Deck 4: Rome: From Republic to Empire

Question 1

In an effort to organize their power and protect themselves from the patrician magistrates, plebeians created the office of the ________.

A) censor
B) centurion
C) praetor
D) tribune

Answer 1

tribune

Question 2

________ were the upper class in early Rome; ________ were the lower class.

A) Patrons, patronage
B) Senators, equestrians
C) Patricians, plebeians
D) Plebeians, patricians

Answer 2

Patricians, plebeians

Question 3

To extend a consul's term in office, the Roman republic instituted the ________ in 325 b.c.e.

A) consulship
B) office of praetor
C) proconsulship
D) monarchy

Answer 3

proconsulship

Question 4

The Roman constitution was ________.

A) written on papyrus
B) engraved in stone
C) an unwritten accumulation of laws and customs
D) kept in a temple dedicated to Minerva

Question 5

The concept of humanitas, which the Romans borrowed from Greece, emphasized ________ in education.

A) discipline
B) athletics
C) vocational training
D) critical thinking

Question 6

________ from Babylon influenced Roman civilization, despite the Senate’s attempt to expel the practice in 139 B.C.E.

A) Astrolabes
B) Astrology
C) Astronauts
D) Astronomy

Question 7

Censors had an important role in the early Republic.They had the power to ________.

A) black out passages from private communication
B) destroy books
C) light fires for incense in the temple
D) remove senators for moral impropriety

Question 8

Roman kings had to be approved by the Senate and ________.

A) approved by the people
B) born to the last king
C) marry a virgin
D) consuls

Question 9

Which of these was the last Etruscan state to oppose Rome?

A) Gaul
B) Luca
C) Ostia
D) Veii

Question 10

The Romans admired the culture of ________ but had contempt for the citizens’ squabbling, commerce, and perceived weakness.

A)Assyria
B)Greece
C)Iberia
D)Persia

Question 11

As Rome defeated her neighbors on the Italian peninsula, her peace treaties offered ________.

A) special status as allies for some
B) no quarter
C) prominence to successful military leaders
D) cash for land

Question 12

Romans entrusted their leaders with the power to issue commands and enforce those commands, if necessary.This power was called ________.

A) posse comitatus
B) coloni
C) humanitas
D) imperium

Question 13

Where did the Etruscans originally come from?

A) Rome
B) Etruria, north of Rome
C) Sicily, south of Rome
D) Cannae, east of Rome

Question 14

Upper class Roman women had ________ compared with women in classical Greece.

A) less power and influence
B) more power and influence
C) more incentive to bear twins
D) more responsibilities to the state

Question 15

Educated women were probably taught at ________, rather than at school.

A) nurseries
B) colleges
C) home
D) temple

Question 16

Unlike the terms reached after defeating their Italian neighbors, Rome, under the influence of the conservative Cato, imposed a peace on Macedonia and Carthage that was ________.

A) contingent on cultural exchanges
B) freely given
C) generous
D) harsh

Question 17

Gauls, Celtic people from modern ________, drove the Etruscans out of the Po Valley.

A) Galway
B) Ireland
C) France
D) Turkey

Question 18

The power of the consuls in Rome was checked by the ________.

A) Assembly
B) Gracchi
C) tribunes
D) Senate

Question 19

The Punic Wars were fought against ________.

A) Carthage
B) Corsica
C) Ischia
D) Numidia

Question 20

Carthage's ________ never lost a battle to Rome's armies on the field, but lost the war.

A) Celeste
B) Crassus
C) Hannibal
D) Longinus

Question 21

Tiberius Gracchus pressed for land-reform legislation as a way to ________.

A) antagonize the Latin League into breaking their treaty
B) cheat on his personal taxes
C) disgrace his brother Gaius
D) redistribute wealth

Question 22

Julius Caesar's assassins included ________.

A) Brutus
B) Crassus
C) Cleopatra
D) Pompey

Question 23

King Pyrrhus of Epirus defeated the Romans twice but suffered so many casualties that his career gave rise to the term, a "Pyrrhic _______."

A) ally
B) defeat
C) war
D) victory

Question 24

Marius and Sulla harbored personal resentments stemming from ________.

A) credit extended from Marius to Sulla while both were still students
B) Sulla marrying Marius' daughter without the latter's permission
C) animosity between Rome and the Etruscans
D) the credit given for the end of the Jugurthine War

Question 25

Patrons gave clients protection and land to work.In return, clients gave patrons ________.

A) entertainment, in the form of mock combat
B) gifts in kind
C) naming rights to their children
D) political support

Question 26

Following the First Punic War, Sicily was settled as a province, meaning ________.

A) Sicilians paid tribute rather than served in the Roman army
B) Sicilians needed passports to visit the mainland
C) Romans retained the right to Sicilian marble
D) Sicilians were allowed to maintain self-governance

Question 27

In the years following the Second Macedonian War, Rome treated Greek cities as ________.

A) tributaries
B) colonies
C) protectorates
D) provinces

Question 28

The Punic Wars were fought against Carthage, which was originally settled by ________.

A) Corsicans
B) Etruscans
C) Phoenicians
D) Punts

Question 29

Because the Romans did not destroy the Latin cities after defeating them in 338 b.c.e., ________.

A) Carthage felt free to attack Rome
B) the Senate removed Sulla from his command
C) the Romans gathered more plunder when they attacked again in 336 b.c.e.
D) most of the cities remained loyal allies

Question 30

Who were coloni?

A) midlevel officers of the army responsible for a single platoon
B) humanist teachers who developed punctuation for Latin
C) divinators who looked for signs in sheep intestines
D) tenant farmers who replaced most agricultural slave labor

Question 31

After two major wars, the Romans cited a technical breach of the peace to spitefully destroy ________.

A) Athens
B) Carthage
C) Gaul
D) Etruria

Question 32

Roman students wrote on ________.

A) paper
B) parchment
C) slates
D) wax tablets

Question 33

Although the plebeians won many rights in the Struggle of the Orders, the end result was not democratic because ________.

A) the plebeians who gained higher office were part of a small group of the wealthiest Roman families
B) plebeians were still not allowed to serve as consuls
C) plebeians wanted women to vote
D) the patricians controlled the office of tribune

Question 34

Before the influence of Greece and Etruria and their personified deities, Roman gods were ________.

A) humanlike divinities
B) impersonal spirits known as numina
C) philosophical concepts
D) organized into a pantheon of twelve gods

Question 35

Rome's defeat by Carthage in 216 proved that ________.

A) Carthage had incurred disastrous debt
B) an alliance between the two powers was inevitable
C) Carthage would control the Mediterranean
D) Rome's control of Italy was not unshakeable

Question 36

Although morality played only a small role in Roman religion, rituals were performed as civic duty because it was thought that ________.

A) colonies required divine protection
B) consuls had direct communication with the gods
C) neighbors would report nonbelievers
D) they were necessary to protect the state

Question 37

Women had more power in elite Roman households than their Greek counterparts.They raised the children, ________.

A) and dominated their husbands
B) cooked meals, and were allowed to speak when spoken to
C) kept accounts, and supervised the slaves
D) and built the family home

Question 38

After the Twelve Tables were published, it became more difficult for ________.

A) patricians to exploit the plebeians
B) plebeians to exploit the patricians
C) men to act as materfamilias
D) Romans to get restaurant reservations

Question 39

Wealthy Romans took possession of public land, legally and illegally.This led to a greater division between rich and poor and thus to the land-reform proposals of ________.

A) Cicero
B) Julius Caesar
C) Marius
D) Tiberius Gracchus

Question 40

In times of crisis, consuls could, with the advice of the Senate, retire for six months in favor of a temporary ________.

A) censor
B) consul in training
C) dictator
D) emperor

Question 41

Tiberius Gracchus ran for reelection but ________.

A) was disqualified because his petition was submitted too late
B) he won without a single vote from the assembly
C) he lost
D) was killed in a riot during the election

Question 42

Caesar and Pompey both relied on what group for their power?

A) the censors
B) the provinces
C) the wealthiest members of the Senate
D) the troops they led

Question 43

What does the coin stamped with the profile of Brutus that reads "Ides of March" suggest about contemporary reaction to Caesar's assassination?

A) Some celebrated Brutus's act.
B) Brutus was the most hated man in Rome.
C) The Senate was able to censor all news of Caesar's death.
D) No one knew who was Caesar's killer.

Question 44

For two hundred years, through the Struggle of the Orders, plebeians slowly acquired rights that had previously been the sole province of ________.

Question 45

Looking at the extent of the Roman Republic in 44 b.c.e.(Map 4-3), one could argue that the Roman Empire was a _______ world.

A) cohesive
B) Latin
C) Greek
D) Mediterranean

Question 46

Mark Antony requested military aid from Cleopatra because ________.

A) Lepidus needed help in Africa
B) he did not want to accept troops from Octavian, his political rival
C) Octavian did not send the troops he promised
D) the Egyptian army was the most feared in the Mediterranean

Question 47

The career of ________ could arguably be traced to Sulla's use of military power against fellow Romans.

A) Mark Antony
B) Cleopatra
C) Julius Caesar
D) Sulla

Question 48

Julius Caesar felt he needed to conquer the Gauls ________.

A) to avenge the father he never met
B) to acquire more territory for Rome
C) to burnish his military credentials
D) to establish a route to Britain

Question 49

Rome borrowed mythology, aspects of religion, philosophy, and literature from the ________; educated Romans were expected to be bilingual.

Question 50

After Tiberius's land-reform bill was voted down by the Senate, he introduced ________.

A) a bill that would have done the opposite
B) a more extreme version of the bill
C) the Senate to his family in a bid to win sympathy
D) his brother to politics

Question 51

Somewhat ironically, the constant wars fought by the Roman Republic left a historical reputation of ________.

A) artistic accomplishment
B) competent craftsmanship
C) freedom and the rights of man
D) lasting peace

Question 52

How did the civil war following Julius Caesar's death finally end?

A) in battle between Octavian and Mark Antony
B) through the personal negotiations of the Second Triumvirate
C) with a restoration of the Republic
D) through a Senate decree

Question 53

Because they suspected the Senate was taking bribes from Jugurtha, king of Numidia, ________ elected Marius to the consulship and assigned him to defeat Jugurtha.

A) equestrians
B) senators
C) the consuls
D) the assembly

Question 54

The Senate approved the worship of the Phrygian goddess Cybele, but reversed itself when the cult proved to be ________.

A) a financial scam
B) promoting Phrygia at the expense of Rome
C) a time-sink
D) too ecstatic and sensual

Question 55

After overthrowing their king, the Roman elite established their state as a ________.

Question 56

Based on the histories of Cassius Dio and Nicolaus of Damascus, ________ was a hated word in the history of the late republic.

A) "Carthaginian"
B) "farm"
C) "king"
D) "luck"

Question 57

The Romans came into contact with Hellenized culture in ________.

A)New Carthage
B)books
C)Athens
D)southern Italy

Question 58

In the Roman Republic it was common for slaveholders to ________.

A) eat at the same table as their slaves
B) free their slaves
C) allow their daughters to marry slaves
D) sell their oxen to buy more slaves

Question 59

Romans endowed their rulers with the power of ________, the power to command and to enforce those commands.

Question 60

When Carthage had the opportunity to occupy Sicily, which was close to the Italian peninsula, the Romans launched the first of three ________.

Question 61

No one considers themselves a villain of their own history.How would Julius Caesar tell his story? How would the conspirators who assassinated him explain their side of the story?

Question 62

Because they thought he was trying to make himself into a king and abolish the Republic, a conspiracy led by Gaius Cassius Longinus and Marcus Junius Brutus assassinated ________.

Question 63

Gaius Octavius, who adopted the name
C. Julius Caesar Octavianus, is referred to by modern scholars as Octavian, and eventually would be known as ________.

Question 64

________ defeated Rome in battle multiple times but lost his war when Carthage was attacked in his absence.

Question 65

Royal Rome was characterized by all the virtues and flaws that would play out in the five centuries of the Republic.Argue for or against this statement using at least three examples.

Question 66

Do you believe Caesar wanted to be king? What are the implications of your answer?

Question 67

Was Rome part of the Hellenistic world? Support your answer with details.

Question 68

Spartacus, a gladiator, led a rebellion of ________ against the Roman nobles in 73 b.c.e.

Question 69

The Senate began as a powerful body but over time ceded power to both the consuls and the general populace.How did leaders and the masses erode the influence of the Senate?

Question 70

Leaders who appealed to the general populace were known as populares; those who supported the traditional role of the Senate were known as ________.

Question 71

Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey formed a private political alliance known as the First ________.

Question 72

The magisterial office known as the ________ had a five-year term and the power to remove senators from office for immoral behavior.

Question 73

Octavian made Mark Antony look weak by suggesting he was merely a pawn of Cleopatra, queen of ________.

Question 74

Compare the First and Second Triumvirates.Which was more effective? Why? What led to the dissolution of each?

Question 75

One of the rewards held out to defeated enemies in Italy was Roman ________.

Question 76

Enemies such as Hannibal knew that the key to a successful war against Rome would be to turn her allies against the Republic.How did Rome earn such loyalty from client states and provinces?

Question 77

Compare the influence on Rome of the Etruscans and Greeks.Did the conquest of these two peoples influence Rome's attitude towards their cultures?

Question 78

The geographical location of Rome influenced the Republic's political decisions.Explain how, giving at least two examples.

Question 79

The area that is modern France was occupied by Celtic people called ________; Julius Caesar made his military reputation in campaigns against them.

Question 80

The text suggests that Sulla's greatest legacy was his use of military power, not the constitutional reforms he enacted.Do you agree? Explain how Sulla influenced the politics of Rome in the decades following his rule.