Deck 14: The Personal Context of Later Life: Physical, Cognitive, and Mental Health Issues.

Question 1

An age-related loss of the ability to see objects close up is called presbycusis.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

It is estimated that by the year 2030, 85% of older adults in the United States of America will have earned a high school diploma.​

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Internal aids are memory aids that rely on environmental resources, such as notebooks or calendars.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

A person's useful life expectancy refers to the age at which half of the people born in a particular year will have died.​

Question 5

When it comes to longevity, research has found that heredity is the major factor in determining how long a person will live. Environmental factors provide almost no input in people with "good" genes.

Question 6

The primary characteristic of diabetes mellitus is above-normal glucose in the blood and urine caused by problems in metabolizing proteins.​

Question 7

There are three major groups of biological theories of how we age.​

Question 8

An important step in the diagnosis of depression in older adults is ruling out other possible causes of symptoms, including neurological disorders, medical side effects, metabolic conditions, and substance abuse.​

Question 9

Intentionally coming up with the names of the capitals of all 50 states in the United States is an example of implicit memory.​

Question 10

Researchers have identified the exact mechanisms by which neurofibrillary tangles develop, and there is great hope that this will lead to the first steps in the development of a cure for Alzheimer's disease.

Question 11

Some researchers believe that telomeres-chemicals produced randomly during normal cell metabolism that bond easily to other substances inside cells-cause cellular damage that impairs functioning.​

Question 12

The most serious age-related condition is depression.

Question 13

Thankfully, in the United States there are governmental programs already established to provide adequate support and assistance to the growing elderly population.

Question 14

People who study population trends are called psychometricians.

Question 15

Transient ischemic attacks may be an early warning sign of an impending stroke.​

Question 16

One of the few universal findings with regard to the cognitive changes of older adults is that psychomotor speed slows with age.

Question 17

Wisdom is truly "superior" knowledge, judgment, and advice.​

Question 18

Single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT) is a type of functional imaging technique.

Question 19

The use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can provide the evidence needed to make a definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.​

Question 20

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are used to treat depression.​

Question 21

When Jay and Emilie got married, both at the age of 25, they had a fun conversation about how long their marriage would last. "Well, if we both live long enough," Emilie said, "we'll get to celebrate our fiftieth wedding anniversary!" Emilie is speculating about their ____ when she factors the length of their lives into this conversation.​

A) ​average life duration
B) ​probabilistic age at death
C) ​longevity
D) ​useful life expectancies

Question 22

Elijah asks his doctor how long he can plan to live without any major medical problems or impairments. Elijah is asking about _____ life expectancy.

A) ​maximum
B) ​useful
C) ​average
D) ​modal

Question 23

Dr. Nebinger is discussing population trends and their changes with her students. "As you can see looking at these graphics," she says, "in _____ the population of the United States looked most like a pyramid."​

A) ​1950
B) ​1980
C) ​1990
D) ​2010

Question 24

As a demographer, Sherwood would be most interested in studying​

A) ​implicit memory and how it changes with age.
B) ​the number of neural connections contained in the central nervous system.
C) ​the distinction between presbyopia and presbycusis.
D) ​how the number of young people in a population has changed over the past 50 years.

Question 25

The rates at which elderly populations are growing differs by ethnicity. Which group has the LOWEST rate of growth for its elderly population?

A) ​Native Americans
B) ​Asian Americans
C) ​European Americans
D) ​Latinos

Question 26

What is the primary reason there have been rapid increases in the number of older adults internationally?​

A) ​Because of the declining birth rate.
B) ​Because of increased government funds available for pension programs.
C) ​Because more adults must work until the age of 75 before being eligible for retirement.
D) ​Because of improved health care standards.

Question 27

According to your text, the impact of social class on longevity results PRIMARILY from

A) ​different access to goods and services, especially medical care
B) ​differences in the willingness of individuals to follow doctor's instructions
C) ​generational differences in the impact of epigenetic factors
D) ​differences in the use of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs

Question 28

Currently, the average life expectancy for women in the United States of America is 81 years. This means that

A) ​half of all women in the USA will live to the age of 81 without suffering from any debilitating illness or impairment.
B) ​half of all women in the USA will die by the age of 81.
C) ​the maximum age that most women in the USA can expect to live to is 81 years.
D) ​the oldest woman currently living in the USA is 81 years of age.

Question 29

In which ethnic group(s) do older women outnumber older men in the United States?​

A) ​This trend is only true in European Americans.
B) ​This trend is true in Native Americans and Latinos.
C) ​This trend is true in African Americans and Asian Americans.
D) ​This trend is true in all major ethnic groups in the U.S.

Question 30

Jesse is earning his Master's degree, and he is interested in having a career in which he will study population trends. Jesse is preparing for a career as a(n) ____.

A) ​demographer
B) ​psychometrician
C) ​statistician
D) ​ethnographer

Question 31

Christopher suffers from an illness that has rendered him unable to care for himself, to hold a job, or to live independently. He is only 32 years of age. Reevis is a 70-year-old college professor who has considered retirement but thinks that it is still three or four years away. Which of the following statements is the MOST accurate regarding these two gentlemen?

A) ​Christopher has a shorter average life expectancy than Reevis.
B) ​Christopher has a shorter longevity than Reevis.
C) ​Christopher has a shorter useful life expectancy than Reevis.
D) ​Christopher will have a shorter maximum life expectancy than Reevis.

Question 32

Why is it that population pyramids for developed nations in particular have changed so drastically over the last 60 years and will continue to do so over the next several decades?

A) ​Because the number of people living to an old age has increased significantly.
B) ​Because the rate of juvenile death due to illness and accident has skyrocketed.
C) ​Because more people are choosing to get married at a later age.
D) ​Because the age at which people are choosing to have children is getting later and later.

Question 33

Since 2010, the rate of growth of older adults in ____ is the highest in the industrialized world.​

A) ​India
B) ​Japan
C) ​China
D) ​The United States of America

Question 34

By the year 2030, it is estimated that approximately ____ percent of older adults in the United States will have earned a college degree.

A) ​45
B) ​60
C) ​75
D) ​90

Question 35

The most rapidly growing segment of the United States population is the group of people

A) ​between the ages of 40 and 55.
B) between the ages of 55 and 65.​
C) ​between the ages of 65 and 80.
D) ​over the age of 85.

Question 36

By the year 2040, China expects to have over ______ people over the age of 60 living in that country.

A) ​75 million
B) ​150 million
C) ​225 million
D) ​300 million

Question 37

The number of years a person can expect to live is his or her _____.

A) ​maximum life expectancy
B) ​average life expectancy
C) ​useful life expectancy
D) ​longevity

Question 38

Currently, the average life expectancy in the United States of America is _____ for women and ____ for men.

A) ​72.6; 78.1
B) ​76.0; 74.0
C) ​78.2; 73.6
D) ​81.0; 76.2

Question 39

In the United States, the number of older adults will place enormous pressure on pension systems such as

A) ​health care.
B) ​nursing homes.
C) ​Social Security.
D) ​hospitals.

Question 40

A graphic technique that is used to illustrate population trends by showing the relative sizes of different age groups is called a ____.

A) ​histogram
B) ​population pyramid
C) ​frequency distribution
D) ​segmented bar graph

Question 41

One current theory of why cancer cells can replicate so rapidly and why they may, in fact, be able to live with no time limits, is because they​

A) ​are not susceptible to the "programmed" longevity in one's genotype.
B) ​are immune to the destructive nature of free radicals.
C) ​have the ability to activate telomeres on the tips of chromosomes.
D) ​replicate human cells so perfectly that they human body cannot fight them.

Question 42

What best describes the potential role of telomeres in the aging process?​

A) ​They are the packets of fuel that feed each cell and that become more porous with age.
B) ​They are "glue" that binds together the base pairs of DNA molecules and form weaker bonds with age.
C) ​They are the scrubber cells that clear all debris from our arteries and become less efficient with age.
D) ​They are a portion of a chromosome that gets shorter until DNA replication is no longer possible.

Question 43

Which theory of aging would be most useful at explaining why muscle tissue and some arteries get stiffer over time, leading to potentially severe consequences?​

A) ​free radical theory
B) cross-linking theory​
C) ​programmed theory
D) ​wear-and-tear theory

Question 44

Damaged and dying neurons sometimes collect around a core of protein and produce ____, which likely interferes with the normal functioning of other, healthy neurons.

A) ​neurofibrillary tangles
B) ​neuritic plaques
C) ​free radicals
D) ​antioxidant telomeres

Question 45

International data on average life expectancy can be best described by which of the following statements?

A) ​Life expectancy in various populations worldwide is surprisingly similar.
B) ​Countries around the world differ dramatically in average life expectancy.
C) ​Environmental factors play more of a role in life expectancy than genetics do.
D) ​The lowest average life expectancy in developing countries is 62 years.

Question 46

The tips of chromosomes, which may play a role in the manner in which we age, are called ____.

A) ​telomeres
B) ​free radicals
C) ​beta-amyloids
D) ​neurofibrillary tangles

Question 47

Ruphail is a European American child who was born yesterday. Donald is an African American child who was also born yesterday. Which of the following is the MOST accurate statement about these two children?

A) ​Ruphail begins his life with a lower maximum life expectancy than Donald.
B) ​Donald begins his life with a lower useful life expectancy than Ruphail.
C) ​Ruphail begins his life with a lower longevity than Donald.
D) ​Donald begins his life with a lower average life expectancy than Ruphail.

Question 48

Dr. Gregoire is interested in studying detailed images of the anatomical features of his patient's brain. He will be most eager to have that patient undergo ____ neuroimaging, such as a CT scan or MRI.​

A) ​static
B) ​functional
C) ​structural
D) ​adaptive

Question 49

The innate tendency of human cells to self-destruct, the clocklike changes in some hormones, and the decline of effectiveness of the human immune system are all factors that lend support to ____ theories of aging.​

A) ​wear-and-tear
B) ​programmed
C) ​error
D) ​diathesis

Question 50

Salvatore is discussing the issue of aging and death with some of his classmates. "I don't know about the rest of you," he says, "but I think that we're all born with a predetermined amount of time that we are going to live, and there isn't much we can do to extend that time." Salvatore seems to be a proponent of ____ theories of aging.​

A) ​error
B) ​damage
C) ​programmed
D) ​longevity

Question 51

Which part of a normal human neuron gets twisted together to form a neurofibrillary tangle?​

A) neurotransmitters​
B) ​somas
C) ​dendrites
D) ​axons

Question 52

Because neurons do not physically touch each other, they must use ____ in order to communicate.

A) ​neurofibrillary tangles
B) ​neurotransmitters
C) ​telomeres
D) ​radicals

Question 53

The longevity of women tends to be higher than that of men in most developed countries, but that advantage is not found in developing countries. Which of the following is a reason for this loss of extra female longevity?

A) ​Women are more susceptible to fatal infections in developing countries, because they do not work outside of the home and are not physiologically able to develop natural immunities.
B) ​Women are not provided with health care in many developing countries, and thus often die before the age of 30 years.
C) ​There are higher rates of death in childbirth in developing countries, which partially explains the loss of female longevity advantage.
D) ​The rates of honor killings of women are so high in developing countries that the longevity advantage is eliminated.

Question 54

Genetic factors appear to play _____ role in determining how long people will live.

A) ​no
B) ​a minimal
C) ​some
D) ​a major

Question 55

Currently, scientists estimate that 120 years is the _____ for human beings, because there is a limit to how long certain organ systems can last without replacement.

A) ​maximum life expectancy
B) ​longevity
C) ​useful life expectancy
D) ​average life expectancy

Question 56

_____ are chemicals that are produced randomly during normal cell metabolism that bond easily to other substances inside of cells. They can cause damage and impair cellular functioning.​

A) ​Corticosteroids
B) ​Beta-aminos
C) ​Amyloids
D) ​Free radicals

Question 57

Perhaps you've seen commercials on television that advertise skin products that "reduce free radicals and enhance your youthful appearance." These products are actually forwarding a ____ theory of aging.

A) ​programmed
B) ​damage or error
C) ​longevity
D) ​abnutrition

Question 58

Which of the following theories suggest that the waste byproducts of normal cellular activity actually cause the problems associated with aging?​

A) ​telomerease theory
B) ​free radical theory
C) ​metabolic discharge theory
D) ​reuptake theory

Question 59

A large number of ____ in the brain has been found to have an association with Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia.​

A) ​telomeres
B) ​free radicals
C) ​neurofibrillary tangles
D) ​neurotransmitters

Question 60

____ is best explained by the wear-and-tear theory of aging.​

A) ​AIDS
B) ​Joint deterioration during osteoarthritis
C) ​Misshapen blood cells in sickle-cell disease
D) ​Alzheimer's disease

Question 61

The rapidness with which a person can execute a mental function and provide a specific response is called ____ speed.

A) ​visuographic
B) ​psychomotor
C) ​working
D) ​cognitive

Question 62

Which vision problem is the leading cause of functional blindness in older adults?​

A) ​macular degeneration
B) ​diabetic retinopathy
C) ​cataracts
D) ​glaucoma

Question 63

Maurice has suffered a series of small strokes, each of which has caused a small amount of damage to his brain. As a result, he has now been diagnosed with ____ dementia.​

A) ​vascular
B) ​ischemic
C) ​functional
D) ​myocardial

Question 64

Dr. Kobayashi wants to know what is going on in her patient's brain. Specifically, she wants to know how the activity of the brain changes when certain tasks are being performed. She is most likely to order a round of _____ neuroimaging tests.​

A) dynamic​
B) ​functional
C) ​adaptive
D) ​structural

Question 65

Ruth has recently experienced a cerebral vascular accident involving an interruption of the flow of blood to her brain. If you were going to use the more common term for this medical event, you'd say that she had a(n) ____.​

A) ​aneurysm
B) ​stroke
C) ​heart attack
D) ​syncopal episode

Question 66

____ is the most common form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.​

A) ​Emphysema
B) ​Asthma
C) ​Rhonchi
D) ​Cystic fibrosis

Question 67

The majority of older adults with diabetes mellitus developed diabetes

A) ​as children, adolescents, or young adults.
B) ​in late middle age and typically develop cardiovascular problems.
C) ​in late life and usually show mild problems.
D) ​during middle age and can cure it with insulin.

Question 68

Presbycusis is the most common age-related​

A) ​form of dementia.
B) ​variety of COPD.
C) ​visual disorder.
D) ​type of hearing problem.

Question 69

Structural and functional neuroimaging are _____ techniques that have contributed to our knowledge about age-related brain changes.​

A) ​noninvasive
B) ​surgical
C) ​radioactive
D) ​cognitive assessment

Question 70

Which of the following does NOT belong?​

A) MRI​
B) ​PET
C) ​x-rays
D) ​CT scan

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT one of the sleeping trends that are seen in older adults when compared to younger adults?

A) ​They experience more nightmares in the average month.
B) ​It takes roughly twice as long to fall asleep.
C) ​They get less sleep in the average night.
D) ​They feel more negative effects after a night of poor sleep.

Question 72

Chelsea is an older woman who has been having some difficulty with her hearing lately. If she is experiencing the normal age-related changes in her hearing that you'd expect, which of the following would she have the MOST difficulty hearing?​

A) ​A young girl's high-pitched voice.
B) ​The thunder of a raucous rainstorm.
C) ​The loud siren of a fire truck passing by her house.
D) ​Her husband's deep voice over the breakfast table.

Question 73

Residents of nursing homes and frail older adults are especially prone to deficiencies in which nutrient?​

A) ​vitamin C
B) ​fiber
C) ​folic acid
D) ​protein

Question 74

Research indicates that, by their late 70s, approximately _____ of older adults have presbycusis.

A) ​one-quarter
B) ​one-half
C) ​three-quarters
D) ​one-third

Question 75

Older adults often experience transient ____ attacks, which involve interruption of the blood flow to the brain and may be an early warning sign of a stroke.​

A) ​idiopathic
B) ​hyperbaric
C) ​ischemic
D) ​arrhythmic

Question 76

Stephanie has been a smoker for many years, and has lately developed a form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Her doctor tells her that her illness is probably a result of her smoking, though some cases have genetic roots as well. Stephanie is probably suffering from​

A) ​emphysema.
B) ​lung cancer.
C) ​asthma.
D) ​acute bronchitis

Question 77

Which of the following eye diseases would be most likely to impair the ability of light to reach the back of the eye?​

A) ​retinitis pigmentosa
B) ​macular degeneration
C) ​cataracts
D) ​glaucoma

Question 78

The most common approach to understanding how people process information involves the use of a ____neuroimaging technique, such as functional MRI.​

A) ​task-related
B) ​structural
C) ​dynamic contract
D) ​lucid on-demand

Question 79

One of the reasons that a poor night (or several poor nights!) of sleep can cause such problems in a person's life is that it disrupts their ____ rhythm.

A) ​circadian
B) ​programmed
C) ​neuritic
D) ​homeostatic

Question 80

When Izzy gets home from school, she hands her book report to her grandmother to show off the A that she got. She is surprised when her grandmother holds the report at arm's length to read it rather than holding it closer to her eyes. Izzy's grandmother seems to be suffering from​

A) ​cataract.
B) ​presbycusis.
C) ​presbyopia.
D) ​glaucoma.