Deck 12: The Age of Religious Wars

Question 1

Huguenots made up about ________ of the French population, but _______ of the aristocracy.

A) two-thirds; one-twelfth
B) one-half; one-quarter
C) one-fifteenth; two-fifths
D) one-quarter; three quarters

Answer 1

one-fifteenth; two-fifths

Question 2

What is William of Orange known for?

A) He led the movement for the independence of the Netherlands from Spain.
B) He led the Turks against Spain.
C) He was the captain of the Spanish Armada.
D) Along with the Duke of Alba, he suppressed the Protestant revolt.

Answer 2

He led the movement for the independence of the Netherlands from Spain.

Question 3

Who was deposed after only a few days on the throne as Edward VI's chosen successor in England?

A) Lady Jane Grey
B) Mary Tudor
C) Elizabeth
D) Mary Queen of Scots

Answer 3

Lady Jane Grey

Question 4

Who did John Knox target in his work First Blast of the Trumpet against the Terrible Regiment of Women?

A) Mary I of England
B) Elizabeth I of England
C) Catherine de Médicis
D) Mary Stewart

Question 5

The term "ecclesiastical reservation" refers to the ________.

A) attempt to maintain the status quo concerning lands held by Protestants and Catholics
B) right of Catholics to worship in Lutheran lands
C) right of Lutherans to worship in Catholic lands
D) attempt to outlaw all Protestant sects with the exception of the Lutheran church

Question 6

Queen Elizabeth I was cautious and firm with groups such as the ________ ensuring that nothing lessened the hierarchical unity of the Church of England.

A) Catholics
B) Puritans
C) Congregationalists
D) Jews

Question 7

Passed by Queen Elizabeth I, which of the following was a revision of Thomas Cranmer's works that made moderate Protestantism the official religion within the Church of England?

A) Act of Uniformity
B) Thirty-Nine Articles
C) Treaty of Joinville
D) Union of Utrecht

Question 8

The most successful politique was ________.

A) Oliver Cromwell
B) Philip II of Spain
C) Elizabeth I of England
D) Mary I of England

Question 9

The ruler of Spain for most of the later 1500s was _________.

A) Philip II
B) Ferdinand I
C) Charles V
D) Carlos I

Question 10

Which of the following adjectives most accurately describes Philip II?

A) withdrawn
B) spontaneous
C) unschooled
D) naïve

Question 11

The Edict of Nantes was criticized for ________.

A) revoking the rights of the Huguenots
B) creating a state within a state
C) turning a long cold war into a long hot war
D) removing Catholicism as the official religion of France

Question 12

Bavaria was a major center of _______.

A) Calvinist power
B) Lutheran power
C) Catholic power
D) Anabaptist agitation

Question 13

Which writer advised people to look within themselves for religious truth and no longer to churches and creeds?

A) William Shakespeare
B) John Calvin
C) Valentin Weigel
D) Martin Luther

Question 14

Hostilities between Spain and England reached a climax in 1588 when ________.

A) Henry III was assassinated
B) Henry IV was assassinated
C) the Edict of Nantes was signed
D) the Spanish Armada was sent to invade England

Question 15

The Thirty Years' War began as a ________.

A) peasant uprising in Germany
B) trade war between Bohemia and Saxony
C) revolt of Bohemian Protestant nobility against an unpopular king
D) border dispute between Bavaria and Austria

Question 16

What sparked the first wave of Protestant persecution in France?

A) Protestants plastering Paris and other cities with anti-Catholic placards
B) the capture of the French king Francis I at the Battle of Pavia
C) the passing of the Edict of Fontainebleau
D) the passing of the Edict of Chateaubriand under Henry II

Question 17

Who were the three powerful families that sought the French monarchy after the death of king Henry II?

A) the Bourbons, Racheals, and Orleans
B) the Bourbons, Montmorency-Chatillons, and Guises
C) the Burgundians, Ostrogoths, and Guises
D) the Bourbons, Lombards, and Franks

Question 18

The Peace of Augsburg recognized that ________.

A) the religion of the land was determined by the Holy Roman Emperor
B) the ruler of a land would determine the religion of the land
C) Calvinists were to be tolerated throughout Europe
D) Protestants everywhere must restore Catholic beliefs and practices

Question 19

During the first half of his reign, Philip II focused on ________.

A) events in Germany
B) the Netherlands
C) the Mediterranean and the Turkish threat
D) the growth of English power

Question 20

What was the reaction from Europe when the Turks invaded Austria?

A) The Spanish under Philip II allied with Venice, Genoa, and the Pope to defend Europe against the Turks.
B) Europeans largely ignored the invasion and allowed Austria to be taken over.
C) The Greeks stepped up to defend Austria and defeat the Turks.
D) The Huguenots came to the aid of Austria in hopes of gaining momentum for their resistance movement.

Question 21

Which treaty brought the Swedish period of the war to an end?

A) Treaty of Loges
B) Treaty of Geneva
C) Peace of Prague
D) Union of Cologne

Question 22

The Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis ended the ________.

A) Habsburg-Valois wars
B) Thirty Years' War
C) conflict between Spain and the Netherlands
D) Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Question 23

What agreement did the Dutch Catholics and Protestants come to after the atrocity of the Spanish Fury?

A) the Union of Utrecht
B) the Union of Arras
C) the Perpetual Edict
D) the Pacification of Ghent

Question 24

One of the first actions Ferdinand took as king of Bohemia was to ________.

A) declare the Lutheran religion as the only legal religion in Bohemia
B) warn the Jesuits to leave or be exiled or sentenced to death
C) ban the practice of Catholicism in Protestant Bohemia
D) revoke the religious freedoms of the Bohemian Protestants

Question 25

King Henry IV stunned France, Spain, and the pope by ________.

A) publicly abandoning the Protestant faith and embracing Catholicism
B) publicly abandoning the Catholic faith and embracing Protestantism
C) declaring France Protestant, but hoping it would remain politically weak
D) declaring France Catholic, but hoping it would remain politically weak

Question 26

By 1600, the population of the Holy Roman Empire was ________.

A) about equally divided between Catholics and Protestants
B) about 30 percent Catholic
C) about 70 percent Catholic
D) about 40 percent Protestant

Question 27

The Huguenots were staunch foes of the French monarchy until ________.

A) the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
B) the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre
C) Henry of Navarre came to power
D) Elizabeth I provided financial and military support for their cause

Question 28

What event elevated the conflict between Huguenots and the French monarchy into an international issue?

A) the death of Coligny, the leader of the French resistance
B) the famous work First Blast of the Trumpet against the Terrible Regiment of Women by John Knox
C) the elevation of Henry of Navarre to the throne
D) the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Question 29

What did the following major works of the 1570s have in common: the Franco-Gallia of Francois Hotman, On the Right of Magistrates over Their Subjects by Theodore Beza, and Defense of Liberty against Tyrants by Philippe du Plessis Mornay?

A) They were all written in praise of the king.
B) They included instructions on religious doctrine.
C) They included instructions for resistance against German lords.
D) They all included classical Protestant theories of resistance.

Question 30

How did Philip make an example of the Protestant rebels after the Calvinist riots in the Netherlands?

A) He sent the Duke of Alba to suppress the revolt, which ended in the execution of thousands of suspected heretics.
B) He sent his armies back to Spain to gather munitions and build his forces.
C) He published vicious attacks on the rebels in pamphlets and public announcements.
D) He sent religious leaders to preach publicly and condemn the rebels.

Question 31

The Treaty of Westphalia finally granted Calvinists _________.

A) legal recognition
B) the power to fortify their towns
C) the authority to gather in public
D) the permission to worship within the borders of cities

Question 32

What were the original goals of Cardinal Granvelle when he led the special council of state in the Netherlands?

A) establish local autonomy for the seventeen Netherlands provinces
B) decentralize the government and put it in the hands of a Dutch ruler
C) destroy any threats to Margaret of Parma and to establish her as the ruler of the Netherlands
D) break down local autonomy and build a central royal government directed from Madrid

Question 33

What event caused the Protestants and Catholics of the Netherlands to unite against a common enemy, the Spaniards?

A) the Spanish Fury
B) the exile of William of Orange
C) the signing of the Perpetual Edict
D) the issuing of the Edict of Nantes

Question 34

Following the weakening of Spain, which nation dominated Europe in the early seventeenth century?

A) France
B) England
C) Germany
D) Italy

Question 35

How did Spain come to control Portugal's overseas empire in Africa, Brazil, and India?

A) Spain took over the trading network when the Portuguese faced steep inflation in their homeland.
B) Portuguese merchants began using Spanish ports and paid heavy taxes to Spain.
C) Philip II inherited the throne of Portugal.
D) Philip II attacked Portugal and overcame its military forces.

Question 36

What did Mary I of England, Philip II of Spain, and Oliver Cromwell all have in common?

A) They were all Protestants.
B) They were all considered politiques.
C) They all sacrificed their political goals by refusing to compromise on religion.
D) They gained their religious goals and successfully restricted religious worship in their own lands.

Question 37

Catherine de Médicis convinced the king to execute the Protestant leaders in the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre because she claimed that _______.

A) the Guise family had plotted to kill him and take the throne for themselves
B) a Protestant coup was afoot, and that he must save the crown from an attack on Paris
C) she had been plotting an assassination of Coligny
D) the Huguenots had already massacred thousands of peasants

Question 38

The battle at Breitenfeld in 1630 marked a turning point in the Thirty Years' War.Who won that battle?

A) the Spanish
B) the French
C) the Dutch
D) the Swedish

Question 39

What did the provision in the Edict of Nantes that allowed citizens to maintain fortified towns reveal about social conditions?

A) Protestants and Catholics did not trust one another.
B) Protestants still had to worry about assembling to worship.
C) The threat of Spanish invasion remained real.
D) Protestants had been restricted from entering public universities.

Question 40

What event starkly marked the beginning of the French wars of religion?

A) the death of Francis II
B) the issuing of the January Edict
C) the leak, to the Catholics, of a kidnapping plot to take Francis II from his Guise advisors
D) the duke of Guise surprising a Protestant congregation in Champagne and massacring many worshipers

Question 41

French Protestants were known as ____________ and were under surveillance in France in the early 1520s.

Question 42

What did the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye have in common with the January Edict?

A) Both restricted the liberties of Catholics in the French territories.
B) Both were issued by a convening of German lords to define religious toleration in their lands.
C) Both were issued by the French crown in an effort to grant religious freedoms to Protestants.
D) Both were issued by Spain in an effort to direct the Protestant restrictions in the Netherlands.

Question 43

Due to its central location, which of the following nations had always been Europe's highway for merchants and traders going north, south, east and west?

A) Switzerland
B) Germany
C) Austria
D) France

Question 44

Rulers who tended to subordinate theological doctrine to political unity, urging tolerance, moderation, and compromise-even indifference-in religious matters were known as _____________.

Question 45

By 1609, Palatine Calvinists headed a Protestant defensive alliance against Spain with assistance from which of the following nations?

A) England, France, and Germany
B) Belgium, France, and Germany
C) Denmark, France, and the Netherlands
D) England, France, and the Netherlands

Question 46

The Thirty Years' War broke out first in ________.

A) Saxony
B) Bavaria
C) Bohemia
D) the Swiss Confederation

Question 47

Which analogy is most accurate?

A) Bavaria is to the Catholic as the Palatinate is to Protestantism.
B) Belgium is to the Catholic as England is to the Calvinist.
C) Italy is to Counter-Reformation as Germany is to Anglican.
D) France is to the Catholic as Prussia is to the Calvinist.

Question 48

How did Elizabeth I direct a common method of worship throughout her kingdom?

A) She issued the Act of Uniformity, which mandated that every parish in England receive a revised version of the second Book of Common Prayer.
B) She issued the Act of Supremacy, which repealed all the anti-Protestant legislation of Mary Tudor.
C) She executed Mary, Queen of Scots.
D) She passed the Conventicle Act that gave separatists the choice to conform to the practices of the Church of England or face exile.

Question 49

How was the Peace of Augsburg like the Treaty of Westphalia?

A) Both agreements restricted the rights of Protestants throughout Europe.
B) Both agreements denied the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor.
C) Both agreements established the right of Protestants to fortify their own towns.
D) Both agreements established that the ruler of a land may determine the official religion of that land.

Question 50

Many French aristocrats found ______________ religious convictions useful to their political goals.

Question 51

Which of the following statements most accurately explains the impact that the fourth period of the Thirty Years' War-the Swedish-French period-had on Germany?

A) During the Swedish-French period of the war, Germans gained great wealth from looting the nations of France, Sweden, and Spain.
B) During the fourth period of the war, French, Swedish, and Spanish soldiers looted all of Germany, killing an estimated one-third of its population.
C) During the Swedish-French period of the war, the Germans were largely left alone while the battles waged in France and the Netherlands.
D) During the fourth period of the war, the Germans lost mostly material wealth from looters, but few people were killed.

Question 52

What substantial changes occurred when Elizabeth I took the throne following Mary I of England?

A) Elizabeth eliminated the tolerance for theater and dramatic creativity supported by Mary I.
B) Elizabeth changed the irresponsible financial policies promoted by Mary I.
C) Elizabeth reversed Mary's harsh restrictions against Protestants in favor of religious tolerance.
D) Elizabeth more fully enforced strict policies against religious disunity and dealt harshly with heretics.

Question 53

The image The Milch Cow symbolizes which of these?

A) the Thirty Years' War
B) the long-standing animosity between England and Spain
C) religious conflict in the 1500s
D) the Netherlands as a political pawn

Question 54

Henry IV converted to Catholicism, motivated by ________.

A) faith
B) expediency
C) fear of Catholic power
D) a guarantee he had made to the pope

Question 55

During the first half of the sixteenth century, religious conflict had been confined to central Europe and was primarily a struggle between Lutherans and _________ to secure rights and freedoms for themselves.

Question 56

How did Elizabeth I treat her cousin Mary, Queen of Scots?

A) She treated her with great respect and looked to her for advice.
B) Mary, Queen of Scots was a trusted advisor of Elizabeth.
C) Elizabeth kept Mary under house arrest for nineteen years and then had her executed for treason.
D) Elizabeth largely ignored Mary until she was far advanced in age, when Elizabeth granted her a castle in northern England.

Question 57

What was the effect of the Edict of Restitution in 1629?

A) Gustavus Adolphus II of Sweden reacted to the edict by beginning the third phase of the Thirty Years' War.
B) The Edict of Restitution ended the Thirty Years' War.
C) The Edict of Restitution meant that Protestants received many substantial freedoms.
D) The Edict of Restitution was the precursor to the Treaty of Westphalia.

Question 58

What did the Perpetual Edict of 1577 do?

A) ended hostilities between France and Spain
B) joined the northern provinces of the Netherlands against Spain
C) provided for the removal of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands within twenty days
D) secretively allied Philip II with the Guises to send armies under Alexander Farnese into France in 1590

Question 59

At the end of the third phase of the Thirty Years' War, Ferdinand issued the Edict of Restitution and struck panic in the hearts of Protestants ________.

A) in Bohemia
B) everywhere
C) in Sweden
D) in France

Question 60

The ______________ sponsored a centralized episcopal church system hierarchically arranged from pope to parish priest and stressing unquestioning obedience to the person at the top.

Question 61

In the second half of the sixteenth century, Germany was an almost ungovernable land of about 360 ______________ political entities.

Question 62

Examine Map 12-5 on page 381 and its caption.Examine land possession and control at the end of the Thirty Years' War.What modern-day nations gained their independence as a result of the Thirty Years' War? What nations on this map have changed little since 1648?

Question 63

Compare and contrast the images of the Catholic baroque church and the open Bible and raised pulpit at the Protestant church.What explains the differences in the décor? What is the rationale behind each? Would these differences sway or alter your opinions of each establishment? Why?

Question 64

Refer to the piece "Going to the Theater." What were the basic elements and purpose of the medieval stage, and what was carried over from it to the Elizabethan theater? How did these new theaters change the social habits of their guests?

Question 65

Why was the Thirty Years' War fought? To what extent did politics determine the outcome of the war? Discuss the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.Could matters have been resolved without war?

Question 66

The new _____________ wealth brought dramatic social change to the peoples of Europe during the second half of the sixteenth century.

Question 67

During the course of the Thirty Years' War, the war went through ____________ distinguishable periods.

Question 68

Explain the goals of the engagement of Spanish military in the Netherlands.What events occurred in the conflict that advanced or delayed the achievement of those goals? Finally, explain the outcome of the Spanish efforts and tell whether those goals were met.

Question 69

Compare and contrast Map 11-3 (Ch.11, p.342) and Map 12-3 on page 375.Describe the changes in the religions of Europe from the years 1560 to 1600.Identify the trends in minorities in each region.Was Protestantism on the decline? In what regions was religion shifting most? What factors could explain these changes? Explain.

Question 70

The Thirty Years' War killed an estimated _________ of the German population and has been called the worst European catastrophe since the Black Death.

Question 71

The port city of Brill was captured by an international group of anti-Spanish exiles and criminals known as the ________.

Question 72

These more extreme English Puritans, known as ____________, wanted every congregation to be autonomous, a law unto itself, with neither Episcopal nor Presbyterian control.

Question 73

Examine in detail the balancing act the French monarchy performed between the French Catholics and the Huguenots.What position did each monarch take? Why? What can you conclude as you examine the link between politics and religion? How did these events lead to the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre? Could this incident have been avoided? Explain.

Question 74

What were Elizabeth I's reasons for ordering the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots? Do you think Elizabeth I had any other options in the matter? Why or why not?

Question 75

Catherine de Médicis aligned herself with the ________ family for political advantage.

Question 76

After the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, ____________ was the only protector of Protestants in France and the Netherlands.

Question 77

By 1622, _____________ had not only subdued and re-Catholicized Bohemia, but conquered the Palatinate as well.

Question 78

Discuss the impact of the Edict of Nantes.Was it a definitive peace or merely a truce? What do you think were the motives of Henry IV in issuing the Edict of Nantes? Do you think the Edict of Nantes was beneficial to France as a whole? Why or why not?

Question 79

The national covenant, led by Louis of Nassau, called the ___________, is a solemn pledge to resist the decrees of Trent and the Inquisition.

Question 80

How did religious conflict in Europe evolve over the course of the second half of the sixteenth century?