Deck 8: Rites of Passage: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence.

Question 1

Sedentary lifestyle is an important risk factor for obesity.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Both early and late entry into puberty are stressful for girls, most of whom prefer to be "on time" in their physical development.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Lawrence Kohlberg told his research participants a story that had a single morally correct answer, and studied whether they could determine that answer.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Carol Gilligan one of the foremost supporters of Kohlberg's theory, has produced research that refutes the idea that girls and boys make moral decisions differently.

Question 5

Compared to children and adults, adolescents are much more concerned about their overall appearance.

Question 6

Generally speaking, research has found that the moral decision-making processes of males and females are far more similar than they are different.

Question 7

Children tend to rely on heuristics when solving problems, while adolescents tend to use more analytical methods.

Question 8

Anabolic steroids are chemically similar to the male hormone testosterone.

Question 9

Increased cognitive processing rates during adolescence are associated with decreased myelination.

Question 10

Some critics of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of morality have suggested that he was overfocused on the moral decision-making of boys and did not attend enough to the development of morality in girls.

Question 11

Postformal morality is the final stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Question 12

Despite popular ideas, research has consistently found that the average adolescent eats a healthy amount of calories each day, and gets adequate intake of essential vitamins and nutrients such as iron and calcium.

Question 13

Most deaths among adolescent males in the U.S. are due to natural causes.

Question 14

Both working memory capacity and processing speed reach adult like levels during adolescence.

Question 15

Sexual maturation, which includes changes to the penis, testes, scrotum, vagina, uterus, and/or ovaries, involves the development of primary sexual characteristics.

Question 16

Discussing morality with adolescents is probably the best way to help them think in more advanced ways about such topics.

Question 17

Puberty refers to the three types of physical changes that mark the transition from childhood to young adulthood.

Question 18

Kohlberg's second substage of the preconventional level of morality is called the obedience orientation.

Question 19

Anorexia nervosa is diagnosed far more frequently in females than in males, equal numbers of males and females are diagnosed with bulimia nervosa.

Question 20

Most high school students who are enrolled in physical education classes do not attend on a daily basis.

Question 21

The term puberty denotes ____ specific types of changes that mark the transition from childhood to young adulthood.

A) ​two
B) ​three
C) ​four
D) ​six

Question 22

Which statement is true?

A) ​Estrogen is found only in females, and androgens are found only in males.
B) ​Estrogen is found only in males, and androgens are found only in females.
C) ​During puberty, estrogen and androgens are released at the same levels in adolescent males and females.
D) ​During the early elementary school years, the pituitary gland releases androgens which initiates the growth of body hair.

Question 23

Young Tiffany is just starting puberty, and there are several changes occurring in her body. Which of the following would be an example of change in a secondary sexual characteristic?

A) ​development of her ovaries
B) ​development of her breasts
C) ​development of her vagina
D) development of her uterus

Question 24

During the peak of adolescence, a healthy girl may gain as much as ____ pounds in a year, while a healthy boy may gain ____ pounds.

A) ​5; 8
B) ​8; 10
C) ​10; 14
D) ​14; 16

Question 25

From whom would you expect the biggest gains in height and weight over the next three years?

A) ​Ginger, who is 2 years old
B) ​Grant, who is 6 years old
C) ​Tina, who is 11 years old
D) ​Louise, who is 14 years old

Question 26

At about age ____, most boys reach spermarche, which is the first spontaneous ejaculation of sperm-laden fluid.

A) ​9
B) ​11
C) ​13
D) ​15

Question 27

Which individual has just experienced menarche?

A) ​Mona, who has started developing breasts
B) ​Gaspar, who recently experienced his first ejaculation of semen
C) ​Lisa, who recently experienced her first menstrual cycle
D) ​Johnny, whose testicles have enlarged and descended

Question 28

Why is it that the brain of an adolescent becomes capable of processing information more efficiently than the brain of a child?

A) ​Because the brain has grown to its adult size by the time puberty occurs
B) ​Because synaptic pruning and myelination are nearly complete by adolescence
C) ​Because not all of the cerebral lobes were "active" before puberty, but they are all working in adolescence
D) ​Because the corpus callosum atrophies and disappears during adolescence

Question 29

A typical girl starting her growth spurt is to ____ years of age, as a typical boy starting his growth spurt is to ____ years of age.

A) ​12; 10
B) ​11; 13
C) ​9; 12
D) ​13; 10

Question 30

Izzy is starting her pubertal growth spurt. Which body part do you think would start to grow the earliest?

A) ​her breasts
B) ​her hips
C) ​her arms
D) ​her hands

Question 31

Social interactions between 11- and 12-year-old boys and girls may be awkward because

A) ​girls tend to do much better than boys in school at this age, and this becomes a source of endless teasing and torment.
B) ​girls form cliques and boys form crowds, and thus they really have nothing to talk about
C) ​they are not yet at the age where they have anything in common, and thus there is no real value in these social interactions.
D) ​the girls may be taller and look more mature than the boys, since their pubertal growth spurt begins earlier.

Question 32

The key player in the physical changes that are experienced as puberty begins is the

A) ​pituitary gland.
B) ​adrenal gland.
C) ​gonads (testes or ovaries).
D) ​thalamus.

Question 33

Which statement is the most accurate with regard to the timing of the onset of puberty in youngsters?

A) ​The timing of puberty is regulated by environmental forces, but these environmental forces are strongly influenced by genetics.
B) ​Puberty is something that is uniquely determined by environmental factors, and genetics play no part in when these changes emerge.
C) ​The timing of puberty is regulated in part by genetics, but these genetic forces are strongly influenced by environmental factors.
D) ​Puberty is something that is uniquely determined by genetics, and environmental influences play no part in when these changes emerge.

Question 34

Suzy has just begun her pubescent growth spurt, and her mother often says, "That girl is growing like a weed!" If Suzy's development is typical of most girls, she is probably about ____ years old.

A) ​9
B) ​11
C) ​13
D) ​15

Question 35

____ refers to a collection of physical changes that marks the onset of adolescence, including changes height, weight and body composition, and transitions in sexual maturation.

A) ​Adolescence
B) ​Climacteric
C) ​Puberty
D) ​Menarche

Question 36

Pubertal changes that are related to reproduction are to ____ as pubertal changes that are not directly linked to the reproductive organs are to ____.

A) ​adrenal maturatives; pituitary maturatives
B) ​primary sexual characteristics; secondary sexual characteristics
C) ​pituitary maturatives; adrenal maturatives
D) ​secondary sexual characteristics; primary sexual characteristics

Question 37

Which of the following is an accurate differentiation between a young man's initial and later ejaculations?

A) ​Initial ejaculations contain relatively few sperm, while later ejaculations contain enough sperm to fertilize an egg.
B) ​Initial ejaculations only occur during sleep (nocturnal emissions) while later ejaculations can occur either while sleeping or awake.
C) ​Initial ejaculations contain no sperm cells, while later ejaculations (typically starting around 15 years of age) do contain sperm cells.
D) ​Initial ejaculations contain a high content of urine combined with semen, while later ejaculations are almost exclusively semen.

Question 38

Which statement is most accurate about the brain of a person who is in early adolescence?

A) ​It has finally developed all 12 lobes of the cerebrum.
B) ​It is experiencing accelerated synaptic pruning.
C) ​It has nearly reached its full size.
D) ​It is about half of its adult size.

Question 39

Which of the following chemicals, when released in the body, will initiate the biochemical changes that produce body hair?

A) ​phytogens
B) ​prolactins
C) ​androgens
D) ​estrogens

Question 40

During puberty, ____ increases more rapidly for girls than boys.

A) ​muscle development
B) ​heart capacity
C) ​lung capacity
D) ​body fat

Question 41

Mick is a boy who began puberty at 11 years old. Research on early maturation suggests that Mick is

A) ​at risk for substance abuse.
B) ​likely to have increased self-confidence.
C) ​at risk for school failure.
D) ​likely to spend most of his time with same-age peers.

Question 42

Dontee is a typical teenager. Research has indicated that the moodiness that he is exhibiting is most likely due to

A) ​raging hormone levels.
B) ​changes in social settings and activities.
C) ​negative verbal interactions with his parents.
D) ​concern over his changing body.

Question 43

Adolescents are notorious for worrying about their appearance. Who would you expect to be the MOST concerned?

A) ​Tommy, who is fit and strong and has a warm, supportive family
B) ​Shannon, who often talks about appearance with her friends
C) ​Danian, whose authoritative parents are only average looking
D) ​Darla who, with her friends, tends to be focused creating cos-play characters

Question 44

Research has found that girls who mature earlier than their peers are at risk for several problematic consequences. Which of the following is NOT one of those outcomes, as noted by your authors?

A) ​being depressed
B) ​being less popular than her peers
C) ​being more likely to smoke and drink
D) ​having unrealistically high self-esteem

Question 45

Childhood and adolescent obesity is associated with a number of outcomes, including ____.

A) ​paradoxically improved fitness as an adult
B) ​increased risk of hypertension and diabetes
C) ​increased popularity
D) ​higher grade point averages

Question 46

Compared to ____, ____ are much more concerned about their overall appearance.

A) ​children and adults; adolescents
B) ​preschoolers and adolescents; adults
C) ​adolescents and emerging adults; children
D) ​children and adolescents; emerging adults

Question 47

For children and adolescents, the technical definition of overweight is based on ____.

A) ​their weight compared to the average for others their age
B) ​the percentile of their body mass index
C) ​whether their BMI in greater than 25
D) ​the impact of their weight on their physical functioning

Question 48

In what way is genetics related to a child's risk of developing obesity?

A) ​Heredity contributes to a dislike of exercise and to not getting enough sleep.
B) ​Heredity determines whether you can or cannot be an athlete and thus get enough exercise to burn off the calories that you consume.
C) ​Heredity contributes to tendencies to overeat, to be sedentary, or to be less able to convert fat to fuel.
D) ​Heredity determines whether your pubertal growth spurt will increase your body's calorie needs enough to cause you to lose your "baby fat," and thus prevent you from developing adolescent or adulthood obesity.

Question 49

The average age of the onset of puberty in girls is ____, while the average age of onset of puberty in boys is ____.

A) ​13 years, 11 years
B) ​11 years, 13 years
C) ​12 years, 10 years
D) ​10 years, 12 years

Question 50

The technical definition of "overweight" is based on the ____, which is an adjusted ratio of weight to height.

A) ​leptin uptake pace (LUP)
B) ​body mass index (BMI)
C) ​mean dormant metabolic output (MDMO)
D) ​basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Question 51

Suppose you were to compare the photos from your senior year of high school to the photos from your grandparents' senior year of high school. What would you expect to see?

A) ​Far fewer overweight and obese adolescents in your grandparents' photos
B) ​About the same number of obese and overweight adolescents in both sets of photos
C) ​More obese and overweight males but fewer obese and overweight females in your grandparents' photos
D) ​Far more obese and overweight adolescents in your grandparents' photos

Question 52

While there are several factors that influence nutritional needs, the average teenage boy should consume about ____ calories a day.

A) ​1200
B) ​1800
C) ​2200
D) ​2700

Question 53

While there are several factors that influence nutritional needs, the average teenage girl should consume about ____ calories a day.

A) ​1200
B) ​1800
C) ​2200
D) ​2700

Question 54

In recent years, childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity has

A) ​decreased dramatically
B) ​been largely eliminated
C) ​been described as an epidemic
D) ​been addressed successfully by surgery

Question 55

Which of the following BEST summarizes your authors' position on dealing with the problem of obesity in children?

A) ​Be very careful about addressing a child's obesity, as the psychological toll can be more devastating than the physical outcomes.
B) ​Gradually increase a child's exercise so that extra weight comes off slowly.
C) ​Prevent obesity in the first place through increased activity and good eating habits.
D) ​Even in children, weight-reduction surgeries can be a useful tool for helping to eliminate obesity and restore health.

Question 56

Girls who experience harsher punishment by their mothers during their preschool and young childhood years are likely to

A) ​experience a later onset of menarche.
B) ​experience an earlier onset of menarche.
C) ​experience an absence of menarche.
D) ​be uneducated about what it means to experience menarche.

Question 57

One result of too much fast food and other unhealthy eating practices is that many teenagers consume too much/many ____ and not enough ____.

A) ​preservatives and minerals; lymphocytes and basophils
B) ​sodium and fat; iron and calcium
C) ​nitrates and nitriles; ketones and amino acids
D) ​cholesterol and vitamins; sugars and carbohydrates

Question 58

Which statement about boys' rate of maturation is true?

A) ​The effects of early maturation are stronger for boys than they are for girls.
B) ​Maturing early increases boys' self-confidence.
C) ​Boys who develop earlier or later than the average peer display no negative consequences.
D) ​Both early and late physical development is stressful for boys.

Question 59

Kendra is a 15-year-old girl who has been experiencing menstruation since she was 12 years of age. During her monthly period she loses some hemoglobin, the matter in red blood cells that carries oxygen. In order to replace this hemoglobin in her body, she should make sure she eats a diet that has adequate amounts of ____.

A) ​potassium
B) ​iron
C) ​vitamin D
D) ​riboflavin

Question 60

The negative effects associated with being an early-maturing female have been found to be offset by

A) ​hormone replacement therapy.
B) ​hanging around with older males.
C) ​possessing a strong personal fable.
D) ​having warm, supportive parents.

Question 61

Using ____ steroids to "bulk up" is associated with numerous physical and psychological adverse effects.

A) ​catabolic
B) ​anabolic
C) ​metabolic
D) ​epibolic

Question 62

If you were asked to develop an effective program for preventing eating disorders in teens, you should

A) ​utilize psychoactive medication.
B) ​teach the importance of resisting social pressure to be thin.
C) ​create a highly structured environment in which the teens have little personal input.
D) ​avoid teaching about specific diets.

Question 63

Individuals with anorexia nervosa have a grossly distorted ____.

A) ​body image
B) ​sense of importance
C) ​gender identity
D) ​understanding of development

Question 64

Although the number of high school athletes who get injured playing their sport is not small enough to ignore, the fact is that

A) ​most of those injuries are minor, such as bruises and strained muscles.
B) ​even a serious injury cannot negate the positive impact of such athletic participation.
C) ​these injuries are found almost entirely among football players and wrestlers.
D) ​research has found that suffering an athletic injury helps to develop resilience.

Question 65

____ is a disease in which people binge eat and then purge by vomiting or using laxatives.

A) ​Anorexia nervosa
B) ​Bulimia nervosa
C) ​Orthorexia nervosa
D) ​Rumination disorder

Question 66

According to research presented in your textbook, approximately ____ percent of high school student report having used anabolic steroids, with more frequent use occurring in boys and in younger students.

A) ​2
B) ​3
C) ​5
D) ​7

Question 67

One reason that adolescents engage in risky behavior is because

A) ​they vastly underestimate the risks involved.
B) ​the rewards associated with risky behavior are so appealing.
C) ​they do not value their lives as much as adults do.
D) ​they are susceptible to peer pressure to take risks.

Question 68

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor that increases the likelihood of an adolescent boy developing an eating disorder?

A) ​childhood obesity
B) ​low self-esteem
C) ​late onset of puberty
D) ​participation in sports

Question 69

A primary cause of death that is common to both adolescent girls and boys is

A) ​drug overdose.
B) ​firearms.
C) ​motor vehicle accidents.
D) ​suicide.

Question 70

Your grandmother not-so-fondly recalls participating in high school physical education classes for one class period a day, three days a week. What is physical education like for today's high school students?

A) ​Pretty much the same - three days a week for nearly all students
B) ​Similar, although only a minority of students participate and it is less frequent
C) ​It has actually increased and a daily class for the majority of students.
D) ​It is a universal requirement for high school graduation in the U.S.

Question 71

A very serious problem related to participation in organized athletics during adolescence is the

A) ​risk of serious injury, which happens to many high school athletes.
B) ​risk of becoming socially ostracized if one is not victorious on their team.
C) ​use of illegal drugs to enhance performance.
D) ​likelihood of getting involved in inter-school fights over team loyalty.

Question 72

Jewell wants to play on her high school basketball team, and speaks with her parents about this desire. Her parents understand that there are many benefits to participation in organized sports, but they are also rightly concerned that about ____ percent of high school athletes will be injured and will require some form of medical treatment.

A) ​2
B) ​6
C) ​12
D) ​15

Question 73

The most important risk factor(s) for adolescents to develop an eating disorder is/are

A) ​having peers who engage in eating disordered behaviors.
B) ​having parents who utilize an authoritative parenting style from early childhood.
C) ​being overly concerned about one's body and weight and having a history of dieting.
D) ​having unusually high self-esteem, which leads to a perception that one needs to be "perfect."

Question 74

Paradoxically, many adolescents who engage in very high risk behaviors tend to ____ the likelihood of harm associated with those actions.

A) ​overestimate
B) ​negate
C) ​ignore
D) ​underestimate

Question 75

In the U.S., which of the following is one of the most common causes of death among adolescent boys?

A) ​complications from a sports' injury
B) ​drug overdose
C) ​accidents involving firearms
D) ​natural causes

Question 76

For adolescents, participation in organized sports is associated with ____.

A) ​25% rates of disabling injuries
B) ​decreased initiative
C) ​poorer social skills
D) ​enhanced self-esteem

Question 77

LaTanya has refused to eat more than a few hundred calories a day for the past several months in an attempt to become more slender. As a result, she has lost an enormous amount of weight and she is now severely underweight. She has an intense fear of putting that weight back on. In addition, she continues to see herself as being somewhat overweight. LaTanya's symptoms are most consistent with

A) ​orthorexia nervosa.
B) ​anorexia nervosa.
C) ​bulimia nervosa.
D) ​binge-eating disorder.

Question 78

More than 7 million teens get regular physical exercise by participating in ____.

A) ​"extreme" sports
B) ​muscle building
C) ​distance biking
D) ​organized sports

Question 79

The site of ongoing cognitive processing is called ____.

A) ​working memory
B) ​active calibration
C) ​the executive control system
D) ​the visuospatial sketchpad

Question 80

Which risk factor is associated with eating disorders among males?

A) ​uninvolved parents
B) ​lack of sports participation
C) ​high self-esteem
D) ​childhood obesity