Deck 7: Expanding Social Horizons: Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood.

Question 1

Friendship involves mutual and voluntary liking.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

As adults, children of divorced parents are less likely to experience a divorce themselves because select their spouses much more carefully.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

As children become more egocentric, they develop an enhanced ability to see the world from another person's point of view.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The prognosis for children who are mistreated is not good, as they can experience physical, social, and/or emotional damage.

Question 5

In Selman's initial stage of perspective-taking, children appear unable to understand why someone would want to do something different than they want to do.

Question 6

Most American children and adolescents have a computer in their home, and they use them primarily to access the Internet.

Question 7

In many developing nations, children-particularly girls-play an important role in providing care for their younger siblings.

Question 8

While European American parents tend to encourage their children to be happy and self-reliant, parents in China value emotional restraint and obedience.

Question 9

As children grow and develop, they begin to describe others in terms of abstract traits instead of just concrete features.

Question 10

Hostile aggression is provoked and occurs with an explicit goal in mind.

Question 11

Children may show prejudice toward others after they come to understand their own ethnic group and distinguish those who are in other groups.

Question 12

A child who is disliked by many of her classmates is known as a controversial child.

Question 13

When a family consists of a biological parent, a stepparent, and children, it is called a blended family.

Question 14

Disagreements between parents should always be kept away from the eyes and ears of children, because there are no positive lessons that a child can learn from watching their parents argue.

Question 15

The two stable dimensions of parental behavior discussed in your text are level of control, and provision of needed essentials.

Question 16

Children and adolescents tend to befriend others who are similar to themselves and, as time passes, become more similar to their friends in attitudes and values.

Question 17

When Jonathon's son, Graham, misbehaves in the grocery store, Jonathon firmly scolds him and tells him, "If you do not start behaving, I will put back the cookies that you asked for." Jonathon is using a type of feedback called negative reinforcement with his son.

Question 18

The research is conclusive-watching too many hours of television a week impairs the ability of children to pay attention.

Question 19

Even well-crafted intervention programs have failed to reduce the rates of child abuse and maltreatment in the United States.

Question 20

A mixed-sex group of older children and adolescents who share similar values and attitudes and are known by a common label such as "jocks" or "nerds" is called a crowd.

Question 21

P.J.'s parents provide neither warmth for him nor control of his actions. They do not spend much time with him, and they do give him much opportunity for any real emotional bonding with them. According to Baumrind (1975, 1991), P.J. is receiving ____ parenting.

A) ​authoritarian
B) ​permissive
C) ​uninvolved
D) ​authoritative

Question 22

With regard to the level of behavioral control parents assert over children, research finds that a(n) ____ amount of control is best for children.

A) ​low
B) ​moderate
C) ​high
D) ​extreme

Question 23

Jordan sometimes watches his parents play Angry Birds on their computer, and sometimes they give an exasperated, "Oh, MAN!" when they fail to get a better score. After he is allowed to play on the computer, he is playing a children's game one afternoon and when he fails to capture enough gold stars, he slaps his forehead and yells, "Oh, MAN!" Clearly Jordan has learned this behavior through

A) ​direct instruction.
B) ​modeling.
C) ​feedback.
D) ​guided participation.

Question 24

According to Baumrind (1975, 1991), the four distinct parenting styles do NOT include which of the following?

A) ​authoritarian
B) ​authoritative
C) ​permissive
D) ​egalitarian

Question 25

Gabe tends to be very aggressive with his siblings and peers, and he is doing poorly in school. If he is this way primarily because of parenting, he probably receives ____ parenting in his home.

A) ​authoritarian
B) ​authoritative
C) ​uninvolved
D) ​permissive

Question 26

Maryann's mother asks her to go clean up her room, and Maryann promptly ignores the instruction. Her mother asks her again, and the outcome is the same. After a third attempt, this time with a bit of volume, Maryann starts whining that she doesn't want to clean up her room. Her mother finally gives up and says, "Fine, if you want to live in a filthy room, that's your choice." Maryann's mother has inadvertently increased the likelihood that Maryann will whine when asked to do a chore via the

A) ​negative reinforcement trap.
B) ​positive punishment matrix.
C) ​positive reinforcement gambit.
D) ​negative punishment stratagem.

Question 27

Which of the following is the BEST summary of the "negative reinforcement trap?"

A) ​"A spanking begets a spanking."
B) ​"You give up? I win!"
C) ​"When all else fails, do as you're told."
D) ​"Common sense is most uncommon."

Question 28

As a typical parent in Latin America, Maria would place great emphasis on developing a strong sense of ____ in her children.

A) ​self-reliance
B) ​family ties
C) ​emotional restraint
D) ​free-thinking

Question 29

The ____ parenting style can be described as highly controlling but low in warmth.

A) ​authoritative
B) ​permissive
C) ​indulgent
D) ​authoritarian

Question 30

The main problem with a negative reinforcement trap is that it

A) ​is only effective with very young children.
B) ​ends up increasing the incidence of an unwanted behavior.
C) ​typically leads to abusive parenting.
D) ​requires an age-peer model.

Question 31

Which of the following are the two dimensions that differentiate various parenting styles?

A) ​warmth and responsiveness & expressed emotionality
B) ​parental control & expressed emotionality
C) ​warmth and responsiveness & parental control
D) ​style of discipline & assignment of responsibilities

Question 32

Which of the following discipline techniques combines the best features of punishment while also avoiding its drawbacks?

A) ​long-term grounding
B) ​corporal punishment (spankings)
C) ​a negative reinforcement trap
D) ​time-out

Question 33

Solomon lives only with his mother. He has never known his father. His mother wants very much for him to "like" her, and worries that if she disciplines him he will come to resent her. She is very loving with Solomon, but rarely asserts any control over his behaviors. Solomon's mother is providing him with ____ parenting.

A) ​permissive
B) ​uninvolved
C) ​authoritarian
D) ​egalitarian

Question 34

When an aversive stimulus is applied or a desirable stimulus is removed in order to discourage the repetition of a specific behavior, ____ has taken place.

A) punishment
B) ​feedback
C) ​modeling
D) ​reinforcement

Question 35

A style of controlling a child's behavior where the parent tells them what to do, when to do it, and why it should be done is called

A) ​direct instruction.
B) ​direct implementation.
C) ​guided participation.
D) ​scaffolded inculcation.

Question 36

____ parenting is to children who have low self-esteem and tend to be overly aggressive, as ____ parenting is to children who are self-reliant, friendly, and responsible.

A) ​Permissive; authoritarian
B) ​Uninvolved; permissive
C) ​Authoritarian; authoritative
D) ​Authoritative; uninvolved

Question 37

When Ki-Jana asks his parents if he can buy a car, his parents say no but sit down and explain to him the reasoning behind their decision. His parents express affection toward him and tell him that they may consider the matter at some later time. Which parenting style best describes Ki-Jana's parents?

A) ​authoritarian
B) ​permissive
C) ​uninvolved
D) ​authoritative

Question 38

Israel's parents have been taking him to different places in the neighborhood lately-the temple, the Jewish Community Center, and the local B'nai B'rith headquarters. They are hoping that he will really embrace his own religious background and culture, as his older siblings have. This process of teaching a child the values, roles, and behaviors of a culture is known as ____.

A) ​enculturation
B) ​inculcation
C) ​socialization
D) ​nationalization

Question 39

The Thompson family is having several people over for dinner, including friends and relatives. During the dinner, young Phillip behaves very poorly at the table, and is going to receive a punishment for his actions. Based on the recommendations of your textbook, which of the following individuals should deliver the punishment?

A) ​Phillip's father, with whom the child has a close, warm relationship.
B) ​Phillip's aunt, whom Phillip knows distantly but does not see very often.
C) ​A family friend, whom Phillip has not met before this particular dinner party.
D) ​Phillip's grandmother, who lives out of town and only sees Phillip once every two or three months.

Question 40

____ is any action that increases the likelihood of the response that it follows.

A) ​Reinforcement
B) ​Feedback
C) ​Punishment
D) ​Conditioning

Question 41

Sexual abuse and physical abuse are both types of

A) ​neglect.
B) ​abandonment.
C) ​maltreatment.
D) ​reconstitution.

Question 42

Why is it that children who are frequently ill have a greater likelihood of being abused?

A) ​Because children who are ill are usually the youngest in the family, and the statistics are clear that the "baby" of the family is the most likely to be abused.
B) ​Because the child who is ill tends to be unmanageable and demanding, which in turn causes parents to get angry more easily.
C) ​Because the research finds that the "illnesses" are really a symptom of abuse in the first place.
D) ​Because children who are ill tend to whine and cry, which can increase parents' annoyance levels.

Question 43

One form of child maltreatment is called ____, and involves depriving a child of adequate food, clothing, and/or medical care.

A) ​neglect
B) ​abuse
C) ​abandonment
D) ​"stepping"

Question 44

As adults, children whose parents divorced are more likely to experience all EXCEPT which of the following?

A) ​domestic violence
B) ​conflict in their own marriage
C) ​negative attitudes about marriage
D) ​depression

Question 45

One of these things is not like the others. Can you spot the "odd man out"?

A) ​blended family
B) ​reconstituted family
C) ​reconstructed family
D) ​remarried family

Question 46

Which of the following individuals is likely to experience the most harmful effects of their parents' divorce?

A) ​Noah, who is in preschool
B) ​Harmony, who is a college sophomore
C) ​Ben, who is an adolescent
D) ​Willamina, who is a newly married young adult

Question 47

Many countries in ____ have a strong cultural prohibition against using physical punishment with children.

A) ​Europe and Asia
B) ​Africa and the South Pacific
C) ​South America and North America
D) ​South America and Africa

Question 48

Which is the most effective way for parents to reduce the negative impact of divorce on a child?

A) ​Reinforce the idea that in life you cannot control what happens to you.
B) ​Make sure that only one parent is actively involved with the child's life.
C) ​Ask the child to help mediate disputes between you and your ex-spouse.
D) ​Don't view the love of your child as a competition between you and your ex-spouse.

Question 49

Parents tend to be more affectionate with and more punitive toward

A) ​"middle" children.
B) ​first-born children.
C) ​their youngest child.
D) ​any child, almost randomly

Question 50

Which of the following is one of the benefits to a child of having a new baby brother or sister come into the home?

A) ​Many older siblings enjoy helping their parents take care of a newborn.
B) ​They have the opportunity to practice their own nascent parenting skills as they discipline their new sibling.
C) ​They get to become more independent, as their parents will not be able to devote as much time to them.
D) ​They will progress through the stages of cognitive development more rapidly, as their help will be essential in assisting with the new baby.

Question 51

Which of the following pairs of siblings is most likely to have the closest, warmest relationship?

A) ​Yarone is 13 years old, and his younger sister Shayla is 8 years old.
B) ​Tiffany is 5 years old and her younger brother Tajuan is 4 years old.
C) ​Marquis is 9 years old and is very laid back, and his brother, Lanom, is 7 years old.
D) ​Jack and his sister Jill are fraternal twins, and where Jack is very mellow his sister tends to be very emotional.

Question 52

There was this family-maybe you've heard of them. There was a father who had three sons, and he married a woman with three daughters. They were a really fun "bunch." This group is an example of a(n) ____ family.

A) ​multigenerational
B) ​blended
C) ​adjusted
D) ​augmented

Question 53

Anjali's parents are divorced. Anjali spends weekends with his father and the rest of the week with his mother. In legal terms, this arrangement describes

A) bifurcated parenting
B) ​a multigenerational family
C) ​a blended family.
D) ​joint custody.

Question 54

Which BEST describes the relationship between parenting styles and children's temperaments?

A) ​Parenting styles cause temperaments.
B) ​Parenting styles may develop as the result of temperament.
C) ​Temperaments develop as the result of parenting styles.
D) ​Temperament and parenting styles are unrelated.

Question 55

What does your textbook have to say about children observing disagreements between their parents?

A) ​It is unhealthy, as it can lead to a fear of conflict.
B) ​It is to be avoided at all costs, as it is positively correlated with mental health issues in adolescence and emerging adulthood.
C) ​When handled constructively through solution-oriented discussion, disagreements can actually reassure children that their families are cohesive and can handle problems.
D) ​It is something that should be actively pursued so that children learn how terribly destructive and even dangerous disagreements can be.

Question 56

As infants grow older, their relationships with siblings develop and become more complicated. All EXCEPT which of the following are ways in which these relationships change?

A) ​Older siblings become a source of comfort and care for the younger sibling when they are upset or distressed.
B) ​Older siblings serve as teachers for young siblings, teaching them how to play games or to cook simple foods.
C) ​Older children who do well in school and with peers serve as a model to young siblings, who often follow suit.
D) ​Older children are essential in facilitating communication between the younger sibling and the parents.

Question 57

All things being equal, which of the following children is MOST likely to have older siblings?

A) ​Joe, who is very popular with his peers and who is very innovative.
B) ​Steve, who conforms easily to his parents' and other adults' requests.
C) ​Martin, who has known from his middle-school years that he is "destined" to go to college.
D) ​Herb, who earned a very high score on a recent administration of an intelligence test.

Question 58

Of the nearly three-quarters of a million children who suffer from maltreatment or neglect, about _____ percent of them are maltreated psychologically.

A) 5
B) ​10
C) ​15
D) ​75

Question 59

Who is MOST likely to abuse his child?

A) ​Joe, who is socially isolated from friends and relatives
B) ​Derek, who was never abused when he was a child
C) ​Louis, who relies on the time-out technique to punish his children
D) ​Scott, who is wealthy

Question 60

Research described in your chapter has noted that by increasing the ____, one of a child's most important interpersonal resources, parents can help the child experience better adjustment after his/her parents' divorce.

A) ​mother-child relationship quality
B) ​father-child relationship quality
C) ​quality of the child's relationship with older siblings
D) ​number of friends/peers the child has

Question 61

Which statement regarding the friendships that often develop between youngsters is FALSE?

A) ​Because children typically play with their same-sex peers, boys and girls rarely become friends.
B) ​Children and adolescents usually befriend others who are different from themselves, and this complementarity enhances the relationship.
C) ​Most friends are alike in age, gender, and race, and it is uncommon for an older child to develop a friendship with a younger child.
D) ​Friendships among children from different racial or ethnic groups are more common in schools that are in ethnically diverse neighborhoods.

Question 62

Cornelius is an elementary school child whose parents are having a conference with his teacher. "I've noticed," his teacher says, "that Cornelius is both intensely liked and disliked by several of his peers." Based on this observation, Cornelius would be regarded as a(n) ____ child.

A) controversial
B) ​average
C) ​popular
D) ​rejected

Question 63

Which of the following parental discipline styles would be most likely to result in a "rejected child" in the classroom?

A) ​Martha does not discipline her child at all, and only occasionally sets limits on her behaviors.
B) ​Hank is very consistent with his discipline, and it combines occasional physical punishment with discussions and affection. Only when infractions are extreme is a spanking administered.
C) ​Henry is very consistent with his discipline, when tends to be more forceful and demanding of obedience and compliance.
D) ​Jessica is very inconsistent with her son, punishing misbehavior one day and then ignoring it the next day.

Question 64

As a "neglected" child, you would expect Juno to be ____ by her peers.

A) ​bullied
B) ​disliked
C) ​ignored
D) ​feared

Question 65

Although friendships begin early in life, the nature of friendships tends to change as children grow older. When we reach adolescence, another layer of complexity, ____, is added to friendships.

A) ​trust
B) ​intimacy
C) ​autonomy
D) ​romance

Question 66

____ is often regarded as an irresistible harmful force, but research has found that it can have positive consequences as well.

A) ​Family socialization
B) ​A dominance hierarchy
C) ​Peer pressure
D) ​Broad intensification

Question 67

Research has found that when junior and senior high school students are confronted with peer pressure to behave in clearly antisocial ways, such as stealing, they typically

A) ​acquiesce.
B) ​resist.
C) ​talk to their parents about the pressure.
D) ​blog about it on the Internet.

Question 68

As your authors note, in many schools the ____ have the highest status among the students, while the ____ have the lowest.

A) ​jocks; burnouts
B) ​populars; nerds
C) ​beautifuls; geeks
D) ​cheerleaders; goths

Question 69

Billy is liked by many of his classmates. He has a lot of friends, and no real 'enemies.' Even the kids with whom he does not share a close friendship generally find him pleasant and enjoy being around him. Billy would be described as a(n) ____ child.

A) ​popular
B) ​A-list
C) ​elite
D) ​controversial

Question 70

A dominance ____ refers to the ordering of individuals within a group in which group members with lower status defer to those with greater status.

A) progression
B) ​leadership
C) ​stratagem
D) ​hierarchy

Question 71

Research into the different "types" of children found in elementary school classrooms found five different categories. Which of the following is NOT one of these categories?

A) ​rejected children
B) ​neglected children
C) ​controversial children
D) ​solitary children

Question 72

Anita and Sarah are two adolescent girls who recently had their first "go steady" relationships. Coincidentally, their boyfriends both decided to end the relationships on the same day. Anita and Sarah have spent the last couple of days talking on the phone, spending time together, and texting each other about their broken hearts. This is an example of

A) ​co-collectivism.
B) ​co-dependency.
C) ​co-rumination.
D) ​co-muddling.

Question 73

Of the different categories of children found in most classrooms, researchers have come to have the best understanding of the ____ and ____ child.

A) rejected; neglected
B) ​popular; rejected
C) ​controversial; average
D) ​neglected; controversial

Question 74

A ____ is a voluntary relationship between two people involving mutual liking.

A) ​culmination
B) ​clique
C) ​group
D) ​friendship

Question 75

Jeanette has a rather large group of peers, both boys and girls, with whom she shares some common interests. This group is known in the school as the "musicals," and they all participate in choir, band, or orchestra. They frequently get together to play music, discuss performances, or just hang out. In this example, the "musicals" are a ____.

A) ​crowd
B) ​clique
C) ​gang
D) ​mash-up

Question 76

The ____ child in a classroom is liked by some classmates, and disliked by other classmates, but in neither case is there a high level of intensity to those feelings.

A) popular
B) ​controversial
C) ​rejected
D) ​average

Question 77

What is the criterion by which most 4- or 5-year-old children select their first friends?

A) ​Who is a good playmate?
B) ​Who has the nicest mommy?
C) ​Who wears the nicest clothes?
D) ​Who has the best things to trade at lunchtime?

Question 78

Two subgroups of ____ children include (a) those who are skilled academically and socially, and (b) those who are physically and/or socially aggressive.

A) popular
B) ​controversial
C) ​neglected
D) ​average

Question 79

Yuri is the leader of a group called "The Wannabes." All the other members know that Yuri is in charge, and they respect that. What is the best term to describe this type of group structure?

A) ​clique
B) ​crowd
C) ​friendship
D) ​dominance hierarchy

Question 80

A ____ is to a small group of children or adolescents as a ____ is to a larger mixed-sex group who are known by a common label such as "jocks" or "nerds."

A) ​crowd; clique
B) ​crowd; circle
C) ​gang; mob
D) ​clique; crowd