Gardner's ideas of how the theory of multiple intelligences can be incorporated into curricula, but others have not yet embraced this movement.

Question 13

Research has found that stereotype threat causes people from very different backgrounds to earn very similar scores on intelligence tests.

Question 14

Excellent teachers value and promote tutoring, particularly peer tutoring.

Question 15

Deductive reasoning involves drawing conclusions from facts and is typical of formal-operational thought.

Question 16

About 3-5% of school-aged children in the United States are diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Question 17

In 1904, Thurstone and Thurstone proposed the idea that intelligence is comprised of one overarching factor, which is responsible for performance on all mental tests.

Question 18

Research is mixed regarding the outcomes of childhood participation in organized sports, with both benefits and hazards having been identified.

Question 19

Many experts believe that U.S. schools should offer physical education classes more frequently each week.

Question 20

The ability to distinguish the different sounds that make up spoken words is called phonological awareness.

Question 21

If you were to ask nine-year-old Sharlise a question, with which question would Piaget predict that she'd have the greatest struggle?

A) ​"What did you do in school today?"
B) ​"What do you want to do for your tenth birthday party?"
C) ​"What color do you want Mommy to dye your hair?"
D) ​"Do you think there will ever be a female president?"

Question 22

An individual's informal understanding of memory, including the ability to accurately assess memory problems and to monitor the effectiveness of their remembering strategies, is called ____.

A) ​metamemory
B) ​metacognition
C) ​metacognitive knowledge
D) ​meta-analysis

Question 23

Georgie is taking a chemistry class, where different liquids must be combined in specific amounts in order to produce an end product. Rather than just pouring them all together, Georgie understands that he must combine specific amounts of each ingredient so that he creates the right mixture. Clearly Georgie has reached the ____ stage of cognitive development.

A) ​latency
B) ​trust vs. mistrust
C) ​concrete operational
D) ​formal operational

Question 24

The ability to draw a conclusion from a set of facts reflects ____ reasoning.

A) ​inductive
B) ​co-constructive
C) ​combinatorial
D) ​deductive

Question 25

A memory strategy that involves embellishing information in order to make it easier to recall is called ____.

A) ​mnenomizing
B) ​elaboration
C) ​self-referencing
D) ​organization

Question 26

A concrete operational thinker and a formal operational thinker are given the following logical statements: (1) If you drop a 20-pound bowling ball on your foot, it will tickle. (2) You drop a 20-pound bowling ball on your foot. What reaction would you expect?

A) ​Only the concrete operational thinker would conclude that "your foot would tickle."
B) ​Only the formal operational thinker would conclude that "your foot would tickle."
C) ​Both would conclude that "your foot would tickle."
D) ​Both would conclude that "your foot would never tickle" after having a 20-pound bowling ball dropped on it.

Question 27

Your authors note that as children progress through the elementary-school years, they become more adept at selecting appropriate strategies for learning and remembering. These skills fall under the larger heading of

A) ​metacognition.
B) ​metamemory.
C) ​meta-analysis
D) ​metamorphosis

Question 28

The best example of metamemory would involve knowing that

A) ​a 10-word list of unfamiliar foreign words will be harder to recall than a 20-word list of familial words.
B) ​whales are mammals, not fish.
C) ​two numbers added together produce a sum that his greater than either number alone.
D) ​foreign words come from another country.

Question 29

The main limitation of concrete operational thinking is that such thought is limited to

A) ​hypothetical situations.
B) ​tangible, real-life examples.
C) ​emotional issues.
D) ​long-term memories.

Question 30

Text author Robert Kail won tickets to the Indianapolis 500 auto race by listing all the possible words that could be created from the words "SAFE RACE." This is an example of

A) ​combinatorial reasoning.
B) ​animism.
C) ​functional fixedness.
D) ​object permanence.

Question 31

Thirteen-year-old Kiki is learning to play the piano, and her teacher is showing her the notes of a standard musical scale. She is struggling to remember which notes go on the lines and which notes go in the spaces, so the teacher says, "To remember that the line notes are E, G, B, D, and F, just say to yourself 'Every Good Boy Does Fine'." This type of memory strategy demonstrates ____.

A) ​formalizing
B) ​reversibility
C) ​operations
D) ​organization

Question 32

If you use the old mnemonic "My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas" to remember the order of the original nine planets in our solar system as they move outward from the Sun, you are using a memory strategy called ____.

A) ​centration
B) ​egocentrism
C) ​schematizing
D) ​organization

Question 33

Mental ____ are cognitive actions that can be performed on objects or ideas.

A) ​schemes
B) ​accommodations
C) ​assimilations
D) ​operations

Question 34

"Nyah, nyah, nyah, nyah," Diane says to her younger sister Rhonda. "I have reached the formal-operational stage of thinking, so according to Piaget, I can now think ____ and you can't!" As ridiculous as this conversation is, if Diane is 13 and Rhonda is 9, what would the correct answer be?

A) ​logically
B) ​hypothetically
C) ​tangibly
D) ​postformally

Question 35

Typically, a child reaching the last of Piaget's stages would be at least ____ years of age.

A) ​9
B) ​11
C) ​13
D) ​15

Question 36

Fourteen-year old Franco is doing his homework for the night, and starts by reading some of the history chapter he was assigned. Every few pages, he turns to the "Test yourself" quiz at the end of the chapter to try to answer the questions on the material he just read. If he gets the questions wrong, he reviews the material again. Franco is best described as ____ his study methods.

A) ​centrating
B) ​validating
C) ​monitoring
D) ​rehearsing

Question 37

When children spend more time with people who have different perspectives on the world than does the child, the child tends to experience a reduction in ____.

A) ​equilibration
B) ​centration
C) ​egocentrism
D) ​arrogance

Question 38

The third stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which typically occurs between ages 7 and 11 years, is the ____ period.

A) formal operational​
B) ​concrete operational
C) ​pre- operational
D) ​post- operational

Question 39

Fifteen-year old Stephanie is having difficulty remembering how to spell the word "definitely" for an upcoming quiz in her English class. She can't remember whether it is "definitely" or "definately." She thinks about it for a moment and decides that the easiest way to remember is that the word has one prefix ("de"), one root word ("finite"), and one suffix ("ly"). By separating the root word, she has an easier time remembering that the middle vowel is "i" and not "a." Stephanie has used the memory strategy of ____ to master this word.

A) ​acrostics
B) ​rehearsal
C) ​elaboration
D) ​organizing

Question 40

____ psychologists focus on the means by which children store information in memory and retrieve it when it is needed at a later time.

A) ​Piagetian
B) ​Biopsychosocial
C) ​Ethological
D) ​Information-processing

Question 41

While higher IQ may be related to a person's tendency to be drawn toward certain occupations, research has found that even within an occupation (where educational backgrounds are similar between different people), those with higher IQs have better job performance and higher earnings, particularly for

A) ​less skilled jobs.
B) ​more complex jobs.
C) ​jobs requiring fluency two or more languages.
D) ​jobs where one must work in solitude.

Question 42

Lewis Terman, of ____ University, revised Binet and Simon's test and re-released it in the United States in 1916.

A) ​Stanford
B) ​Harvard
C) ​Yale
D) ​Tulane

Question 43

Howard Gardner is to ___ type(s) of intelligence, as Charles Spearman is to ____ type(s) of intelligence.

A) ​one; nine
B) ​nine; one
C) ​three; seven
D) ​seven; three

Question 44

More than 100 years ago, ____ developed a theory of intelligence that suggested that there was a singular factor, called 'g', that was responsible for performance on all mental tests.

A) ​Charles Spearman
B) ​Lewis Terman
C) ​Howard Gardner
D) ​John Carroll

Question 45

In 1916, a Stanford University professor adapted and revised the Binet and Simon's test and re-released it in the United States. That psychologist was ____.

A) ​David Wechsler
B) ​Sir Francis Galton
C) ​Robert Sternberg
D) ​Lewis Terman

Question 46

Which evidence best demonstrates an environmental impact on intelligence?

A) ​a high correlation between the IQ scores of identical twins
B) ​a low correlation between the IQ scores of strangers
C) ​the rapid increase in average WISC scores seen during the past 25 years
D) ​the stability of WISC scores seen during the past 25 years

Question 47

As Joe is telling his grandmother about the animals he saw at the city zoo, he tells her "And there was a dinosaur there too!" Joe's grandmother says to him, "Are you sure there was a dinosaur there, or are you just pretending?" Joe gets upset, thinking that his grandmother does not believe him, and insists that he is remembering correctly. Joe's lack of ability to recognize that people can misremember events indicates that he has not yet developed a high level of ____.

A) ​maintenance rehearsal
B) ​eidetic imagery
C) ​source monitoring
D) ​metamemory

Question 48

The first systematically constructed test of intelligence was devised in _____ around 1904 by Binet and Simon.The first systematically constructed test of intelligence was devised in _____ around 1904 by Binet and Simon.

A) ​France
B) ​Germany
C) ​the United States
D) ​Ireland

Question 49

Hannah is very crafty. She can adapt to different circumstances, plan ahead for situations, and knows when a course of actions she has planned is or is not likely to be successful. According to the theory of Sternberg, Hannah excels at ____ intelligence.

A) ​creative
B) ​analytical
C) ​fluid
D) ​practical

Question 50

Which of the following is the correct formula for determining one's intelligence quotient (IQ), a measure that was first employed in intelligence testing by Lewis Terman in 1916?

A) ​CA/MA + 100
B) ​MA/CA X 100
C) ​CA/MA X 100
D) ​MA/CA / 100

Question 51

On modern tests of intelligence, IQ scores are determined

A) ​by comparing a child's score with the average score of same-age children.
B) ​by using the same IQ calculation as on the original Stanford-Binet exam.
C) ​based on a child's gender and race.
D) ​by subtracting a child's chronological age from their mental age.

Question 52

One way of assessing whether intelligence tests actually work is to compare their results with measurements of other areas known to be related to intelligence. In fact, intelligence tests are very powerful predictors of all EXCEPT which of the following?

A) ​school grades
B) ​scores on achievement tests
C) ​social skill and peer acceptance
D) ​number of years of education

Question 53

The primary explanation for why there is such a variety of intelligence levels among one particular group of same-aged individuals is ____.

A) ​context
B) ​heredity
C) ​culture
D) ​education

Question 54

Among individuals with the same profession who have the same amount of education, IQ scores predict all EXCEPT which of the following?

A) ​skillful mentoring
B) ​job performance
C) ​earnings
D) ​high-prestige positions

Question 55

Your textbook notes that three of the types of intelligence proposed in Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences are included in traditional theories of intelligence. Those three include all EXCEPT which of the following?

A) ​linguistic intelligence
B) ​logical-mathematical intelligence
C) ​interpersonal intelligence
D) ​spatial intelligence

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT one of the individualized tests of intelligence used to assess children today?

A) ​Stanford-Binet
B) ​Bender Visual Motor Gestalt
C) ​Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)
D) ​Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children II

Question 57

The potential positive influence of environment on intelligence is demonstrated by the fact that children from disadvantaged backgrounds who participate in the ____ program show improved test scores and school performance.

A) ​D.A.R.E.
B) ​Head Start
C) ​YMCA
D) ​No Child Left Behind

Question 58

Allison can solve problems that are typically solved correctly by other children who are eight years old. Allison, however, is 10 years of age. According to intelligence tests, Allison's mental age is

A) ​8.
B) ​10
C) ​80.
D) ​0.8.

Question 59

Regulating the way one feels, recognizing how others feel, and correctly interpreting the facial expressions of others are all elements of ____ intelligence.

A) ​affective
B) ​crystallized
C) ​emotional
D) ​componential

Question 60

A person's knowledge and awareness of their own cognitive processes is called ____ knowledge.

A) ​autocognitive
B) ​formal-cognitive
C) ​concrete-cognitive
D) ​metacognitive

Question 61

In the United States, approximately ____ percent of children are classified as having a learning disability.

A) ​one
B) ​three
C) ​five
D) ​nine

Question 62

One factor that seems to explain group differences in intelligence test scores related to race and ethnicity is

A) ​number of years of education.
B) ​socioeconomic status.
C) ​religious devoutness.
D) ​physical health.

Question 63

Which of the following best summarizes what must be done with exceptional talent in a child if that talent is to blossom and grow?

A) ​It must be nurtured.
B) ​It must be allowed to flourish without intervention.
C) ​It must be validated with appropriately standardized measures of aptitude.
D) ​It must be challenged.

Question 64

Impaired reading comprehension seems to be a by-product of impaired

A) ​basic reading skills.
B) ​computing skills.
C) ​spoken language.
D) ​identification of language sounds.

Question 65

In a 25-year longitudinal study, gifted teens were, as adults, extraordinarily

A) ​unsuccessful in college.
B) ​successful in their careers.
C) ​dissatisfied in their marriages.
D) ​dissatisfied with their lives in general

Question 66

What is the primary reason why understanding learning disabilities is so complicated?

A) ​Each type of learning disability has its own causes and thus its own treatments.
B) ​The biological precursors of all learning disabilities are identical.
C) ​Because intervention increases problems, it is best to let the disability resolve itself.
D) ​What is successful for one individual rarely works for others with the same disability.

Question 67

Eddie is a child who has an IQ of 55, and he has difficulty adapting to his surroundings. His pediatrician and other mental health experts have diagnosed him as suffering from intellectual disability. His parents believe that the primary problem for Eddie is inadequate special academic services at his school. On which of the four risk factors that place children at risk for intellectual disability are his parents focused?

A) ​sociocultural factors
B) ​biomedical factors
C) ​educational factors
D) ​behavioral factors

Question 68

Creativity is most associated with _____, where the aim is fresh and unusual lines of thought.

A) ​convergent thinking
B) ​formal operational processing
C) ​divergent thinking
D) ​postformal processing

Question 69

Rich and Seth are given an assignment to come up with a theme for the school's book fair. They sit down at a table together and start making a list of different ideas. They decide not to worry about whether each idea is good or not, but instead to put as many ideas on paper as they can and then go back and evaluate each one. Rich and Seth are engaged in ____ thinking.

A) ​convergent
B) ​divergent
C) ​counterfactual
D) ​accounted

Question 70

A child who is diagnosed with a learning disability must meet all EXCEPT which of the following criteria?

A) ​The child has difficulty mastering an academic subject.
B) ​The child has normal intelligence.
C) ​The child is not suffering from any other condition that would explain the poor performance.
D) ​The child has an absence of adaptive skills and has difficulties adjusting to their surroundings.

Question 71

Which statement concerning ethnicity and intelligence is most accurate?

A) ​The recent discovery of a "smart gene" has led most to believe that intelligence has a strong genetic component.
B) ​Even if ethnic groups differ significantly in intelligence, the difference is likely the result of environmental factors.
C) ​Being economically disadvantaged is related to ethnicity but not to intelligence.
D) ​If intelligence differences within an ethnic group are due to genetics, then intelligence differences between the group and other ethnic groups must be due to genetics.

Question 72

Traditionally, giftedness was defined by having an IQ score of ____ or higher.

A) ​100
B) ​120
C) ​130
D) ​150

Question 73

Gifted children and adults tend to be

A) ​unsatisfied in their careers.
B) ​more emotionally troubled.
C) ​more mature than their peers.
D) ​difficult to get along with.

Question 74

By the traditional definition, how many of the following 16-year-olds could potentially qualify for a diagnosis of intellectual disability? Kirk, IQ -120; McCoy, IQ - 100; Chekhov, IQ - 80; Sulu, IQ - 60?

A) ​1
B) ​2
C) ​3
D) ​4

Question 75

Which of the following ethnic groups tends to have the highest overall performance in tests of intelligence?

A) ​Asian Americans
B) ​Latino Americans
C) ​African Americans
D) ​European Americans

Question 76

Intellectual disability was formerly called ____, a term that is still used in some laws.

A) ​mental retardation
B) ​emotional impairment
C) ​cognitive delay
D) ​autistic disorder

Question 77

Louanne has been diagnosed with the most common type of learning disability. From your reading, you know that she has ____.

A) ​developmental dyslexia
B) ​impaired reading comprehension
C) ​developmental dyscalculia
D) ​impairment of executive functioning

Question 78

Significant limitations in cognitive skills that are accompanied by difficulties in adapting to one's environment define ____, provided that these symptoms emerge prior to 18 years of age.

A) ​giftedness
B) ​intellectual disability
C) ​Down syndrome
D) ​Savant syndrome

Question 79

According to Subotnik et al. (2011), exceptional talent in a specific area has several prerequisites. Which of the following is NOT one of the prerequisites?​

A) ​The child's love of a subject and intense desire to master it.
B) ​A peer group that is supportive and equally interested in the subject.
C) ​The child's creative thinking that allows them to come up with novel thoughts and actions.
D) ​Support and help from committed, involved parents.

Question 80

The textbook identifies three ways in which the environment can contribute to differences in test scores. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A) ​experience with test contents
B) ​test-taking skills
C) ​peer pressure
D) ​stereotype threat