Deck 11: The Age of Reformation

Question 1

The Roman Catholic Church recognized the need for reform and met from 1545-1563 at the _______.

A) Peace of Augsburg
B) Marburg Colloquy
C) Council of Trent
D) Diet of Worms

Answer 1

Council of Trent

Question 2

From the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries, lay religious groups shared a common goal of religious __________.

A) domination
B) independence
C) ecstasy
D) simplicity

Answer 2

simplicity

Question 3

The Act of Succession ________.

A) made James VI of Scotland Henry VIII's heir
B) made the heir to the throne the first-born child of a king regardless of gender
C) made Anne Boleyn's children the legitimate heirs to the throne
D) gave Parliament the right to choose the next monarch of England

Answer 3

made Anne Boleyn's children the legitimate heirs to the throne

Question 4

The Peace of Augsburg recognized in law what had already been established in practice, which was that _________.

A) the religion of the land was determined by the Holy Roman Emperor
B) the ruler of a land would determine the religion in his territory
C) Calvinists were to be tolerated throughout Europe
D) Protestants everywhere must restore Catholic beliefs and practices

Question 5

In his Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, Luther urged the German princes to ________.

A) force reforms on the Roman Catholic Church
B) embrace the Modern Devotion order
C) allow the Roman church to retain its political and economic power in Germany
D) embrace the Dominican order

Question 6

Lutheranism was introduced into Denmark by ________.

A) Christian I
B) Gustavus Vasa
C) Christian III
D) Gustavus Vasa II

Question 7

Recognized by the pope in 1528, this group sought to return to the original ideals of Saint Francis and became popular among the ordinary people to whom they directed their ministry.

A) the Theatines
B) the Oratorians
C) the Somaschi
D) the Capuchins

Question 8

In what city did Calvin make his name?

A) Bern
B) Geneva
C) Wittenberg
D) Strasbourg

Question 9

Luther's impulse to reform church doctrine focused on _______.

A) the liturgy
B) the idea of heresy
C) the nature of Christ
D) salvation

Question 10

What event was held in the attempt to unite Swiss and German Protestants?

A) the Diet of Worms
B) the Diet of Augsburg
C) the Marburg Colloquy
D) the Peasants' Revolt

Question 11

Which of the following was an influential women's order founded in 1535 for the religious education of girls from all social classes?

A) the Capuchins
B) the Ursulines
C) the Jesuits
D) the Theatines

Question 12

William Tyndale is known for ________.

A) being the chief minister of King Henry VIII
B) leading the royal opposition to English Protestantism
C) being the recipient of the title "Defender of the Faith" from Pope Leo X
D) being the man who translated the New Testament into English

Question 13

What meeting did Charles V call in which Protestant and Catholic representatives addressed the growing religious divisions within the empire in the wake of the Reformation's success?

A) the Council of Trent
B) the Marburg Colloquy
C) the Diet of Worms
D) the Diet of Augsburg

Question 14

Martin Luther ________.

A) was the son of a successful Thüringian miner
B) was pledged to the church at an early age
C) had no formal training in theology
D) believed that marriage was un-Christian

Question 15

Anabaptists are the sixteenth-century ancestors of which of the following modern groups?

A) Baptists
B) Lutherans
C) Mormons
D) Mennonites and Amish

Question 16

The Reformation broke out first in the cities of ________.

A) Germany and France
B) England and Switzerland
C) Switzerland and Germany
D) England and Germany

Question 17

German Protestant rulers realized the political implications of the demise of the Roman Catholic Church and formed a defensive alliance called the ________.

A) Peasants' Revolt
B) Edict of Worms
C) Swiss Reformation
D) Schmalkaldic League

Question 18

How did predestination factor into Calvin's theology?

A) Predestination played no part in Calvin's theology.
B) Predestination played a small part in Calvin's theology.
C) Predestination was central to Calvin's theology.
D) Predestination was important but not central to Calvin's theology.

Question 19

The Book of Common Prayer, written by Thomas Cranmer, was imposed on all English churches by the ________.

A) Act of Succession
B) Diet of Augsburg
C) Reformation Parliament
D) Act of Uniformity

Question 20

The Reformation in Zurich was led by ________.

A) Ulrich Zwingli
B) John Calvin
C) Philip III
D) Blaise Pascal

Question 21

Luther's ninety-five theses ________.

A) earned him a position teaching at Wittenburg University
B) had little real impact
C) sparked the Reformation in Germany
D) expressed his belief that salvation could be bought and sold

Question 22

Calvin's work Institutes of the Christian Religion is considered ________.

A) a heretical work even by Protestants
B) a rejection of Catholic theology
C) a summary of the beliefs of Anabaptism
D) the definitive theological statement of Protestant faith

Question 23

Thirteenth- through fifteenth-century lay religious movements shared a common goal of ________.

A) religious simplicity in the imitation of Jesus
B) a more complex understanding of God's true nature
C) overthrowing the institutions of the church
D) establishing a more authoritarian church to more efficiently suppress heretics

Question 24

Scholastic dialectics were promoted and taught by the ________.

A) supporters of the Counter-Reformation
B) leaders of Lutheranism
C) leaders of Calvinism
D) teachers at Protestant schools and universities

Question 25

For which of the following novels is Cervantes best known?

A) La Galatea
B) La Gitanilla
C) El Amante Liberal
D) Don Quixote

Question 26

Freedom of a Christian, written by Martin Luther, summarized the new teaching of salvation ________.

A) through pious actions
B) by faith alone
C) through prayer
D) as the unattainable goal

Question 27

What was the goal of the Marburg Colloquy?

A) to work out the differences between Swiss and German Protestants and form a mutual defense pact
B) to debate the differences between Catholics and Protestants
C) to educate Landgrave Philip of Hesse on Protestant theology
D) to introduce Ulrich Zwingli and Martin Luther to one another

Question 28

The events that sparked the Reformation arose from an intersection of which developments?

A) the French invasion of Italy and the end of the Great Schism
B) corruption in the Catholic church and Luther's call for reform
C) the Hundred Years' War and the election of Pope Leo X
D) John Huss' conviction for heresy and the Thirty Years' War

Question 29

Luther's response to the German Peasants' Revolt proved that his reforms were ________.

A) religious, not social
B) aimed at all facets of German culture and society
C) limited to Germany
D) more radical than most contemporaries thought

Question 30

The Reformation Parliament met for seven years and determined that ________.

A) English citizens could determine their own religion
B) the Catholic Church would remain the church of England
C) Henry VIII would rule the church in England "as far as the law of Christ allows"
D) the clergy would be awarded more rights and power

Question 31

The new Protestant schools and universities were most likely to teach ________.

A) the ideas of humanism
B) the ideas of Scholasticism
C) strict church doctrine
D) Roman Catholicism

Question 32

What was the outcome of the Marburg Colloquy?

A) Luther and Zwingli resolved their differences and formed a single theology.
B) The Colloquy splintered the Protestant movement theologically and politically.
C) The Colloquy led to the Swiss Civil War.
D) The Colloquy established a new church movement.

Question 33

How was Frederick the Wise connected to Martin Luther?

A) He was Luther's king.
B) He was the pope during Luther's protests.
C) He was Luther's lord and protector.
D) He was the rector of the University of Wittenberg.

Question 34

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra ________.

A) was formally educated in some of Spain's best schools
B) worked in London as a young man
C) spent several years as a slave
D) refused to join the Spanish army

Question 35

How did Poland react to the expansion of the Reformation?

A) Poland rejected the ideas of the Reformation and persecuted Protestants.
B) Poland permitted limited freedoms for the two major faiths.
C) Polish leaders demanded that Poles remain faithful to the Roman Catholic Church.
D) Poland became a model of religious pluralism and toleration.

Question 36

The order co-founded by Bishop Gian Pietro Carafa in 1524, which sought to groom devout and reform-minded leaders at the higher levels of the church hierarchy, was ________.

A) the Capuchins
B) the Theatines
C) the Barnabites
D) the Ursulines

Question 37

Indulgences were originally given to Crusaders because ________.

A) they could not complete their penance since they had fallen in battle
B) they did not have the wealth to settle their penance
C) they had gone on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem
D) their sins were forgiven when they heeded the call to Crusade

Question 38

For what is Ulrich Zwingli known?

A) He was the leader of the Swiss Reformation.
B) He called the Marburg Colloquy.
C) He was the hero of the Swiss Civil War.
D) He spread Luther's ideas in Switzerland.

Question 39

What advantage did an indulgence grant the buyer?

A) release from time in purgatory
B) the granting of an ecclesiastical post
C) the founding of a religious order
D) freedom from the church's holiday obligations

Question 40

What was the difference between the teachings on salvation of the Roman Catholic Church and those of Martin Luther?

A) Luther believed that salvation came from faith alone while the Roman Catholic Church taught that salvation came from divine mercy and good works.
B) Roman Catholics taught that salvation came from faith alone while Luther believed that salvation came from divine mercy and good works.
C) Luther and the Roman Catholic Church had the same beliefs on salvation.
D) The Roman Catholic Church taught that salvation came from divine mercy and good works, while Martin Luther did not believe in salvation.

Question 41

Which of these best summarizes changing notions about women resulting from the Protestant Reformation?

A) Women gained greater legal rights and much greater autonomy.
B) Education was thought unimportant, given the emphasis on women as mothers.
C) Women were increasingly associated with Eve more than the Virgin Mary.
D) Women's roles were more esteemed, though not greatly expanded.

Question 42

The peasants of Germany and Switzerland heard the promise of political __________ and social betterment in the Protestant sermon and pamphlet.

Question 43

Marriages in the early modern period were arranged in the sense that they were ________.

A) dictated by the bride's parents
B) dictated by the groom's parents
C) planned
D) determined when the bride reached the age of fifteen

Question 44

Luther's theology was illustrated by his attack on five of the traditional sacraments; he rejected them because they were _________.

A) Catholic
B) not supported by the Bible
C) more about ritual than piety
D) medieval

Question 45

Shakespeare's work can be said to deal with _________.

A) the intellectual currents of his day
B) themes common to humanity
C) contemporary religious issues
D) the dichotomy between medieval and contemporary society

Question 46

Which of the following statements characterizes Protestant views of the popular antiwoman and antimarriage literature of the Middle Ages?

A) They completely agreed with this literature.
B) They agreed in part with the antimarriage literature, but that was the extent.
C) They agreed in part with the antiwoman sentiment, but felt marriage was a necessity.
D) They completely disagreed with this literature.

Question 47

Signed in 1555, the Peace of ___________ enshrined regional princely control over religion in imperial law.

Question 48

Martin Luther was ordered to recant at the ___________ in April of 1521.

Question 49

The Marburg Colloquy confirmed which of these developments?

A) The Reformation would divide into a number of movements.
B) The Reformation could not be stopped.
C) The Catholic Church would not resist the Reformation.
D) The cultural impact of the Reformation would be profound.

Question 50

Protestants were more likely than Catholics to ________.

A) advocate religious tolerance
B) permit premarital sex
C) permit divorce
D) advocate religious violence

Question 51

The long-entrenched __________ system of the medieval church had permitted important ecclesiastical posts to be sold to the highest bidders.

Question 52

The _______ was a moderate statement of Protestant beliefs that had been spurned by Emperor Charles V in 1530.

Question 53

The Council of Trent's most important reforms concerned ________.

A) religious tolerance
B) discipline within the church
C) transubstantiation
D) the power structure of the church

Question 54

Established in mid-sixteenth-century Geneva, ___________ believed strongly in both divine predestination and the individual's responsibility to reorder society according to God's plan.

Question 55

___________ physically separated themselves from society in order to form a more perfect community in imitation of how they believed the first Christians lived.

Question 56

Which of these patterns appeared in the Reformation?

A) Religious divisions were greater where political divisions were more pronounced.
B) Religious dissent was more common in France and England, where strong monarchies prevailed.
C) The Reformation was strongest in Mediterranean Europe.
D) The Reformation was strongest in those areas that had been most thoroughly Romanized.

Question 57

The Swiss Civil Wars illustrated which of these widespread impacts of the Reformation?

A) the dominance of Protestantism in Germanic lands
B) the violence of the Catholic Church in trying to suppress reform
C) violent conflict based on religious differences
D) the role of the printing press in an age of religious strife

Question 58

One of the most important problems in the marriage between Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon was that _________

A) the couple had different religious views
B) the couple lived in different countries
C) Catherine had been raised in Spain
D) Henry VIII needed a male heir

Question 59

King Henry VIII received the title "Defender of the Faith" from Pope Leo X for ________.

A) divorcing Catherine of Aragon
B) marrying Catherine of Aragon
C) defending the seven sacraments against Luther
D) promoting Thomas Cranmer to Archbishop of Canterbury

Question 60

Ignatius of Loyola taught good Catholics to ________.

A) submit without question to higher church authority and spiritual direction
B) bring any reform ideas to a council where they would be considered
C) only question the doctrines of the church in privacy to avoid public controversy
D) encourage religious innovation

Question 61

Shakespeare wrote during the _________ Age.

Question 62

Explain how an uprising, such as the Peasants' Revolt, and the social and economic conditions that gave rise to it, could be viewed as the major historical force in early modern history.Pay special attention to the nature of the peasants' demands and what issues they chose to emphasize.

Question 63

The __________ first met in 1545 to reform the Catholic Church, but made no doctrinal concessions to the Protestants.

Question 64

Discuss the emergence of the Protestant Reformation.Who were the central players, and what societal factors contributed to their emergence as leaders of the Reformation?

Question 65

How did the Peace of Augsburg affect the spread of Calvinism throughout Europe? Do you believe it acted as a driving or hindering force? Explain.

Question 66

Discuss how Conrad Grebel and Ulrich Zwingli differed in their religious objectives.

Question 67

Discuss the changing characteristics of marriage in Western Europe between 1500 and 1800.What factors contributed to this alteration? Do you believe the change to have been a positive one?

Question 68

In the 1530s, German Lutherans formed regional __________, judicial bodies composed of theologians and lawyers, that oversaw and administered the new Protestant churches and replaced the old Catholic episcopates.

Question 69

In 1532, the English Parliament passed the ___________, which effectively placed canon law under royal control and thereby placed the clergy under royal jurisdiction.

Question 70

According to Leviticus (18:16, 20:21), marriage to the wife of one's brother was prohibited by both canon and biblical law.Nonetheless, Pope Julius II issued a special dispensation allowing the marriage of Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII to occur.What does this dispensation reveal about the nature of papal powers and the relationship between church and state during this period? Cite specific examples from the appropriate section of the text.

Question 71

The West European family was ____________, or nuclear, consisting of a father and a mother and two to four children.

Question 72

The address On Improving the Studies of the Young was written by _______.

Question 73

In what ways did the Reformation take "steps toward the emancipation of women"? What were the reformers' views of marriage and on the education of women? Do you think the Reformation improved the lives of sixteenth-century women? Explain.

Question 74

The Jesuit order, which was essential to the Counter-Reformation's success, was founded by __________.

Question 75

How do you account for the success of the Jesuits when led by Ignatius of Loyola? Explain why the conditions were right for the success of this organization.

Question 76

Why did Martin Luther's message appeal to so many German princes? Explain how they used his critique of the church to strengthen their own political positions.

Question 77

Issued by Henry VIII, the ____________ reaffirmed transubstantiation, denied the Eucharistic cup to the laity, declared celibate vows inviolable, provided for private Masses, and ordered the continuation of oral confession.

Question 78

Who were the main protagonists in Miguel de Cervantes' Don Quixote? What do these characters reveal about Spanish society at large? Do you believe that any of Cervantes' past experiences contributed to this particular point of view? Explain.