Deck 9: Moving into the Adult Social World: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence.

Question 1

A teenager who drives down the road at 90 miles an hour while texting on her cell phone, smoking a cigarette, and blasting her music, all the while failing to wear a seatbelt is probably experiencing the illusion of invulnerability.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

According to Erikson's theory, only adolescents with behavioral or psychological problems face a crisis between identity and role-confusion.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

According to ____, adolescents face a crisis between identity and role confusion. They must balance the desire to try out different selves with the need to select a single self.

A) ​Erik Erikson
B) ​Sigmund Freud
C) ​Lev Vygotsky
D) ​Jean Piaget

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Dating violence is more common among teens know peers who are in abusive relationships.

Question 5

Approximately 15% of teenagers experienced a period of sexual "questioning," during which they sometimes report emotional and sexual attractions to members of their own sex.

Question 6

In the final phase of ethnic identity development, an adolescent from a minority status group will give up any real ownership of the family's cultural and ethnic background and will immerse herself completely in the majority culture.

Question 7

Around 20% of high school seniors work at a part-time job.

Question 8

The notion that adolescence is a time of "storm and stress," marked by great struggle, conflict, and difficulty has been well-supported by the existing research.

Question 9

Around 20-25% of adolescents struggle with clinical depression, and contrary to common belief, it affects boys more often than it does girls.

Question 10

More than three-quarters of teens report they have been subjected to a form of dating violence.

Question 11

A 17-year-old boy sentenced to death in the U.S. in 2004 was eventually executed despite the argument presented by the American Psychological Association that his relatively immature brain made him unable to fully appreciate the consequences of his act.

Question 12

Adolescent males and females both characterize their first sexual experiences as occurring in the context of love.

Question 13

Youngsters who are temperamentally difficult, overly emotional, or inattentive are more likely than their peers to engage in aggressive actions.

Question 14

Donald Super has proposed a six-phase model of career development that begins in early adolescence and continues through late adulthood.

Question 15

Teen pregnancy often occurs because sexually active teens do not use birth control consistently or correctly.

Question 16

Marijuana and cigarettes are the most widely used drugs among adolescents in the United States.

Question 17

Romantic relationships in adolescence tend to diverge markedly from friendships, as the two types of bonds are so different that they bear almost no resemblance to each other.

Question 18

When an adolescent engages in minor criminal acts or rule breaking, (s)he would be described as committing adolescent-limited antisocial behavior.

Question 19

Research has found that the more hours an adolescent works at a part time job during the school year, the more positive outcomes they can expect to receive.

Question 20

In John Holland's personality-type theory of career development, the six personality types he identified are realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional.

Question 21

Before Nayla was born, her parents immigrated to the United States from their home country of Saudi Arabia. She has been raised in the U.S., and has never taken a large interest in her family's cultural background. Phinney (1989) would suggest that Nayla is in the ____ phase of achieving an ethnic identity?​

A) ​first
B) ​second
C) ​third
D) ​fourth

Question 22

Adolescents are more likely to achieve an identity when parents encourage discussion and recognize the adolescent's growing ____.​

A) ​vulnerability
B) ​egocentrism
C) ​freedom
D) ​autonomy

Question 23

Patrick wakes up one morning to find that he has developed an enormous pimple right on the end of his nose. All throughout the school day he is absolutely sure that everyone is staring at the blemish, when in reality almost nobody cares enough about it to even look. Patrick's certainty that he is the focus of others' attention demonstrates ____.​

A) ​identity moratorium
B) ​adolescent arrogance
C) ​limited centration
D) ​the imaginary audience

Question 24

Which of the following phenomena do you think BEST explains why so many teenagers who engage in sexual intercourse choose not to use contraception?​

A) ​the illusion of invulnerability
B) ​the personal fable
C) ​adolescent egocentrism
D) ​the imaginary audience

Question 25

When parents set rules with little justification and enforce them without explanation, adolescents are more likely to remain in the identity ____ status because they are prevented from experimenting with different selves, and simply do what they are told to do.​

A) ​foreclosure
B) ​achievement
C) ​diffusion
D) ​moratorium

Question 26

According to your textbook, roughly ____ of the adolescents and young adults living in the United States are members of ethnic minority groups.​

A) ​one-third
B) ​one-half
C) ​one-quarter
D) ​two-thirds

Question 27

According to Phinney (1989), achieving an ethnic identity occurs in ____ phase(s) for young people who are members of specific ethnic groups.​

A) ​one
B) ​two
C) ​three
D) ​four

Question 28

Every year, a local community has a "Greek Food Festival," which includes cuisines, music and dance performances, and art from Greece. This year, 16-year-old Stavros has decided that he is going to go along with some of his friends, as he has recently started taking an interest in his ethnic heritage. He is in the ____ phase of achieving an ethnic identity.​

A) first​
B) ​second
C) ​third
D) ​fourth

Question 29

What type of reasoning skills, usually developed during the formal-operational stage of Piaget's theory, are needed for an adolescent to experiment with different selves to learn more about possible identities?​

A) ​deductive reasoning skills
B) ​hypothetical reasoning skills
C) ​intuitive reasoning skills
D) ​expansive reasoning skills

Question 30

Which best describes the thought process underlying adolescent egocentrism?

A) Adolescents cannot believe that others have different perspectives than they have.​
B) ​Adolescents do whatever their parents say.
C) ​Adolescents believe that everyone is ignoring them.
D) ​Adolescents are much more interested in their own feelings than those of others.

Question 31

Myfanwe's parents were born and raised in Wales, but she was raised in the United States. During a college interview, she is asked to discuss the importance of her ethnic background. If she were to state, "I see myself as a combination of influences from Wales and America," it would indicate that she was in the ____ phase of ethnic identity achievement.​

A) ​first
B) ​second
C) third​
D) ​fourth

Question 32

P.J. is in 10th grade, and has incredible ballet skills. He has been dancing since he was young, invites his friends and his girlfriend to all of his performances, and has expressed to his parents that this is what he wants to do for his future. His parents, though supportive of dance as a hobby, have told him, "If you want to dance for fun in college that is up to you, but you are going to study law or medicine so that you can support yourself." They have not really given him a choice, and P.J. has accepted their decision even though it makes him unhappy. According to Marcia, P.J. is currently experiencing​

A) ​identity moratorium.
B) ​identity foreclosure.
C) ​identity diffusion.
D) ​identity achievement.

Question 33

"Overwhelmed" is to identity ____ as "completed" is to identity ____.

A) ​moratorium; foreclosure
B) ​diffusion; achievement
C) ​achievement; moratorium
D) ​foreclosure; diffusion

Question 34

The third phase of ethnic identity achievement involves​

A) ​wondering about one's ethnic heritage.
B) ​rejecting one's heritage.
C) ​deciding to not explore one's ethnic roots.
D) ​creating a distinct ethnic self-concept.

Question 35

Which parents are most likely to raise a teenager who reaches identity achievement status?

A) ​Ozzie and Harriet, who discourage experimentation in their children
B) ​Ward and June, who encourage conformity in their children
C) ​Kate and Allie, who encourage autonomy in their children
D) ​George and Jane, who strictly enforce unjustified rules

Question 36

Which of the following outcomes has NOT been found to be associated with the development of a strong ethnic identity during adolescence?

A) ​higher self-esteem
B) ​being more harmed by ethnic-related discrimination
C) ​better academic performance in school
D) ​an increased likelihood of going to college after high school

Question 37

Gabe is a 17-year-old high school student who is nearing the end of his junior year. His parents have been asking him about what colleges he may want to attend, but he has done nothing to gather information about the various options. He knows he wants to go to college, but hasn't sent away for any brochures or done any online research. Gabe is currently experiencing which of Marcia's identity statuses?​

A) ​moratorium
B) ​foreclosure
C) ​achievement
D) ​diffusion

Question 38

Abby is 16, and Andy is 5. Both exhibit egocentrism. How is this egocentrism MOST likely to differ between them?​

A) Andy is going to exhibit more self-interest.​
B) ​Abby has reached achievement in most areas.
C) ​Abby knows that other people have different perspectives than her own.
D) ​Andy is more likely to exhibit the illusion of vulnerability.

Question 39

When Tanya comes home from the 10th grade dance in tears, she runs right to her room and slams the door. When her mother knocks to ask her what is wrong, she yells, "I can't believe he broke up with me at a dance! I don't want to talk about it. Nobody could EVER understand how I feel right now!" Tanya's belief that her experience is unique and that nobody has ever experienced a similarly painful break-up demonstrates

A) ​the personal fable.
B) ​the illusion of invulnerability.
C) ​adolescent egocentrism.
D) ​the imaginary audience.

Question 40

In the very popular movie "Bend It Like Beckham," the main character, Jesminder, is constantly urged by her mother to learn how to make aloo gobi, which is a vegetable and potato dish that is native to their Indian background. At the start of the movie Jess is uninterested in this task, but partway through she seems to take an interest in being taught this ethnic skill. When she finally learns to make the meal, she is demonstrating the ____ phase of ethnic identity achievement.

A) ​first
B) ​second
C) ​third
D) ​fourth

Question 41

Luanne has recently had her first sexual encounter with a classmate in her high school. She is most likely to describe her partner as​

A) ​her soul mate.
B) ​a casual date.
C) ​someone she loves.
D) ​a "friend with benefits."

Question 42

Thomas has recently had his first sexual encounter with a classmate in his high school. He is most likely to describe his partner as

A) his soul mate.​
B) ​a casual date.
C) ​someone he loves.
D) ​a "friend with benefits."

Question 43

Of the following choices, which set of parents are MOST likely to have an adolescent who has high self-esteem?​

A) ​Ezra and Shelly, who have provided their daughter with every advantage and have gone to great lengths to prevent her from ever being disappointed
B) ​Cindy and Tom, who have taken a "leave her alone" approach to parenting their daughter, allowing her to "find her own way" with minimal guidance
C) ​John and Laurie, who have raised their daughter with an "iron fist" so that her achievements would be maximized and her difficulties would be minimized
D) ​Barry and Cheryl, who have raised their daughter with reasonable expectations and who discuss their rules and discipline with her

Question 44

Teenagers are more likely to engage in sexual activity when parents​

A) ​actively discourage sexual activity.
B) ​encourage dependence.
C) ​remain emotionally attached.
D) ​fail to monitor their activities.

Question 45

Which of the following statements BEST describes the position of your authors regarding the self-esteem of adolescents?

A) ​Self-esteem can vary across different domains and the social domain is particularly important to adolescents.
B) ​Self-esteem is global; that is, if an adolescent feels good about herself in one area, she is most likely to feel good about herself in all areas.
C) ​Self-esteem is surprisingly unaffected by the relationships that adolescents have with their peers.
D) ​Self-esteem is surprisingly unaffected by the relationships that adolescents have with their parents and siblings.

Question 46

Which of the following is the single best predictor of adolescent sexual behavior?​

A) ​the adolescent's popularity among his/her peers
B) ​the "crowd" with whom the adolescent most closely identifies
C) ​the adolescent's racial or ethnic background
D) ​there is no single factor that best predicts adolescent sexual behavior

Question 47

According to novelists and filmmakers, the search for identity is described as a struggle, a time of ____ for adolescents.

A) ​tabula rasa
B) ​peace and tranquility
C) ​storm and stress
D) ​ebb and flow

Question 48

Which of the following BEST encapsulates the majority of relationships between adolescents and their parents?​

A) ​The relationships are a constant battle for power, independence, and dominance.
B) ​The relationships are fraught with conflict and struggle.
C) ​The relationships are distant, with few areas parent-adolescent agreement.
D) ​The relationships are warm, loving, and satisfying.

Question 49

Who among the following would you most expect to become pregnant as an adolescent?​

A) ​Tiara, an African American teen who has never had sex education
B) ​Thao, an Asian American teen who received comprehensive sex education
C) ​Myra, a European-American teen who has been trained as a peer sex-educator
D) ​Clair, a Hispanic teen who received comprehensive sex education

Question 50

Which of the following is a sexually transmitted disease that can have serious complications if left untreated?​

A) ​chlamydia
B) ​Ebola
C) ​E. coli
D) ​cystic fibrosis

Question 51

In about ____ percent of families, the relationship between an adolescent and his/her parents is marked by serious conflict and behavioral problems. These issues often predate adolescence and, as children, there may have been problematic relationships with peers.​

A) ​15
B) ​25
C) ​30
D) ​35

Question 52

Which of the following individuals is MOST likely to have a host of problems in adolescence, such as drug use and lower grades, as well as less satisfying relationships in adulthood?​

A) ​Bernardo, who has been dating the same person for three years, a relationship that began when he was 15 years old
B) ​Madhavi, who has had only one or two girlfriends during his adolescent years, and in both cases was with his partner for over a year
C) ​Andrea, who did not start dating until she was in college
D) ​Samira, who has dated many people since she started dating

Question 53

The drop in self-esteem often found when children first enter middle school appears to be due to

A) ​the acquisition of concrete operational thinking.
B) ​the illusion of invulnerability.
C) ​changes in ethnic identity.
D) ​peer comparisons.

Question 54

According to Shulman & Kipnis (2001), intimacy, trust, and ____ become important features of romantic relationships for older adolescents.

A) ​popularity
B) ​support
C) ​sexual behavior
D) ​peer approval

Question 55

For adolescents, describing a first sexual partner as "someone I love" is to ____ as describing a first sexual partner as "a casual date" is to ____.​

A) ​males; females
B) ​females; males
C) ​older adolescents; younger adolescents
D) ​younger adolescents; older adolescents

Question 56

In which of the following circumstances would you expect Alphonse's self-esteem to remain stable as he transitions from elementary to middle school?

A) When he moves from one district to another, thus giving him a chance to "rebuild" his standing with his new peers.​
B) ​When he moves into a homeroom class that is led by a teacher who is well-known for being warm and kind to students.
C) ​When he moves into a middle school with kids from various elementary schools, many of whom he has never met before.
D) ​When only his elementary school feeds into the middle school so her already knows his classmates.

Question 57

According to published studies, approximately ____ of American adolescents will have had sexual intercourse by the time they complete high school.​

A) ​one-quarter
B) ​one-half
C) ​two-thirds
D) ​three-quarters

Question 58

The fundamental reason that teen pregnancy is common is because sexually active teens often do not

A) ​use birth control.
B) ​know how to refuse sex.
C) ​believe pregnancy is a big deal.
D) ​have parents who are supportive.

Question 59

By high school, roughly ____ of U.S. adolescents have had a romantic relationship within the previous 18 months.

A) ​one-quarter
B) ​one-half
C) ​two-thirds
D) ​three-quarters

Question 60

Seventeen-year-old Linda has been having several arguments with her parents in recent months, more so than just a few years ago. Over which of the following issues are these arguments MOST LIKELY to occur?​

A) ​educational failures in high school
B) ​personal choices, such as clothing and hairstyle
C) ​Linda's plans for her future, including her college preferences
D) ​Linda's choices in people to date

Question 61

According to a theory proposed by ____, identity is a primary force in an adolescent's choice of career.

A) Linda Subich​
B) ​Linda Gottfredson
C) ​Donald Super
D) ​John Holland

Question 62

Research cited in your text suggests that one in ____ reports having experiences some form of dating violence.​

A) ​two
B) ​three
C) ​four
D) ​five

Question 63

Lester is 14 years old, and has started the long journey of figuring out what sort of career he will be interested in. He is using his current identity as a source of ideas about careers, thinking about things that he enjoys and is good at. According to Donald Super, Lester is in the ____ phase of career development.​

A) implementation​
B) ​exploration
C) ​specification
D) ​crystallization

Question 64

Research on a home-based program designed to prevent teen dating abuse found that the program was successful in ____.​

A) reducing risk among teens at very high risk of perpetrating violence.​
B) ​changing teen behavior even several years after the program
C) ​increasing understanding of the negative consequences of dating violence
D) ​decreasing acceptance of dating violence

Question 65

Among American adolescent girls who have had sexual intercourse, approximately one in ____ becomes pregnant..​

A) ​6
B) ​8
C) ​10
D) ​12

Question 66

About ___% of teenage boys and girls identify themselves as gay or lesbian.​

A) ​2
B) ​5
C) ​8
D) ​12

Question 67

Who has the LEAST effective plan for decreasing the probability of teenage pregnancy in a school population?

A) ​Ira, who says, "We need to convince our young people that teenage pregnancy can happen to them."
B) ​Denise, who says, "Teenage women should be more informed about how difficult it is to be a teenage parent."
C) ​Afi, who says, "We must do a better job of informing our students about contraception."
D) ​Dmitri, who says, "To eliminate teenage pregnancy, we must limit access to contraceptives."

Question 68

Based on research, who would you expect to be the MOST likely to perpetrate dating violence?​

A) ​Casey, who does not know anyone who has perpetrated dating violence
B) ​Dakota, who has a history of antisocial behavior
C) ​Jaiden, who is a star student
D) ​Jordan, whose parents are very attentive and watchful

Question 69

Marius is a 13-year-old whose parents have encouraged him to "begin thinking" about his future. As he ponders this question, Marius thinks to himself, "You know, I'm not really very talkative and I get a little uncomfortable around people I don't know. I guess being a teacher is really something that is not for me!" Marius is currently in the midst of the ____ phase of career development.​

A) ​crystallization
B) ​exploration
C) ​specification
D) ​implementation

Question 70

The research presented in your textbook suggests that for ____, same-sex attraction to other individuals is less likely to occur during one specific developmental period; in fact, such attraction for these people may develop in mid- or late-adolescence all the way up through old age.

A) ​men
B) ​women
C) ​transgender individuals
D) ​both men and women

Question 71

According to a theory proposed by Donald Super, ____ is a primary force in an adolescent's choice of career.

A) socioeconomic status​
B) ​ethnicity
C) ​identity
D) ​parental occupation(s)

Question 72

Forming initial ideas about a career path is to ____ as actually entering the work force is to ____.​

A) ​exploration; crystallization
B) ​implementation; specification
C) ​specification; exploration
D) ​crystallization; implementation

Question 73

Which of the following has been identified as a factor that increases the risk of a male or female perpetrating dating violence?​

A) ​a history of depression
B) ​popularity among their same-age peers
C) ​having parents whose discipline is harsh or inconsistent
D) ​having male siblings

Question 74

The most effective sex education programs are those that are _____.​

A) ​"abstinence-only"
B) ​comprehensive and emphasize responsibility
C) ​based on religious values
D) ​bare bones and provide only biological information

Question 75

Of the following individuals which is the MOST likely to become pregnant while she is a teenager?​

A) ​Sydney, who is a European American
B) ​Bao, who is a Vietnamese American
C) ​Guadalupe, who is a Latin American
D) ​Neva, who is a Chinese American

Question 76

Which statement concerning the origins of sexual orientation is true?

A) ​There is a "lesbian gene."
B) ​Interest in the same sex tends to occur much later in females.
C) ​Gay males tend to reject things they classify as "feminine."
D) ​There is no evidence that hormones play a role.

Question 77

Results from a study evaluating a dating abuse prevention program indicate that teens in the treatment condition​

A) ​became very fearful of dating violence
B) ​were less likely to even date.
C) ​showed an increase in conflict resolution skills.
D) ​were less accepting of dating abuse.

Question 78

Making threats of physical or other harm is considered to be a form of _____ violence.

A) ​emotional
B) ​physical
C) ​sexual
D) ​domestic

Question 79

Your authors describe a progression of sexual orientation discovery for males who are gay that involves three key components. Which of the following is the correct order of those components?

A) "feeling" different, becoming interested in gender-atypical activities, being attracted to other males​
B) ​being attracted to other males, "feeling different," becoming interested in gender-atypical activities
C) ​"feeling" different, being attracted to other males, becoming interested in gender-atypical activities
D) ​becoming interested in gender-atypical activities, being attracted to other males, "feeling different"

Question 80

One effective program for reducing dating violence is called "____," which is a home-based prevention program designed to limit dating abuse.​

A) ​Just Say NO MORE!
B) No Means No​
C) ​Out of the Dark
D) ​Families for Safe Dates