Deck 10: Renaissance and Discovery

Question 1

The first humanists were ________.

A) orators and poets
B) politicians and their secretaries
C) farmers and blacksmiths
D) historians and musicians

Answer 1

orators and poets

Question 2

One way in which the northern humanist Desiderius Erasmus gained fame as a religious reformer was by ________.

A) elaborating Scholastic theology
B) editing the works of the Church Fathers
C) issuing a new edition of Abelard's works
D) pleasing church authorities

Answer 2

editing the works of the Church Fathers

Question 3

Who sponsored Genoese adventurer Christopher Columbus?

A)Catherine of Aragon
B)King Henry VIII
C)Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain
D)Archduke Phillip

Answer 3

Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain

Question 4

Who is considered the "father of Renaissance painting"?

A) Donatello
B) Raphael
C) Michelangelo
D) Giotto

Question 5

Which of the following comprised Florence's popolo grosso in the Renaissance?

A) the old merchant classes
B) the lower urban classes
C) guild masters
D) capitalists and bankers

Question 6

In 1500, the title "duke of Romagna" was given to ________.

A) French King Charles VIII
B) Ferdinand of Aragon
C) French King Louis XII
D) Cesare Borgia

Question 7

Cosimo de' Medici brought stability to which city after his rise to power in 1434?

A) Florence
B) Rome
C) Milan
D) Venice

Question 8

What occurred in 1378 as a result of the unbearable conditions for those at the bottom of society and the disruption caused by the Black Death?

A) the Jacquerie
B) Ciompi Revolt
C) French Revolution
D) signing of the Treaty of Lodi

Question 9

Humanism prepared the way for Protestant reforms in which of the following countries?

A)England, France, and Spain
B)France, England, and Denmark
C)Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain
D)England, France, and Germany

Question 10

The Habsburg-Valois wars were fought between France and ________.

A) Austria
B) Spain
C) the Holy Roman Empire
D) Russia

Question 11

The great masters of the High Renaissance were ________.

A) Titian, Donatello, and Giotto
B) Titian, Vincent van Gogh, and Masaccio
C) Vincent van Gogh, Donatello, and Giotto
D) Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo

Question 12

A new alliance between monarchs and ________ helped break the bonds of feudal society.

A) nobles
B) clergy
C) peasants
D) townspeople

Question 13

Who was known as the "father of humanism"?

A) Giovanni Boccaccio
B) Dante Alighieri
C) Francesco Petrarch
D) Guarino da Verona

Question 14

Which of the following cities had uninterrupted trade with the Near East throughout the Middle Ages?

A) Lyon
B) Pisa
C) Paris
D) Naples

Question 15

Which of the following cities played a key role in the trade between Europe and the Near East?

A) Bologna
B) Venice
C) Florence
D) Milan

Question 16

The term "Machiavellian" has become synonymous with ________.

A) tools made by machinists
B) ruthless political expediency
C) welfare policies
D) slow decision-making

Question 17

King Louis XI shared conquered Burgundian lands with ________.

A) Habsburg emperor Maximilian I
B) Isabella of Castile
C) Ferdinand of Aragon
D) Charles the Bold

Question 18

Which of the following was the most important intellectual recovery made during the Italian Renaissance?

A) Spartan military strategies
B) Roman law
C) Roman studies
D) Greek studies

Question 19

Medieval Europe was a feudal society that had a(n) ________.

A) growing lay and secular control of thought and culture
B) agricultural economy and was dominated by the church
C) growing national consciousness and political centralization
D) urban economy based on organized commerce and capitalism

Question 20

Whose most famous painting is the Mona Lisa?

A) Donatello
B) Michelangelo
C) Raphael
D) Leonardo da Vinci

Question 21

Social strife and competition for political power became so intense within the cities that most evolved into ________.

A) despotisms
B) feudal states
C) oligarchies
D) democracies

Question 22

The ________ of the West Indies and Brazil became the major center for black slavery in the mid-sixteenth century.

A) cotton plantations
B) sugar plantations
C) gold mines
D) sweet-potato fields

Question 23

By the time of the Spanish conquest, the Aztecs ruled almost all of ________.

A) eastern Peru
B) present-day California
C) Central Mexico
D) Cuba

Question 24

Along with his rigorous teachings of ancient languages, humanist Vittorino da Feltre included ________ as part of his daily educational instructions.

A) discussions after each subject
B) physical exercise and games
C) the art of agriculture
D) playing a musical instrument

Question 25

A new style of art called "mannerism" allowed the artist to include ________ in his or her work.

A) perfectly refined images
B) outdoor scenes
C) people dining together
D) the strange and the abnormal

Question 26

How did Valla become a hero to Protestant reformers?

A) his defense of free will against the advocates of predestination
B) his defense of predestination against the advocates of free will
C) his teaching to depict humans as the only creatures in the world who possess the freedom to be whatever they choose
D) his work, Oration on the Dignity of Man

Question 27

Which of the following expresses a viewpoint held by Machiavelli?

A) Roman rulers and citizens of ancient Rome did a poor job of defending their homeland.
B) Italian political unity and independence were ends that justified any means.
C) Ancient Roman patriotism and self-sacrifice were ineffective.
D) Republican ideals were outdated.

Question 28

The political alliance known as the Treaty of Lodi did which of the following?

A) brought Milan and Naples into an alliance with Florence
B) brought the Papal States into an alliance with Florence
C) brought Venice and Naples into an alliance with Florence
D) brought Milan and Naples into an alliance with Venice

Question 29

Columbus thought his first landfall was ________.

A) India
B) China
C) Indonesia
D) Japan

Question 30

Medieval art tended to be abstract and formulaic, whereas Renaissance art showed ________.

A) the natural world and human emotions
B) religious figures without faces
C) sacred images painted on wood
D) small scenes in the margins of text

Question 31

What English humanist wrote a famous book called Utopia?

A) Roger Bacon
B) Thomas More
C) William of Ockham
D) Johann Reuchlin

Question 32

The monarchy of Ferdinand and Isabella in Spain was an example of the emergence of ________ in the 1400s.

A) absolute monarchy
B) sovereign states
C) despotism
D) enlightened absolutism

Question 33

What caused the Florentines to finally execute Savonarola in 1498?

A) They felt he did not do enough to recover Pisa.
B) They felt that Florence was losing power under his rule.
C) They tired of his puritanical tyranny.
D) They discovered that he had lied to them.

Question 34

What did Pope Alexander VI hope to gain by securing a friendship with the French king?

A) control over regions in Italy
B) protection by the French military in times of war
C) his own piece of private land in France
D) a piece of land in France where his son Cesare Borgia could live

Question 35

The primary reason monarchs sought out new sources of income in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was due to the ________.

A) growing cost of warfare
B) growing cost of farming equipment
C) food and clothing needs of the peasants
D) need to build new public offices

Question 36

Which of the following ideas was held to be true in both Renaissance Italy and in Reformation Europe?

A) The interests of laity are no longer subordinate to clergy.
B) Medieval Christian values are important teachings.
C) The philosophies of Plato and Aristotle are counter to truth.
D) Art must be abstract and formulaic.

Question 37

How did the Dominican preacher Girolamo Savonarola convince the Florentines to allow King Charles VIII of France to enter Florence without resistance?

A) He told them that the king's arrival was divine vengeance on their immorality.
B) He promised to ask the king to leave all the land to the Florentines.
C) He explained that Charles VIII had only the best intentions for the Florentines.
D) He delivered a heartfelt speech on the merits of good international relations.

Question 38

________ was by far the most effective and outspoken critic of the Spanish conquerors.

A) Michel de Montaigne
B) Francisco Pizarro
C) Bartolomé de Las Casas
D) Hernán Cortés

Question 39

Endemic warfare between the pope and the Holy Roman Emperor ________.

A) was a boon for the landed nobility
B) had all but ended by the year 1000
C) assisted the growth of Italian city-states
D) had little effect on Italy

Question 40

The ________ greatly helped reduce the need to go to war and allowed increased control over the enemy.

A) use of despotism
B) art of diplomacy
C) hiring of mercenaries
D) purchase of enemy territory

Question 41

Why did German humanists rush to Reuchlin's defense when Pfefferkorn attacked Reuchlin for being a Jew?

A) to promote pro-Jewish sentiment
B) to promote academic freedom and good scholarship
C) to promote Luther's ninety-five theses against indulgences
D) to support the Dominican order in Cologne

Question 42

The Spanish voyages of discovery can be seen as an outgrowth of _______.

A) the beginning of the Reconquista
B) the Inquisition
C) the Renaissance
D) the unification of Spain

Question 43

Which of these men-living in the 1300s-wrote letters to Cicero, the hero of the end of the Roman Republic?

Question 44

Who was a close friend of Erasmus?

A) Thomas More
B) John Cabot
C) Christopher Columbus
D) Johann Gutenberg

Question 45

European voyages of discovery and conquest provided several profound biological impacts on Native Americans, including the ________.

A) spread of measles and smallpox
B) spread of a virulent form of syphilis
C) introduction of corn
D) introduction of a new species of fish

Question 46

The Brothers of the Common Life, an influential lay religious movement, eliminated what requirements from the religious life of men and women?

A) abstinence from food and drink before holy communion
B) sleeping on wooden floors and benches
C) eight hours of prayer and meditation each day
D) vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience

Question 47

By the fifteenth century, the great Italian cities acted as the ________ for much of Europe.

Question 48

Examine Map 10-2.According to the map, which of the following statements is true?

A) By 1600, Spain controlled most of coastal Central and South America.
B) Portugal had the largest claims to land in the New World.
C) Spain claimed all of Central and South America.
D) Spain held claims in both modern India and the Philippine Islands.

Question 49

Most scholars agree that the ________ (literally "rebirth" in French) was a time of transition from medieval to modern times.

Question 50

Based on "The Renaissance Garden," which of the following is most accurate?

A) A garden's main purpose was to romance and seduce potential suitors.
B) A garden was a sign of wealth and privilege that only the wealthy could enjoy.
C) A garden was a source of food and medicine, and a space of social and religious significance.
D) A garden lacked a practical function, but the social dimensions created outweighed the cost to maintain the garden's beauty.

Question 51

During an assembly in Worms in 1495, Emperor Maximilian allowed the members to create ________.

A) a permanent representative body
B) the Golden Bull agreement
C) a seven-member electoral college
D) a Supreme Court of Justice

Question 52

Renaissance art was much more likely than medieval art to attempt to represent ________.

A) what we see
B) the cosmic order
C) an abstract concept of the world
D) imaginary worlds

Question 53

What argument about Native Americans caused tension between the mendicant friars and Spanish conquerors?

A) the renaming of Native American groups
B) the education of Native American children
C) the need to conquer Native Americans to convert them
D) preserving Native American traditions

Question 54

The Portuguese exploration of the African coast started out as a search for gold and slaves, but by century's end it had established ________.

A) an organization promoting freedom of religion
B) friendly relations with Muslims and pagans
C) an organization promoting the freedom of slaves
D) a sea route around Africa to Asia's spice markets

Question 55

_________ was the scholarly study of the Latin and Greek classics and of the ancient Church Fathers, both for its own sake and in the hope of reviving respected ancient norms and values.

Question 56

What caused the secure government of France created by Louis XI to become a defeated nation under his successors?

A) bad foreign policy
B) the collapse of the English empire
C) the dissolution of Burgundy
D) newly acquired Burgundian lands

Question 57

Ludovico of Milan's fatal mistake was that he ________.

A) sold the city of Milan to the French without proper authority
B) appealed to the French for help
C) claimed Naples for himself, as king, and disregarded French dynastic claims to rule
D) disregarded the threat posed by Milan and denied French aid or assistance

Question 58

What was the primary reason Spanish explorers sailed the Atlantic Ocean?

A) to measure the actual size of the Atlantic Ocean
B) to bring more slaves back to Spain
C) to find more gold on the other side of the Atlantic
D) to find a shorter route to the East Indies

Question 59

Because despots could not count on the loyalty of the divided populace, they operated through mercenary armies obtained through military brokers known as ________.

Question 60

The Inquisition was a key national agency established in 1479 for the purpose of ________.

A)monitoring the activity of converted Jews and Muslims in Spain
B)increasing the size of the empire of Spain
C)converting Christians to join Jewish and Muslim religions
D)merging the Anglican church and the English Reformation

Question 61

In detail, explain the formation, rise to power, and control that despots had on Italian society in the fifteenth century.Was the rule subtle or blatant? Who were the main ruling families of this era? As a result of this rule, what other aspects of society were influenced? In what ways?

Question 62

An agreement called the ________, reached in 1356 by Emperor Charles IV and the major German territorial rulers, established a seven-member electoral college to administer the German empire.

Question 63

In Jiménez's Complutensian Polyglot Bible, Hebrew, Greek, and ________ appeared together.

Question 64

Between the newly acquired Burgundian lands and his own inheritance, King Louis XI was able to end his reign with a kingdom almost ________ the size of that he had inherited.

Question 65

What were the principal effects of the European voyages of "discovery"? Do you think these effects were, on the whole, positive or negative?

Question 66

The ________ is a device, often harsh, that required adult male Indians to devote a certain number of days of labor annually to Spanish economic enterprises.

Question 67

In detail, describe the impact of the printing press.What economic, social, religious, and political movements did this invention stir? Some would argue that the invention of the printing press had as intense an impact in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries as the invention of the Internet in late twentieth century.In your opinion, which had a more sweeping effect on all aspects of society? Explain.

Question 68

The Concordat of Bologna helped to keep France Catholic after the breakout of the ________.

Question 69

After the Black Death reduced the supply of laborers everywhere in Western Europe, the demand for _________ soared.

Question 70

In what way did the humanist movement lead to the Reformation? What influence did academic freedom have on the laity? Did good scholarship change the views of the people? Explain.

Question 71

Why was Pope Julius II called the "warrior pope"? What happened at the battle of Novara in 1513? What were the terms of the Concordat of Bologna?

Question 72

A(n) ________ is the formal grant of the right to the labor of a specific number of Indians.

Question 73

"It is better to will the good than to know the truth." These words from Petrarch's teaching became the motto of many later humanists.In your own words, explain the context of this quote.How did it influence later humanists? What is dangerous about knowing the truth? How is ignorance also its own danger? Which would be your preference? Explain.

Question 74

________ is a reaction to the simplicity of High Renaissance art and made room for the strange and the abnormal, giving freer reign to the individual perceptions and feelings of the artist, who now felt free to paint, compose, or write in an "affected" way.

Question 75

The appeal of ________ lay in its flattering view of human nature, which distinguished between an eternal sphere of being and the perishable world in which humans actually lived.

Question 76

Examine the excerpt from Pico della Mirandola's Oration on the Dignity of Man.How significant is the choice outlined in this excerpt? Are the basic opinions limited? Do they differ from what the church thought life's limits and options were? Is the concept of freedom in this passage a modern one? What do you believe is Mirandola's definition of "free will"? Explain.

Question 77

Spanish colonials born in Spain were known as _______, as opposed to the American-born creoles.

Question 78

How did the Spanish conquerors create a Spanish world empire? Cortés took over the Aztecs in Mexico.Pizarro conquered the Incas in Peru.How were they able to take over these powerful people in such a short amount of time? Explain.

Question 79

Explain in detail the rationale and methods used in the French invasion of Italy.Were the French successful? What effect did the French invasion have on different Italian states?

Question 80

What did Machiavelli believe is the most important trait for a ruler? Did Machiavelli see the potential for this trait in any of his contemporaries? Do you agree with Machiavelli's ideas on governing? Explain.